A Study on the Cross-Cultural Adaptation of International Chinese Teachers at Confucius Institutes in South Korea

International Chinese teachers are one of the determinants of the quality development of Confucius Institutes,and their cross-cultural sociocultural adaption,psychological adaption,and job adaption are in need of in-depth investigation and research.Based on previous research,this paper analyzed the cross-cultural adaptation of international Chinese teachers at Confucius Institutes in South Korea during 2022-2023 through surveys and personal interviews.The study found that the teachers’adaptation was best in terms of work,followed by sociocultural adaptation,and weakest in terms of psychological adaptation.In terms of work adaptation,attention should be focused on adapting to teaching language and teaching methods.In terms of sociocultural adaptation,the focus should be on adapting to personal communication.In terms of psychological adaptation,attention should be paid to feelings of loneliness and anxiety.The study also focused on the internal and external factors influencing their cross-cultural adaptation,as well as the true inner feelings of international Chinese teachers.The study found that factors such as English proficiency,gender,education,professional background,and overseas experience had little impact on teachers’cross-cultural adaptation,while factors such as Korean proficiency,participation in cross-cultural training before going to South Korea,understanding of Korean culture before going to South Korea,and length of time spent in working in South Korea had a greater impact on the cross-cultural adaptation of the research subjects.This study provides reliable reference materials for international Chinese teachers going to South Korea to improve their cross-cultural adaptation abilities and promote the reform and innovation of international Chinese education.

Xue and Haoxue:Learning Contents and Learning Attitude in The Analects of Confucius

The Analects(Lunyu論語)is a fundamental text for understanding the teachings of Confucius and offers an extensive account of the importance and methodology of learning(xue學)in the quest to become a junzi(君子),or exemplary person.This paper explores the contents and attitudes of learning as presented in The Analects,focusing on how Confucius’disciples and subsequent generations compiled and understood his teachings.Confucius emphasized that the ultimate goal of learning is to become a junzi.The term junzi originally referred to nobles or aristocrats but was redefined by Confucius to describe anyone who cultivates themselves to achieve moral excellence and serve society effectively.In The Analects,the concept of junzi is constructed through various entries that illustrate what a junzi should and should not do,highlighting attributes such as being highly principled,disciplined,ethical,and capable.Confucius outlined specific content areas for learning that were essential for personal and social development.These included learning cultural knowledge(學文),the Book of Changes(學易),the Book of Odes(學詩),the Book of Propriety(學禮),and the Way(學道).He believed that proper behavior,such as filial piety,respect for elders,trustworthiness,and benevolence,was a prerequisite for effective learning.Through the study of these classical texts,learners could cultivate their emotions,improve their observational abilities,and enhance their social skills.In addition to content,Confucius stressed the importance of having the right attitude towards learning.He valued the enjoyment of learning(好學)and praised those who pursued knowledge with diligence and an open mind.This attitude was exemplified by his favorite disciple,Yan Hui,who was noted for his ability to learn without repeating mistakes or transferring anger to others.Confucius himself also modeled this attitude,demonstrating a lifelong commitment to learning and self-improvement.In conclusion,The Analects presents learning as a holistic process that encompasses not only the acquisition of knowledge but also the development of moral and social virtues.Confucius’teachings emphasize that through persistent and disciplined learning,individuals can achieve personal growth and contribute positively to society,embodying the qualities of a true junzi.

Confucius and American Democracy

UPON the establishment of European universities in the Middle Ages,the educational system in Western countries became characterized by an essentially Eurocentric worldview.This was reflected in the study of Latin and Greek in high school,and in basing public life and political systems on philosophies of classical antiquity.The work of the influential Chinese philosopher Confucius(551-479 B.C.),a near-contemporary of the major Greek philosophers Socrates(469-399 B.C.),Plato(428-348 B.C.)and Aristotle(384-322 B.C.),whose ethical and political ideas entered into the constitutions of European states,remained unknown.

Research on the Transmission of Chinese Excellent Traditional Culture in Confucius Classroom at Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka Under the Background of“the Belt and Road”Cooperation Initiative

“The Belt and Road”cooperation initiative contains Chinese excellent traditional cultural ideas,and is deeply rooted in Chinese excellent traditional culture.The proposal of“the Belt and Road”cooperation initiative is not only the strategic need to implement the“going out”of Chinese culture,but also the need to promote cultural exchanges and mutual learning among countries along“the Belt and Road”,and more importantly,the practical consideration of building a community of shared future for mankind with cultural identity.Confucius classroom,as one of the important platforms to realize the“going out”of Chinese culture,shows the“image of China”and enhances the“soft power”of Chinese culture,integrates and configures Chinese teaching and Chinese cultural resources through cooperation,and plays an important role in telling Chinese stories,spreading Chinese voice,enhancing cultural mutual trust and people-to-people contacts as well as the awareness of a community of shared future for mankind.Taking the Confucius classroom jointly built by Huanggang Normal University in China and Sabaragamuwa University in Sri Lanka as an example,this paper explores some effective transmission ways for spreading Chinese excellent traditional culture in Sri Lankan Confucius classroom under the background of“the Belt and Road”cooperation initiative,aiming to give full play to the role of Confucius classroom in cultural exchanges and enhance inter-school exchanges and cooperation between China and Sri Lanka in terms of cultural mutual trust and respect.

Interpretation and Translation:A Case Study of the Translation of“Péng(朋)”and“Yǒu(友)”in The Analects of Confucius

Lun Yu or The Analects,a masterpiece of ancient Chinese thought,contains Chinese Confucianism and the values and ways of doing things that it represents.This paper focuses on the interpretation and translation of“péng(朋)”and“yǒu(友)”in the translations by James Legge,Arthur Waley,Koo Hung-ming,and Xu Yuanchong respectively to explore the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western cultures and the concepts held by different translators in the way of conducting oneself in society.

Confucius-The Storyofa Man Exemplary Masterof All Times-Confucius Culture Theme Exhibition

The exhibition presents the life of Confucius and the essence of his thoughts through plates,accompanied by replicas of related cultural objects and cultural creative products,with the purposeof helping local people understand the origin of Confucianism and presenting the modern charm of traditional culture.

《儒行》篇:戴仁而行,抱义而处——孔子为儒者赋予价值规定的经学文本解读

在早期儒者转型的时点上,孔子致力于“君子儒”的建构,有意把儒者群体带出“小人儒”的困境。《儒行》篇是孔子第一次自觉而系统地为整个阶层的职业行为制定标准,率先为儒者立范立则,赋予仁义价值规定。“待聘”“待问”“待举”“待取”意味着早期儒者群体已经做好心理和行动的积极准备,耐心等候进用。儒者执持操行,面对货财乐好之利却不亏损道义。有道义充塞于心,具有强大的意志力和自制力,儒者无所畏惧,勇往直前,即便献出生命也在所不惜。儒者为道义而生,为道义而死。“往者不悔,来者不豫”则强调儒者须有抓住当下、直击本体的能力和品格。以忠信为甲胄,以礼义为干橹,戴仁而行,抱义而处,则是早期儒者队伍自觉告别“小人儒”的庄重宣言,足见风骨气节。“不临深而为高”则要求儒者不与世沉浮而建构独立的精神人格。

楚简诗类文献与孔子删《诗》

孔子删《诗》与否一直是《诗》学史上的一大难题,结合楚简中越来越多的诗类文献,并从古本《诗》的编集流传、孔子时《诗》的形态、主张删《诗》者的论据等角度看,孔子可能并未删《诗》。首先,古本《诗》的编集是一个渐进的过程,乐官最初对诗歌进入《诗》文本进行了一定的整理甚至删削,清华简《耆夜》中的《蟋蟀》和《周公之琴舞》等都启示这一点。其次,《诗》传到孔子时,整体框架等与今本《诗》差别应该不是很大。最后,《史记·孔子世家》所言“及至孔子,去其重,取可施于礼义”的说法有不合事实之处;“诗三百”不是专指孔子所删之《诗》而言,它与《诗》的含义不是对立的,而是大体一致的。总之,孔子并未删《诗》,只是进行了正乐、调整篇次等工作。

“恤由之丧”与《士丧礼》的写定

《礼记·杂记》“恤由之丧”一段文字,对于推溯《士丧礼》暨《仪礼》成书至关重要。自唐林宝以来,多将“恤由”解为人名,不可信据。实则“恤”即“恤礼”之“恤”,“由”即“仲由”之“由”。仲由(子路)死于卫国内乱,鲁哀公忧恤其丧亡,遂遣孺悲学士丧礼于孔子。子路身份为士,故孺悲衔命所学为士丧礼。子路死于鲁哀公十五年冬,先于孔子之卒三数月,而从孺悲学成复命到撰次成书,尚需较长一段时间,故“《士丧礼》于是乎书”,显系书于孔子去世以后。孔子既殁,七十子之徒渐次凋零,孔门后学忧惧礼典坠失,遂效孺悲之举,渐次写于竹帛。中经战国纷乱、嬴秦焚书,《仪礼》至汉仅传十七篇。

《论语》中伤痛观念的哲学阐明

《论语》中的“父母唯其疾之忧”表明,对于疾病的担忧在儒家文化中有着特殊性。一个人克服祸福的牵引与死亡的恐惧而保持内心的安宁,却不该对他人的生老病死保持淡然。从疾病之忧到亡故之痛,这种伤痛不容被克服,具有不可替代的巨大意义。恻隐之痛乃仁之为体最显豁的开端,乃至于径直地就是仁了。伤痛观念由此获得更为鲜明的哲学品格,其与仁的本体地位息息相关。既要肯定对他人生老病死怀抱的伤痛,同时也要着力加以节制,不能任由其陷溺。

张岱年早期对于孔子思想的研究

张岱年早期对于孔子思想的研究可以分为三个阶段。在20世纪30年代前期,张岱年对于孔子思想的研究主要在其仁学和认识论领域,并兼及对于孔子思想的总体和正面的评价。在20世纪30年代后期,张岱年对于孔子思想的研究主要在其天论、人性论、人生至道论、人生问题论、认识方法等领域。在20世纪40年代后期,张岱年对于孔子思想的研究主要在其“品值”哲学、功与利的思想、认识方法等领域,并涉及对于孔子思想的正反两面的系统评价。在张岱年心中,孔子是中国哲学的创始人,奠定了中国哲学的人生哲学特质,孔子的天论、人性论、仁论以及认知理论等对于中国哲学具有首创之功。

法语联盟数字化教学发展及其对孔子学院发展的启示

本文全面探讨了法语联盟在全球化与信息时代背景下,如何通过全面推进数字化环境建设、丰富数字化教学资源、创新数字化教学模式及强化教师数字化能力培训,成功推进全球法语联盟数字化教学发展的进程,并归纳出其数字化教学发展的特点:加速全球化与本土化融合的数字化进程,整合多模态资源及集群式传播渠道,通过教师培训推动教学模式的多元化。有鉴于此,本文针对孔子学院在数字化教学探索中的发展现状,提出了一系列借鉴策略,包括加强数字化转型支持、重视资源建设、强化教师培训等,以期促进孔子学院在数字化教育领域的创新与发展,进一步提升孔子学院品牌在全球中文教育领域的服务质量和国际影响力。

《中国哲学家孔夫子》最早法语全译本《论语导读》研究

《中国哲学家孔夫子》是“四书”中《大学》《中庸》《论语》的拉丁语译本,是儒家思想西传欧洲的奠基之作,与欧洲“中国热”及启蒙思想密切相关。该译本出版后,很快被转译为西方多国文字,其中最早出现的全译本是贝尼耶的法译本《论语导读》。由于所处背景不同,两部作品的译者基于不同的翻译目的,采取了不同的翻译策略。耶稣会士的拉丁语译本基于传教经历和需要,试图从哲学与宗教角度解读孔子思想,以在“礼仪之争”中为其采取的“适应政策”进行辩护。贝尼耶的法译本则援儒入政,意在从政治角度对孔子思想进行阐释,以培养欧洲君王的政治美德与智慧。

《礼记·礼运》:先秦儒家礼学思想的理论奠基

《礼记·礼运》是儒家礼学思想中最为重要的一篇,它以孔子与言偃对话的方式,详细阐述了礼的起源、礼的本质和礼的价值。孔子认为礼的产生源自于大同社会的破坏,是为了维护社会的和谐与人与人之间的平等而建构起来的社会秩序和生活法则,它源于最初的食品献祭,来自于自然,是人的生存需要,所依据的是天理和人情,是道与义的统一,故礼与义二者相辅相成,这也是礼之价值所在,是人类社会重新回归“大同世界”的基本途径。它是先秦儒家对“礼”的认识的最为系统的理论阐述,以此文为纲,可以深入了解以孔子为代表的先秦儒家礼学思想及其精髓,也为当下我们重新认识中国儒家思想体系提供了重要基础。

清人《论语》笔记对前代的传承与超越

清代是笔记集大成的时代,清人《论语》笔记是清代学者带有强烈的自觉意识撰著而成的学术著作,不仅是今人研究清代《论语》的重要文献来源,也是考辨清代学术演进路径的关键文献资料。从释读方法看,清人《论语》笔记以传承汉、宋二学传统为主,分别从文字训诂、经文义理入手,以求对《论语》本义的确解。从解经思想看,清人笔记突破了前代《论语》研究篇幅冗长少有变通、严守家传与师说、治经手段单一的局限,无论是其灵活自由的条辨形式,还是实事求是的解经原则,抑或会通博洽的学术视野,都可谓是对汉代以来《论语》研究的发展与超越。

六艺:从共同资源到一家垄断——孔子与儒家经典之成立

按章太炎的划分,礼乐射御书数为“小六艺”,为王公贵族子弟在小学阶段的必修技能;被孔子删订的《诗》《书》《礼》《乐》《易》《春秋》则为“大六艺”,属于成人教育的“大学之道”,是官员任职前必须学习的待人接物、处事礼仪与一般道理。孔子晚年集中精力编辑、注解、诠释六艺,因“有德无位”而称“述而不作”,渗透思想价值和道义灵魂,总结三代而又超越三代,寄托《春秋》而行“素王”褒贬赏罚之权柄,最终把作为上古道术的六艺演绎为儒家学派独有而专用的文本载体。

学以为己:《论语》论学习之道

《论语》大量记载了孔子关于学习之道的言论。孔子强调人能弘道,虽然人与人之间存在天赋等的差异,但学习既是可能的,也十分重要。同时,学习最根本的目的是完善自我,成就自己的德与才。而就学习的核心内容来说,从《论语》的记载看,主要是指诗与礼。在学习方法上,《论语》重点提到了学无常师、一以贯之、学思结合等数个方面。在学习态度上,孔子最重视的是好学不厌,而乐学则是其极力推崇的最高学习境界。在这一点上,孔子自身即是典范。《论语》所呈现出的孔子关于学习之道的种种言说,是最具代表性的中国传统学习理论,时至今日仍有借鉴意义。

孔子“以直报怨”思想研究——兼论孔子是否反对“以德报怨”

据《论语·宪问》,孔子主张“以直报怨”,而对“以德报怨”则并未明确表示赞成或反对。通过考察《论语》中关于“直”、“怨”的各种论述,结合历代学者的相关观点,可以得出:“以直报怨”中的“直”,应该包含诚实、无私、符合通权达变原则的正直、等值、合乎礼的直率等丰富的含义;“以德报怨”的情况比较复杂,其中有的体现了人们不计前嫌、公而忘私的高尚品德,有的则反映了一些人的虚伪和充满私心的算计,因此,对于“以德报怨”,我们不能简单地予以肯定或否定;“以直报怨”既包含“以德报怨”中值得肯定或提倡的内容,又包含“以德报怨”中所没有的对怨恨对象采取相应报复措施的内容,因此是一种更为全面、合理的报怨方式。

养气、知言与赞美孔子——《孟子》“知言养气”章新解

中国古代的气可分为物质之气与精神之气,后者又包括血气、情气和德气。血气主要针对人的生理欲望而言;情气指人的自然情感活动,如“喜怒哀悲之气”;德气则指人的道德情感活动,如仁气、义气等。孟子的浩然之气不是来自血气、情气,不是对血气、情气的理性升华,而是来自仁义之气,是“集义所生”。孟子的“夜气”“平旦之气”均是指德气而言。孟子自称可以做到知言,可以辨别言辞的错误所在,但没有提出一套分析错误言辞的理论方法。出现这种情况,主要因为孟子过分重视良知、良能,强调心的直觉能力,在一定程度上忽略了经验认知的作用。辨别错误言辞不能仅仅靠良知、良能,还要靠经验观察、逻辑分析,而这恰恰是孟子所缺乏的。孟子高度肯定、赞美孔子,实际是通过孔子寄寓自己的政治理想,视孔子为自下而上用文化、道德影响政治的新王,在得君行道之外,探寻一条觉民行道,甚至为君行道的道路,故“自生民以来,未有盛于孔子也”。

从“不安”到“不忍”——孟子对孔子人己思想的发展

历史上人们将孔孟并称,忽视了二者思想之间的差异。孔孟思想之间的一个重要差异就体现在人己关系问题上,而这又可以通过“不安”与“不忍”两个概念反映出来。孔子认为正是“不安”使得我们能够仁义地对待他人。虽然“不安”与“不忍”都涉及自我与他人以及二者之间的关系,但是二者之间存在差别:“不安”是以他者为中心的,正是他人的悲惨处境激发了我的不安,我为他人感到不安;“不忍”则是以自我为中心的,不忍是一种自我的内在能力,我们之所以不忍心看到他人受苦,之所以对他人做出仁义之举,是因为我们怀有不忍之心。因此,孟子把孔子的“不安”转换成“不忍”,实际上是强化了自我的道德主体地位,使得自我在道德上具有主体性。不过,这也容易使道德变成自我对他人的强加,这些都对中国伦理产生了深远影响。