The transformation of the medieval city of Rhodes and the modification of its buildings since the siege of 1522 by Suleiman the Magnificent up to the 20th century, were imposed by the social and religious needs of eac...The transformation of the medieval city of Rhodes and the modification of its buildings since the siege of 1522 by Suleiman the Magnificent up to the 20th century, were imposed by the social and religious needs of each of its conquerors. In particular, during the period of the Ottoman rule （1522-1912）, most of the churches were converted into mosques while new buildings like public baths and mansions were constructed, resulting in alterations in the morphological characteristics of the city. Although the buildings of the Hospitalier＇s period （1307-1522） were preserved, the additions and adjustments resulted into a mixture of western and oriental architecture, which today determines the multicultural identity of the city. In 1988, UNESCO （United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization） designated the medieval city of Rhodes as a world heritage city for its exemplary architectural complexity and variability, which perfectly reflects the complex historical phenomena and the unique integration of various cultures for more than seven centuries. In this paper, the management of the modifications and the restoration approach of four representative mosques are presented.展开更多
Starting with the declaration of Tanzimat in 1839,the transformation of administration,law,taxation,property rights,education,urban planning and public works were initiated,which caused the regulation of urban and con...Starting with the declaration of Tanzimat in 1839,the transformation of administration,law,taxation,property rights,education,urban planning and public works were initiated,which caused the regulation of urban and construction regulations as a tool for achieving a modern state.1840,the date of the Health of Towns Report,marks a stage in the growing concern with health.The period between 1840-1940 is a recognisable date in history,with the outbreak of the Great War marking the end of an era.It also marks the date of a major enquiry into building laws and it also sees the virtual completion of the process of the incorporation of the health controls into the building regulations.In this date several regulations were enacted concerning the buildings and the streets and implemented in Beirut.The main goal of this article is to understand the impact of Building Codes on the construction of the late Ottoman Heritage and its architectural typology.展开更多
Conserving the architectural structures of heritage buildings has become an important issue in Beirut. It is the result of necessary retrofit of existing traditional bourgeoisie architecture of 19th century, belonging...Conserving the architectural structures of heritage buildings has become an important issue in Beirut. It is the result of necessary retrofit of existing traditional bourgeoisie architecture of 19th century, belonging to the late Ottoman period, recognizing the importance of its traditional technics and to keep them in use. Although, they have been subjected to lack of maintenance and repair which led to processes of severe degradation, compromising their use, it allows now a deep observation of their characteristics. The main goal of this article is: to outline the evolution of the construction of this late Ottoman Heritage;characterize its architectural typology;understand the impact of Building Codes;and present results of surveys. For the analysis, non-destructive methods were performed. The survey of three case studies according to a pre-selection of representative Ottoman buildings (1840-1940) is presented. This intends to contribute for the conservation of Beirut traditional housing and give useful technical information.展开更多
文摘The transformation of the medieval city of Rhodes and the modification of its buildings since the siege of 1522 by Suleiman the Magnificent up to the 20th century, were imposed by the social and religious needs of each of its conquerors. In particular, during the period of the Ottoman rule （1522-1912）, most of the churches were converted into mosques while new buildings like public baths and mansions were constructed, resulting in alterations in the morphological characteristics of the city. Although the buildings of the Hospitalier＇s period （1307-1522） were preserved, the additions and adjustments resulted into a mixture of western and oriental architecture, which today determines the multicultural identity of the city. In 1988, UNESCO （United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization） designated the medieval city of Rhodes as a world heritage city for its exemplary architectural complexity and variability, which perfectly reflects the complex historical phenomena and the unique integration of various cultures for more than seven centuries. In this paper, the management of the modifications and the restoration approach of four representative mosques are presented.
文摘Starting with the declaration of Tanzimat in 1839,the transformation of administration,law,taxation,property rights,education,urban planning and public works were initiated,which caused the regulation of urban and construction regulations as a tool for achieving a modern state.1840,the date of the Health of Towns Report,marks a stage in the growing concern with health.The period between 1840-1940 is a recognisable date in history,with the outbreak of the Great War marking the end of an era.It also marks the date of a major enquiry into building laws and it also sees the virtual completion of the process of the incorporation of the health controls into the building regulations.In this date several regulations were enacted concerning the buildings and the streets and implemented in Beirut.The main goal of this article is to understand the impact of Building Codes on the construction of the late Ottoman Heritage and its architectural typology.
文摘Conserving the architectural structures of heritage buildings has become an important issue in Beirut. It is the result of necessary retrofit of existing traditional bourgeoisie architecture of 19th century, belonging to the late Ottoman period, recognizing the importance of its traditional technics and to keep them in use. Although, they have been subjected to lack of maintenance and repair which led to processes of severe degradation, compromising their use, it allows now a deep observation of their characteristics. The main goal of this article is: to outline the evolution of the construction of this late Ottoman Heritage;characterize its architectural typology;understand the impact of Building Codes;and present results of surveys. For the analysis, non-destructive methods were performed. The survey of three case studies according to a pre-selection of representative Ottoman buildings (1840-1940) is presented. This intends to contribute for the conservation of Beirut traditional housing and give useful technical information.
