Robust Nonlinear Current Sensorless Control of the Boost Converter with Constant Power Load

The boost converter feeding a constant power load (CPL) is a non-minimum phase system that is prone to the destabilizing effects of the negative incremental resistance of the CPL and presents a major challenge in the design of stabilizing controllers. A PWM-based current-sensorless robust sliding mode controller is developed that requires only the measurement of the output voltage. An extended state observer is developed to estimate a lumped uncertainty signal that comprises the uncertain load power and the input voltage, the converter parasitics, the component uncertainties and the estimation of the derivative of the output voltage needed in the implementation of the controller. A linear sliding surface is used to derive the controller, which is simple in its design and yet exhibits excellent features in terms of robustness to external disturbances, parameter uncertainties, and parasitics despite the absence of the inductor’s current feedback. The robustness of the controller is validated by computer simulations.

A Computational Study on the Discharge Characteristics of Atmospheric Dielectric Barrier Discharges at a Constant Power

The study on homogeneous DBDs at atmospheric pressure has attracted much attention for their advantages in applications. Tremendous work has been conducted both experimentally and numerically at a constant applied voltage or driving frequency. However the investigation of dielectric barrier discharges is still scarce for a constant power or power density. In this work, a new computational approach for DBDs is developed to explore atmospheric DBDs at a constant power based on a one-dimensional fluid model. The frequency and gap spacing effects on the atmospheric plasmas are systematically analyzed based on computational data. The computational results show that at a constant power both the current density and the amplitude of the applied voltage decrease, whereas the current pulse width increases, with increasing frequency. The simulation also indicates that as the gap spacing is raised with a fixed power and frequency, the current density and electron density increase initially, then reach their peak values, and then decrease, which means that there are maximum values for both of them. These results are significant for many industrial applications, as they can be used to optimize plasma devices of DBDs with the consideration of power consumption.

State-of-charge Balance Control and Safe Region Analysis for Distributed Energy Storage Systems with Constant Power Loads

This paper presents a fully distributed state-of-charge balance control (DSBC) strategy for a distributed energy storage system (DESS). In this framework, each energy storage unit (ESU) processes the state-of-charge (SoC) information from its neighbors locally and adjusts the virtual impedance of the droop controller in real-time to change the current sharing. It is shown that the SoC balance of all ESUs can be achieved. Due to virtual impedance, voltage deviation of the bus occurs inevitably and increases with load power. Meanwhile, widespread of the constant power load (CPL) in the power system may cause instability. To ensure reliable operation of DESS under the proposed DSBC, the concept of the safe region is put forward. Within the safe region, DESS is stable and voltage deviation is acceptable. The boundary conditions of the safe region are derived from the equivalent model of DESS, in which stability is analyzed in terms of modified Brayton-Moser's criterion. Both simulations and hardware experiments verify the accuracy of the safe region and effectiveness of the proposed DSBC strategy.

Active stabilization methods of electric power systems with constant power loads:a review

Modern electric power systems have increased the usage of switching power converters.These tightly regulated switching power converters behave as constant power loads(CPLs).They exhibit a negative incremental impedance in small signal analysis.This negative impedance degrades the stability margin of the interaction between CPLs and their feeders,which is known as the negative impedance instability problem.The feeder can be an LC input filter or an upstream switching converter.Active damping methods are preferred for the stabilization of the system.This is due to their higher power efficiency over passive damping methods.Based on different sources of damping effect,this paper summarizes and classifies existing active damping methods into three categories.The paper further analyzes and compares the advantages and disadvantages of each active damping method.

Optimal and constant power allocation for joint transmission in HetNet

This paper investigates the power allocation issues for joint transmission in heterogeneous network （HetNet）, which is characterized by severe cross-tier interference. The optimization problem of maximizing the HetNet throughput is formulated. The original problem turns out to be a non-convex problem, the global optima of which cannot be obtained by conventional optimization methods. This paper develops a novel method to achieve the global optima by tuming the original problem into quasi-convex problem. In addition, this paper considers a constant power allocation scheme, as a tradeoff between the system throughput and computational complexity. Based on duality gap theory, the bound of constant power allocation scheme is mathematically derived. Numerical results under different system parameters indicate that both the proposed schemes outperform conventional interference coordination schemes.

Numerical Simulation and Analysis of Power Consumption and Metzner-Otto Constant for Impeller of 6PBT

Majority of non-Newtonian fluids are pseudoplastic with shear-thinning property, which means that the viscosity will be different in different parts of the stirred tank. In such mixing process, it is difficult to predict accurately the power consumption and mean shear rate for designing novel impeller. Metzner-Otto method is a widely accepted method to solve these questions in mixing non-Newtonian fluids. As a result, Metzner-Otto constant will become a key factor to achieve an optimum way of economical mixing. In this paper, taking glycerine and xanthan gum solutions as research system, the power consumption, stirred by the impeller composed of perturbed six-bent-bladed turbine （6PBT） with differently geometrical characteristics in a cylindrical vessel, is studied by means of computational fluid dynamics （CFD）. The flow is modeled as laminar and a multiple reference frame （MRF） approach is used to solve the discretized equations of motion. In order to determine the capability of CFD to forecast the flow process, the torque test experiment is used to measure the glycerine solution power consumption. The theological properties of the xanthan gum solutions are determined by a Brookfleld rheometer. It is observed that the power consumption predicted by numerical simulation agrees well with those measured using torque experiment method in stirring glycerine solution, which validate the numerical model. Metzner-Otto constant is almost not correlated with the flow behavior index of pseudoplastic fluids. This paper establishes the complete correlations of power constant and Metzner-Otto constant with impeller geometrical characteristics through linear regression analysis, which provides the valuable instructions and references for accurately predicting the power consumption and mean shear rate of pseudoplastic fluids in laminar flow, comparatively.

Effect of lens constants optimization on the accuracy of intraocular lens power calculation formulas for highly myopic eyes

AIM: To evaluate the effect of different lens constant optimization methods on the accuracy of intraocular lens(IOL) power calculation formulas for highly myopic eyes.METHODS: This study comprised 108 eyes of 94 consecutive patients with axial length(AL) over 26 mm undergoing phacoemulsification and implantation of a Rayner(Hove, UK) 920H IOL. Formulas were evaluated using the following lens constants: manufacturer’s lens constant, User Group for Laser Interference Biometry(ULIB) constant, and optimized constant for long eyes. Results were compared with Barrett Universal II formula, original Wang-Koch AL adjustment method, and modified Wang-Koch AL adjustment method. The outcomes assessed were mean absolute error(MAE) and percentage of eyes with IOL prediction errors within ±0.25, ±0.50, and ±1.0 diopter(D). The nonparametric method, Friedman test, was used to compare MAE performance among constants.RESULTS: Optimized constants could significantly reduce the MAE of SRK/T, Hoffer Q, and Holladay 1 formulas compared with manufacturer’s lens constant, whereas the percentage of eyes with IOL prediction errors within ±0.25, ±0.50, and ±1.0 D had no statistically significant differences. Optimized lens constant for long eyes alone showed non-significant refractive advantages over the ULIB constant. Barrett Universal II formula and formulas with AL adjustment showed significantly higher accuracy in highly myopic eyes(P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Lens constant optimization for the subset of long eyes reduces the refractive error only to a limited extent for highly myopic eyes.

抽油机井恒功率变频控制系统研究

抽油机作为陆上油田最重要的机械采油装备之一,近年来已发展出一系列的变频节能技术,但其研究主要集中在硬件方面,缺乏相关基础理论,导致现场应用普适性差,应用效果参差不齐。为此,研究有杆泵变频测控机理,优选了主要部件,对测试数据提出了要求,形成了有杆泵抽油变频控制系统。构建BP神经网络系统对正常井和漏失、柱塞碰泵、气体影响等异常井进行识别,分类提出变频计算模型:考虑负扭矩和抽油机冲次界限等建立了正常井恒功率变频计算模型,实例对比分析了变频后抽油机速度、加速度变化规律,产液量一定时,负功功率和有功功率分别下降了65%和44%。建立了上行程漏失的异常井变频计算模型,针对性地提高上行程冲次,形成“上快下慢”运行模式。实例计算表明:该系统缩短上行程时间2.6 s,较好地解决有杆泵上行程漏失和变频节能的问题。研究成果可为抽油机变频技术提供理论支持,对油田节能和提产具有指导意义。

微波含水率检测技术在复杂油水混合形态下的应用研究

在油水混合物中会出现不同的乳化形态,不同的乳化形态对应的电导率和介电常数也具有显著差异,从而导致通过检测电导率和介电常数值间接测量含水率的测量结果不准确。针对复杂油水混合状态下含水率难以测准的问题,提出一种基于微波技术的复杂油水两相流含水率检测技术,建立了基于微波技术的“油包水”和“水包油”状态分析方法。首先通过检测微波信号穿过不同介质后信号幅值的衰减和相位的偏移,推测油水混合物的含水率值。再利用不同输入功率的微波信号在不同介电常数下功率衰减比不同的原理,来区分油水混合物的乳化状态,优化含水率的测量。室内验证和矿场试验结果表明,该系统可有效区分乳化液的混合状态,通过含水率标定值对实测数据进行修正,最终测量的含水率误差可控制在1个百分点以内,实现了复杂油水混合形态下含水率的高精度测量。

基于恒功率约束的换挡毂数控铣削加工控制系统设计与实现

【目的】汽车双离合变速箱(Double Clutch Transmission,DCT)的核心零部件换挡毂加工制造精度要求高,针对数控铣削工艺的非线性问题,通过优化切削参数,以提高生产效率及延长刀具寿命。【方法】以主轴负载恒功率为约束条件,设计一种基于模糊控制算法的铣削加工控制系统。采用CP1E N30作为主控制器、CX-programmer开发下位机程序、Kingview开发上位机系统,完成基于主轴功率信号反馈的智能控制器的开发。【结果】在XHK716加工中心机床上实现铣削工艺的恒功率控制,通过换挡毂粗铣B平面工艺过程的应用,可知实时功率保持在目标功率附近。【结论】该控制系统提高了铣削加工效率,实现了保护刀具的目标,对延长刀具寿命有较好的参考价值。

基于谐波通讯的无线电能与反向信号同步传输技术

针对现有无线电能与反向信号同步传输(simultaneous wireless power and reverse signal transmission,SWPRST)系统存在较大无功功率、负载电压易受信号传输发生波动或需要额外增加高频信号源等问题,提出一种基于谐波通讯的SWPRST技术,通过利用逆变器输出方波电压中的基波分量传输电能,三次谐波分量传输信号。不需要外加高频信号发射电路,实现了可靠的电能与反向信号同步传输。首先,给出基于谐波通讯的SWPRST系统结构,对其工作模式和基本原理进行分析;接着,建立系统等效数学模型,分析系统参数取值对信号与电能传输之间的互扰影响;然后,对信号的调制解调电路进行设计,分析信号检测通道参数对信号传输速率的影响;最后,搭建实验平台对理论分析进行验证,实验结果表明,该方法在有效实现了无线电能与反向信号同步传输的同时,信号无误码率传输速率可达5 kbps,同时系统具有无功小,输出负载电压几乎无波动(电压波动率0.33%)等优点。该方法采用谐波作为信号载体,为多频利用式实现电能与反向信号同步传输系统提供一种新的思路,具有较好的理论意义与实际工程应用价值。

基于偏航机动的常推力定点着陆制导方法

实现定点着陆终端位置速度六分量控制通常需要发动机推力可调。提出了一种通过偏航机动实现固定推力下的定点着陆制导方法。该方法通过偏转航向角,调节发动机输出在下降轨迹平面内的分量,从而实现航程控制;为了消除推力方向偏转产生的横向位置、速度偏差,设计了偏转角符号调整策略,使得着陆器在水平面内呈“之”字形运动,以一定推进剂为代价,最终保证了下降着陆终端位置、速度的全部可控。仿真表明,所提方法简单有效,易于工程实施。

基于LCL-S型两接收端无线电能传输系统传输特性研究

随着WPT应用的发展,多接收WPT系统因一个发射端可以为多个接收端同时供电,近年来受到广泛关注。对LCL-S型两接收端WPT系统的功率分配进行研究,并对LCL-S谐振补偿电路的两接收端WPT系统的传输特性进行分析,提出一种双PI功率控制,实现了发射电源恒功率控制。同时,通过移相控制调节各接收端的输出功率来实现按预设比例进行功率分配。仿真实验验证了所提出的方法实现恒功率输出和按预设比例分配接收端电能的可行性和有效性。

基于双掩码技术的抗功耗攻击CMOS电路设计

为增强现有差分传输管预充电逻辑(differential pass-transistor pre-charge logic,DP^(2)L)电路结构的抗功耗攻击性能,设计并开发了一种改进型DP^(2)L电路。与改进前电路相比,改进型DP^(2)L电路在不同输入信号下晶体管的导通数目保持相同,从而表现出更好的功耗恒定性能。在此基础上,进一步设计了双轨双掩码差分传输管预充电逻辑(double masked differential pass-transistor pre-charge logic,DMDP^(2)L)电路。该电路不仅改善了原有电路的功耗恒定特性,而且引入的双掩码具有随机性,加大了攻击者获取电路运算结果的难度。模拟结果表明,设计的双轨DMDP^(2)L电路较其他3种同类型逻辑电路的标准化能量偏差(normalized energy deviation,NED)分别减小了11.33%,5.19%和3.06%,表明其具有更好的功耗恒定特性和抗功耗攻击能力。

基于变频重构S/SP拓扑的无线电能传输系统恒流恒压研究

针对电动汽车无线充电系统耦合系数和负载变化导致系统输出电流和电压剧烈波动的问题,提出一种由交错叠放式线圈结构和变频重构控制策略组成的无线电能传输系统,通过重构补偿拓扑,并切换工作频率,实现了系统的恒流恒压输出。首先,分析了拓扑重构前后系统的恒流、恒压输出特性和零相角特性,对比恒流恒压工作模式下补偿电容的大小,给出了系统参数调整方法。其次,剖析了交错叠放式线圈结构模型,提出基于耦合系数波动最小原则的线圈结构优化策略。所提出的系统补偿元件较少,两个工作频率点符合国际标准。最后,搭建一套500 W的实验样机,验证系统的可行性和有效性。实验结果表明,交错叠放式线圈在X轴方向偏移发射线圈外径的55%(187mm)或Y轴方向偏移120mm时,耦合系数波动率小于5%。系统在恒流模式下电流波动率为3.58%,在恒压模式下电压波动率为4.83%,满足无线充电系统恒流恒压需求。

考虑构网型和跟网型变流器的孤岛微电网小信号稳定性分析

由电力电子设备主导的孤岛微电网面临系统惯量小、无频率支持而导致的稳定性问题,恒功率负荷的渗透也加剧了系统的失稳风险。研究了由构网型变流器和跟网型变流器为主导的,计及恒功率负荷的孤岛微电网稳定性。首先,建立了孤岛微电网系统的全阶小信号模型,通过特征值分析法研究了构网型变流器控制中下垂系数对稳定性的影响并得到了下垂系数的数值上界;其次,通过参与因子法揭示了系统参数和控制参数对小信号稳定性的影响;最后,在Matlab Simulink中建立了该孤岛微电网的开关模型,仿真验证了小信号分析结果的准确性。

无线电能传输系统恒流输出控制方法研究

此处提出了一种发射端控制的无线电能传输(WPT)系统输出恒流调节方法。该方法无需在接收端增加传感器和无线通信装置,即可实现对系统输出电流的调节,因此,能够减小接收端体积和重量。首先,建立WPT系统等效电路模型,考虑整流电路等效输入阻抗的电阻和电感分量,推导得到发射端电压/电流与负载电流之间的量化关系;然后,采集发射端并联电容电压有效值和输入直流电流值,并通过逆变器移相控制,实现系统恒流输出;最后,搭建WPT实验台架,实验结果表明:在变负载工况下,恒流控制精度在3%以内,动态调节时间小于200ms,从而实现了负载电流快速、精准的调节。

基于频率切换实现恒流/恒压输出的电场耦合无线电能传输系统

电场耦合无线电能传输(electric-field coupled wireless power transfer,EC-WPT)技术的实际应用中,有些用电设备需要系统具有不同的恒定输出特性(恒流/恒压),即系统输出电压或输出电流与负载解耦,此外,系统还需具备在恒流、恒压模式间按需切换的功能。针对该需求,基于LC-CLC谐振网络提出1种具有恒流/恒压输出特性的EC-WPT系统,分析LC-CLC谐振网络特性,推导恒流/恒压输出特性的实现条件以及恒流频率和恒压频率的计算方法,并给出系统参数设计方法,分析系统对工作频率的敏感性。最后通过仿真和实验验证所提出的EC-WPT系统恒流/恒压输出特性及其参数设计方法的正确性和有效性。实验结果表明所提出的系统在输入电压恒定的不同负载工况下分别实现2 A的恒流输出以及96 V的恒压输出,其最大传输效率分别为87.83%及88.17%。

基于“88Q”线圈的三维抗偏移WPT系统

针对谐振式无线电能传输(WPT)系统在传输距离和负载变化时引起输出电压不稳定的问题,提出一种“88Q”线圈耦合装置,结合LCC/S与S/LCC型负载无关恒压谐振拓扑可实现平面线圈的三维抗偏移恒压输出。给出了“88Q”线圈的空间位置和特征参数,分析线圈激发磁场的分布特性、线圈水平偏移和改变传输距离情况下线圈互感变化趋势。最后,搭建系统实验平台。实验结果表明,系统负载变化或耦合装置发生偏移时,均可实现恒压输出。

带恒功率负载多电平Buck变换器逆解耦自适应滑模控制

针对带恒功率负载(CPL)多电平Buck变换器的强耦合问题及负阻抗特性引起的不稳定问题,提出一种逆解耦自适应滑模控制策略。建立带CPL多电平Buck变换器的非线性数学模型,基于逆系统方法证明系统的可逆性,并推导逆系统表达式,将模型线性化解耦为多个伪线性子系统,抵消负阻抗特性的影响。通过选取线性滑模面和指数趋近律以减弱滑模抖振,并将自适应机制引入到滑模控制中,进而为线性子系统分别设计自适应滑模控制器,进一步提高系统控制性能。基于李雅普诺夫理论对控制系统的稳定性和鲁棒性进行验证。与现有控制方法进行比较,仿真结果表明,所提控制策略具有更强的鲁棒性和优越性。最后,搭建原理样机进行实验对比,实验结果验证了所提控制策略的正确性和有效性。