Constant Speed Control of Four-stroke Micro Internal Combustion Swing Engine

The increasing demands on safety, emission and fuel consumption require more accurate control models of micro internal combustion swing engine （MICSE）. The objective of this paper is to investigate the constant speed control models of four-stroke MICSE The operation principle of the four-stroke MICSE is presented based on the description of MICSE prototype. A two-level Petri net based hybrid mode/ is proposed to mode/ the four-stroke MICSE engine cycle. The Petri net subsystem at the upper level controls and synchronizes the four Petri net subsystems at the lower level. The continuous sub-models, including breathing dynamics of intake manifold, thermodynamics of the chamber and dynamics of the torque generation, are investigated and integrated with the discrete model in MATLAB Simulink. Through the comparison of experimental data and simulated DC voltage output, it is demonstrated that the hybrid model is valid for the four-stroke MICSE system. A nonlinear model is obtained from the cycle average data via the regression method, and it is linearized around a given nominal equilibrium point for the controller design. The feedback controller of the spark timing and valve duration timing is designed with a sequential loop closing design approach. The simulation of the sequential loop closure control design applied to the hybrid model is implemented in MATLAB. The simulation results show that the system is able to reach its desired operating point within 0.2 s, and the designed controller shows good MICSE engine performance with a constant speed. This paper presents the constant speed control models of four-stroke MICSE and carries out the simulation tests, the models and the simulation results can be used for further study on the precision control of four-stroke MICSE.

Structure modification and constant remelting speed control of a 120-t three-phase electroslag furnace

The traditional large electroslag remelting furnaces have many shortages,such as high short-network impedance and inductance,long maintenance time for electrode replacement,low stiffness of driveline,and low control accuracy of remelting speed.The present research was aimed to solve these problems through structure modification and constant remelting speed control for a 120-t electroslag remelting(ESR) furnace.Based on the technique of three-phase double electrodes in series,the short-network system and the structure of the 120-t ESR furnace were improved;and a continuous feeding system for the self-consumption electrode was proposed.A selfdesigned fully hydraulic driveline system with three degrees of freedom was successfully applied to the 120-t ESR furnace.An electrode auto-replacement system and the S-style speed-control curve of electrode-feeding system were designed on the basis of the soft measurement/sensing model on the remaining electrode length so as to obtain a high accuracy control system for constant remelting speed.The experiment products showed good surface quality and cross-sectional results,indicating good system control,and verifying the effectiveness of the structure modification of the furnace.

On maximum power point tracking control strategy for variable speed constant frequency wind power generation

Based on the characteristic of AC-excited variable speed constant frequency(VSCF)wind power generation,the vector control technique was applied in a doubly fed induction generator(DFIG).Maximum wind energy or maximum output power point can be tracked by decoupling control of active power and reactive power.The research result shows that the net power of generation system delivered to grid in maximum wind energy tracking mode is not the most.We presented a novel maximum power point tracking(MPPT)control strategy by analyzing the DFIG mathematic model and power relations which delivered the maximum power to the grid.The maximum power point could be tracked automatically without measuring wind speed in the control strategy and the control was independent of optimal turbine power curve,which had excellent dynamic and static performances and robustness.Simulation and experimental results testify the accuracy and validity of the control strategy.

Research on Constant-Speed Rapeseed Drying Mechanism

This paper presents research on constantspeed rapeseed drying mechanism and the mathematical model established for constant speed drying period.

The Control System Simulation of Variable-Speed Constant-Frequency Wind Turbine

In general,Variable-Speed Constant Frequency (VSCF)Wind generation system is controlled by stator voltage orientation method which based on the mathematic model of VSCF Wind generation system and discussed the control strategy.Present the whole dynamic control model of variable-speed wind generator system in MATLAB/ Simulink,and the simulation results confirm the validity and effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.

On the Possibility of Variable Speed of Light in Vacuum

We previously revealed a quantitative relation by which the fine-structure constant α can be described by the temperature T of cosmic microwave background (CMB) with several other fundamental constants, including the elementary charge e, the Boltzmann constant k, the Planck constant h, and the light of speed in vacuum c. Given that the value of α is quite conserved but T is variable across CMBs, we propose that c changes with T and can be given by T, the present CMB temperature T0 and the present light speed c0. As T is continuously decreasing, c is thus predicted to decrease at a rate of ~2.15 centimeters/second (cm/s) per year. Moreover, we provide a lot of evidence to support this finding. In conclusion, this study suggests a possibility of variable speed of light in vacuum.

Wave propagation speeds and source term influences in single and integral porosity shallow water equations

In urban flood modeling,so-called porosity shallow water equations(PSWEs),which conceptually account for unresolved structures, e.g.,buildings, are a promising approach to addressing high CPU times associated with state-of-the-art explicit numerical methods. The PSWE can be formulated with a single porosity term, referred to as the single porosity shallow water model(SP model), which accounts for both the reduced storage in the cell and the reduced conveyance, or with two porosity terms: one accounting for the reduced storage in the cell and another accounting for the reduced conveyance. The latter form is referred to as an integral or anisotropic porosity shallow water model(AP model). The aim of this study was to analyze the differences in wave propagation speeds of the SP model and the AP model and the implications of numerical model results. First, augmented Roe-type solutions were used to assess the influence of the source terms appearing in both models. It is shown that different source terms have different influences on the stability of the models. Second, four computational test cases were presented and the numerical models were compared. It is observed in the eigenvalue-based analysis as well as in the computational test cases that the models converge if the conveyance porosity in the AP model is close to the storage porosity. If the porosity values differ significantly, the AP model yields different wave propagation speeds and numerical fluxes from those of the BP model. In this study, the ratio between the conveyance and storage porosities was determined to be the most significant parameter.

A Simple Approach to Compute Interatomic Force Constant for Mono and Diatomic Semiconductors

In this paper, a mathematical relation was found between interatomic Hooke’s force constant and both the bulk modulus and interatomic distance in solid crystals, considering that the forces which have effect on an atom are only those resulted from the neighboring atoms, and the forces are subject to Hooke’s law as the deflections of atoms from their equilibrium positions are very small. This work has been applied on some solid semiconducting crystals of diatomic primitive cell, including crystals of mono-atomic primitive cell automatically, by using linear statistical fitting with computer programming and, then, using mathematical analysis, proceeding from the vibrational dispersion relation of solid linear lattice, these two methods have been used in the process in order to support each other and for the result to be satisfying and reasonable. This is a contribution to the process of using computer programming in physics to facilitate mathematical analyses and obtain the required relations and functions by designing and developing appropriate computer programs in line with the macro and micro natures of materials. The importance of this is in enhancing our understanding of the interatomic actions in cells and of the crystal structure of materials in general and semiconductors in particular, as it is a step of the initial steps to facilitate the process of calculating energies and extracting mathematical relations between correlation energy and temperature as well as between sub-fusion and fusion energies with temperature.

Fundamental Physical Constants and Primary Physical Parameters

Every four years the Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) supplies a self-consistent set of values of the basic constants and conversion factors of physics recommended for international use. In 2013, the World-Universe Model (WUM) proposed a principally different depiction of the World as an alternative to the picture of the Big Bang Model. This article: 1) Gives the short history of Classical Physics before Special Relativity;2) Calculates Fundamental Physical Constants based on experimentally measured Rydberg constant, Electrodynamic constant, Electron Charge-to-Mass Ratio, and Planck constant;3) Discusses Electrodynamic constant and Speed of Light;4) Considers Dimensionless Fundamental Parameters (Dirac Large Number Q and Dimensionless Rydberg Constant α);5) Calculates Newtonian Constant of Gravitation based on the Inter-connectivity of Primary Physical Parameters;6) Makes a detailed analysis of the Self-consistency of Fundamental Physical Constants and Primary Physical Parameters through the prism of WUM. The performed analysis suggests: 1) Discontinuing using the notion “Vacuum” and its characteristics (Speed of Light in Vacuum, Characteristic Impedance of Vacuum, Vacuum Magnetic Permeability, Vacuum Electric Permittivity);2) Accepting the exact numerical values of Electrodynamic constant, Planck constant, Elementary charge, and Dimensionless Rydberg Constant α. WUM recommends the predicted value of Newtonian Constant of Gravitation in 2018 to be considered in CODATA Recommend Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants 2022.

Speed of Gravitation and Electromagnetic Waves through the Dark Energy of Intergalactic Space and Its Implications of a Unified Theory

The recent finding that gravitational waves (GW170817) traveled at the same speed as electromagnetic (EM) waves (GRB 170817A) from a binary neutron star merger does not necessarily mean that they traveled throughout their journey at speed c. Some recent works by the author (2015) Journal of Modern Physics, 6, 78-87, and 1360-1370;(2016), 7, 1829-1844;(2017), 8, 622-635 show that the diminished brightness of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) can be explained by assuming that dark energy, instead of having a negative pressure, has an index of refraction n, causing the speed of light through intergalactic space (IGS) to be reduced to c/n, with? n≈1.5. It follows that GWs (not considered in the previous works) would also travel with speed c/n through IGS. However, speed of GWs and EMWs within galaxies themselves is c. A brief review of the model is given, together with other predictions, e.g., new values for the Hubble constant and age of the universe, and necessary absence of correlation of neutrinos with gamma ray bursts (GRBs), in agreement with numerous searches. In the previous works, there were implications of a unified theory. If the model holds, since GWs would experience the same speed reduction as EMWs, this would further support unification. An improved falsification methodology for a previously proposed astronomical test based on discordant redshifts is given.

Variable Physical Constants and Beyond

We previously revealed that the speed of light in vacuum c, the gravitational constant G, the vacuum permittivity ε, and the vacuum permeability μ can be defined by the temperature T (or the expected average frequency f) of cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation. Given that CMB is continuously cooling, that is, T is continuously decreasing, we proposed that the above “constants” are variable and their values at some space-time with CMB temperature T (cT, GT, εT, and μT) can be described using their values (c0, G0, ε0, and μ0) and the temperature (T0) of CMB at present space-time. Based on the above observation, a number of physical equations related with these constants are re-described in this study, including relativity equation, mass-energy equation, and Maxwell’s equations, etc.

Study on Hydraulic Transmission of Offshore Low-speed Wind Energy Generator

For offshore hydraulic drive wind turbines,the problems of unsatisfactory speed control and low efficiency at low wind speeds are targeted.A low-speed high-torque radial piston pump is designed to replace the traditional fixed pump with a particular focus on its low-speed performance.The pump is characterized by small internal leakage at low wind speeds and high volumetric efficiency,which is beneficial to improve the power generation efficiency of the system.A new linear control method based on the PID algorithm and feedforward compensation was proposed to obtain the constant speed output control of variable motor at low wind speed.With the model for wind turbine and fixed pump-variable motor main drive system,the system was simulated and experimentally proved to verify the feasibility and anti-interference performance of the system control method at low wind speeds.A promising outcome was obtained on the response characteristics of system power and efficiency at low wind speeds.This can be a powerful technical support for the normal ustility of hydraulic drive wind turbines.

基于外控恒压调速阀的垛式液压支架支柱承载特性分析

针对垛式液压支架降柱过程中立柱失速的问题,基于外控恒压调速阀改进平衡回路,研究立柱在负载作用下的承载特性。利用AMESim搭建液压支架平衡回路的仿真模型模拟立柱工作过程,分析外控恒压调速阀的结构参数对立柱承载特性及外控恒压调速阀阀口流量特性的影响。结果表明:立柱受到冲击时,安全阀开启卸荷;立柱下行时平衡回路作用防止立柱失速。减小外控恒压调速阀的阻尼孔直径与调控活塞面积可提高系统响应速度,平衡回路稳定性能提升,立柱承载特性得到改善。

高压煤油恒速液动机转子倾覆现象的理论研究

介绍了高压煤油恒速液动机(简称“液动机”)的转子倾覆现象,分析了机理,并按照发生的原因将倾覆现象分为主动倾覆和被动倾覆。重点研究了主动倾覆,基于对转子柱塞组件的受力分析,提出了倾覆条件的数学表达,引入了无量纲的倾覆安全系数,以定量表达倾覆风险。分析了被动倾覆的原因,并提出了解决被动倾覆的方法。在产品设计中应避免出现主动倾覆和被动倾覆。

基于成渝中线隧道参数CR450高速动车组气密性阈值分布特征研究

以成渝中线隧道特征为研究背景,利用一维可压缩不等熵流动模型的广义黎曼变量特征线方法,研究了CR450高速动车组单列车通过隧道和两列车中央等速交会时,车内外压力波特征及隧道长度、速度、不同时间间隔内最大压力变化量对气密阈值影响特性。研究表明:最不利隧道内车外压力波动幅值最大,随着隧道长度增加,车内压力波动幅值增大;单列车满足车内每3 s内最大压力时时间常数阈值基本在最不利隧道内最大,交会时基于气密性的最不利隧道与根据车外压力载荷得到的最不利隧道长度不同;单列车时间常数阈值随速度的增加而增加,两列车以430 km/h和450 km/h交会时,时间常数阈值基本相同;单列车头尾车和中间车满足13个压力标准时时间常数阈值最大分别为51 s和42 s,交会分别为88 s和92 s。

聚合物驱流线数值模拟技术研究

利用传统有限差分数值模拟技术处理大型复杂油藏模型时,存在计算耗时长、精度低等缺点,而流线法具有计算精度高、计算速度快等特点,因此对聚合物驱模拟开展流线求解技术研究。首先根据油水两相渗流方程和毛管力方程,建立压力方程并采用隐式方法求解;然后基于达西定律,由压力场生成网格界面上的流速场;再由流速场,利用Pollock流线追踪方法确定流体质点在空间的运动轨迹,就可以生成流线;最后通过求解饱和度和聚合物浓度方程获得流线上不同位置处的参数场分布。利用上述方法 研制了聚合物驱流线数值模拟软件。为验证计算的准确性,建立多井组聚合物驱模型进行流线数值模拟计算。结果表明,流线数值模拟计算结果 与有限差分数值模拟计算结果基本一致,验证了流线数值模拟方法的可靠性和准确性。与有限差分法相比,流线法的计算速度可提高1倍以上。

扩散吸附作用下CO_(2)非混相驱微观渗流特征模拟

利用数值模拟方法建立CO_(2)非混相驱数值模型,使用水平集法模拟扩散吸附作用下CO_(2)非混相驱和近混相驱的微观渗流规律,并对CO_(2)在孔隙中的微观渗流特征及扩散吸附特征进行研究,选取注入速度、扩散系数、吸附反应速率常数等参数研究近混相驱微观渗流特征的影响因素。研究结果表明:①相场法CO_(2)驱数值模拟采出程度为51.29%,水平集法CO_(2)驱数值模拟采出程度为53.60%,因此水平集法更适用于CO_(2)非混相驱的渗流过程模拟。②非混相驱条件下,CO_(2)优先向大孔隙扩散,采收率为87.7%,出口气体体积分数为71.60%,CO_(2)最大表面吸附浓度为3.16×10-4mol/m^(2);近混相驱条件下,CO_(2)更易向小孔隙扩散,采收率为91.1%,出口含气率为97.01%,CO_(2)最大表面吸附浓度为5.81×10-4mol/m^(2)。③近混相驱微观渗流特征受注入速度、扩散系数、吸附反应速率常数等因素影响。注入速度增大,出口含气率和采收率均提高;扩散系数和吸附反应速率常数增大,会使采收率提高,出口含气率下降。

转速对航空动力装置动力性能和经济性能的影响

为探究发动机转速对某中空长航时无人机动力装置的动力性能和经济性能的影响,结合发动机速度特性曲线、耗油率特性曲线、高空特性曲线及螺旋桨效率曲线,在某无人机飞行速度范围内,选取典型发动机油门匹配不同发动机转速,通过理论计算与试验相结合的方法,评估动力性能和经济性能的变化情况。研究表明:对于所研究的航空动力装置,在所研究的发动机转速范围内,推力随着发动机转速的增加而增大,单位推力耗油率则随着发动机转速的增加先减小后增大,即存在最经济转速,且发动机油门位置越大,对应的最经济转速也越高。为保证动力性能和经济性能,各油门设定的转速应避免设置在最经济转速之下。对于所研究的航空动力装置,在最大连续工况条件下,当飞行速度一定时,动力装置的推力、螺旋桨效率随着飞行高度的增加而降低,单位推力耗油率则随着飞行高度的增加先增加后降低。在飞行高度一定时,动力装置的推力随着飞行速度的增加而降低,而螺旋桨效率、单位推力耗油率则随着飞行速度的增加而上升。

022Cr18Ti不锈钢酸洗板表面起皮缺陷原因分析

022Cr18Ti不锈钢热轧钢带在酸洗过程中发现表面存在长条状起皮缺陷,该类缺陷对后续使用存在较大的影响。对起皮缺陷进行了检测分析,确定表面起皮缺陷为铸坯皮下夹渣导致。研究并制定了相应的改进措施,有效解决了022Cr18Ti钢带表面的起皮问题。

基于STM32的茶叶揉捻机揉捻桶转速模糊PID设计

[目的]满足茶叶揉捻时揉捻桶转速恒定可调及揉捻桶恒速转动的要求。[方法]以6CR-55型单柱式揉捻机为研究对象,基于STM32单片机,利用模糊控制算法和PWM闭环控制方法,对揉捻桶转速进行稳定控制研究,建立揉捻桶转速控制系统数学模型,并采用MATLAB进行无校正、PID和模糊PID算法控制仿真试验。[结果]相比于无校正控制和PID控制,模糊PID转速控制系统输出转速更稳定精确,抗干扰能力更强,其转速误差控制在3 r/min以内。[结论]采用模糊PID控制方法可满足茶叶揉捻时揉捻桶转速恒定可调的要求,从而提高茶叶成条率和细胞破损率。