Current Global Almond Trade and Its Consumption Patterns Analysis

This article aims to investigate the current situation of the international almond trade and its consumption patterns. Traditionally, almonds are characterized by their good taste and high quality and regarded as an ideal source of several natural health nutrients. At present, the United States is the leading almond producer and exporter in the world, accompanied by Germany, Spain and Japan, the biggest almond importing countries. In order to study almond consumption patterns, two indicators were used in our study, the Food Consumer Location Ratio （FCLR） and the Food Consumer Location Relative Ratio （FCLRR）. Furthermore, to identify the almond consumption groups, we carried out two cluster analyses based on FCLR and FCLRR values, Finally, an analysis of the factors which have an impact on a country＇s almond consumption was conducted. It shows that income level, endowment of resources and tradition as well as dietary habits are key factors that help to shape a country＇s almond consumption pattern.

Environmental Problems and Reform of Consumption Patterns

With the continuous improvement of population and people’s living standard,traditional consumption pattern at the cost of great consumption of resources and energy brought more serious damages to environment and development,and became the core of constant deterioration of environmental problems in present world.Therefore,the reform from current traditional consumption pattern to environment-friendly consumption pattern beneficial to sustainable development has become the important theoretical and practical subject at present.The relationship between environmental problems and consumption problems was analyzed firstly,and then the characteristics and disadvantages of traditional consumption pattern were discussed,finally the necessity and ways of constructing environment-friendly consumption pattern were put forward,so as to provide theoretical foundation for the reform of current traditional consumption pattern.

Water Consumption Pattern among Young Adults in a Higher Institution in Mubi Adamawa State

Considering the injurious effects of hypohydration, a study on the water consumption pattern of young adult in a specified higher institution in Adamawa State was sought due to concerns on the low plain water consumption with the objectives of understanding the average daily consumption, as well as knowing contributors to total body fluid intake. A qualitative cross sectional sweep survey (CSSS) using simple random sampling (SRS) method was carried out, a pilot sturdy which achieved a cronback alpha of >0.7 reliability questionnaire was used to carry, while Conchrans formula was adopted to determine sample size N, which was 400. The result showed that majority of the respondents 176(44) were 21 years of age in their early adulthood, many, 187(46.75) used borehole water as their source of household water. Most of the respondents 272(69) agreed to drinking rain water. Some respondents 200(50) choose pure satchet water as their major source of drinking water, about half 200(50) of the respondents drink 1.5 L or less of water daily, while only 13(3.25) of the respondents drink 5 - 6 L/day of water, on the average. Most of the respondents 174(43.3) take orange as their most commonly consumed fruit, taking a maximum of 4 oranges per day, 160(40) of the respondents eat apple as their most commonly consumed fruit, with a maximum of one apple a day both apples and oranges give 87% fluid of their total weight. Some respondents 40(10) attested to being diabetic, with 13(3.26) of them agreeing to consuming alcohol, 377(94.25) confirmed they drink at least a bottle of carbonated drink daily. The study reveals that most young adults (21 - 25 years of age) in the sturdy area drink below the recommended daily requirement for water therefore, intervention as well as public enlightenment is required to encourage good water consumption pattern among young adults.

Consumer Preference and Consumption Pattern of Marine Fish Species in Ibadan Metropolis, Oyo State, Nigeria

Despite the nutritive value of finfish, the domestic production is inadequate to meet the national demand. Due to the high demand of 2.66 million metric tons per annum for fish, Nigeria imported 740,000 tons in 2007 to supplement the domestic production of 615,507 tons. A study was conducted in Ibadan Metropolis of Oyo State （a land locked state） to determine the consumer preference and pattern of marine fish species consumed. Stratified sampling method was used to select respondents from three income earning levels of the five local government areas in Ibadan Metropolis. Questionnaires were administered to 51 marine fish retailers and 151 households. Data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics and Tobit regression model. Marine fish sellers ranked horse mackerel （Scomberjaponicus） first and croaker （Pseudotholithus species） the least because it is more priced. Only 10.6% and 13.2% of the households preferred express （Brevortia species） and croaker respectively, but Hake （Gadus gadus） was the least preferred （41.7%）. The household consumed varying proportions of fish species every week. The regression result （R2 = 0.65） showed that married household heads with large household size having lower years/level of education, younger in age and earning lower income are likely to consume more of marine frozen fish species （P 〈 0.01） than others.

Consumption Pattern of Carotene Rich Foods and Development of a Year Calendar

Consumption pattern of beta carotene rich foods from 500 households of Coimbatore district was elicited. Through market surveys in four seasons namely: summer, south-west monsoon, north-east monsoon and winter, a year calendar of beta carotene rich foods was developed. The total and beta carotene contents of five commonly consumed beta carotene rich foods both in raw and cooked states were determined. Results indicated that greens were mainly purchased from market and consumed 2-3 times per week. Cooking loss was maximum in boiling and minimum in shallow fat frying. Curry leaves (Murraya koenigii),amaranth tender (Amaranthus gangeticus), agathi (Sesbania grandopra), and ponnanganni (Alternanthera sessilis) were the carotene rich foods available round the year. Cost of most greens was highest in summer and lowest in north-east monsoon. Within a cost of 13-14 ps in summer, 4-10 ps in south-west monsoon and north-west monsoon and 4-12 ps in winter season, the entire day's requirement of beta carotene (2400μg) could be obtained in the form of agathi/amaranth throughout the year: in the form of drumstick leaves and mint in south-west monsoon; as curry leaves and coriander leaves in winter and as agathi,paruppukeerai and amaranth in summer. From this year calendar, according to seasonal availability and cost, low-cost high carotene foods can be selected and used for increasing the beta carotene intake in the intervention programmes and in the community

Poisson rectangular pulse(PRP)model establishment based on uncertainty analysis of urban residential water consumption patterns

The commonly used Poisson rectangular pulse(PRP)model,employed for simulating high-resolution residential water consumption patterns(RWCPs),relies on calibration via medium-resolution RWCPs obtained from practical measurements.This introduces inevitable uncertainty stemming from the measured RWCPs,which consequently impacts the precision of model simulations.Here we enhance the accuracy of the PRP model by addressing the uncertainty of RWCPs.We established a critical sampling size of 2000 household water consumption patterns(HWCPs)with a data logging interval(DLI)of 15 min to attain dependable RWCPs.Through Genetic Algorithm calibration,the optimal values of the PRP model's parameters were determined:pulse frequency lλ=91 d^(-1),mean of pulse intensity E(I)=0.346 m^(3) h^(-1),standard deviation of pulse intensity STD(I)=0.292 m^(3) h^(-1),mean of pulse duration E(D)=40 s,and standard deviation of pulse duration STD(D)=55 s.Furthermore,validation was conducted at both HWCP and RWCP levels.We recommend a sampling size of2000 HWCPs and a DLI of30 min for PRP model calibration to balance simulation precision and practical implementation.This study significantly advances the theoretical foundation and real-world application of the PRP model,enhancing its role in urban water supply system management.

The effect of different irrigation patterns on rice yield and water consumption

The ecological and physiological water require-ment of rice and rice yield was studied underthree irrigation patterns, which were A: moistirrigation, remains 70-90% of saturated soilwater content except 3-4 cm deep water layerin tillering stage in paddy; B: flood irrigation,remains 4-5 cm deep water layer except 80%relative water content in the late tillering stage

Research on the Patterns and Evolution of Ecosystem Service Consumption in the “Belt and Road”

With great significance in ecosystem protection and sustainable development,the study of ecosystem service consumption(ESC)has become a hot topic in ecological research.Based on FAOSTAT data,in this study the patterns,composition and evolution of ESC and ecosystem service consumption patterns(ESCP)in the“Belt and Road"were revealed on the total and regional scales,taking consumed-biomass as a main indicator.Three main conclusions were reached.1)The total ESC was mainly contributed from farmland ecosystems along the"Belt and Road",followed by grassland ecosystems.The ESC indicators on the whole system scale fluctuated,but increased from year 2000 to year 2016.The total ESC increased from 12911.89 Tg yr_1 to 16810.00 Tg yr^1,and the annual per capita consumption of ecosystem services increased from 3.3228 million g p_1 yr'1 to 3.6392 million g p_1 yr'1.2)The ESC,composition and evolution varied significantly among countries,zones and ecosystems.The annual per capita ESC was highest in Mongolia on the national scale,and highest in Central and Eastern Europe and lowest in Southeast Asia on zone scale,which represented the results from the joint effects of regional resource endowments,consumption habits,levels of productive forces,and other factors.3)Higher farmland ESC was the dominant ESCP,which accounted for about 76.7%of the total area along the"Belt and Road",followed by higher farmland+higher grassland ESC,which accounted for about 19.0%of the total area.The other consumption patterns(i.e.,those of higher grassland ESC,higher forestland ESC or higher farmland+higher forest+higher grassland ESC)were found in only a few countries.The ESCP may be related to higher regional population density or the higher proportions of developing countries.Therefore,to realize sustainable social,economic and ecological development,and to improve people's well-being,countries along the,lBelt and Road"should take advantage of their own resources in developing industries,actively expand trade,achieve mutual benefits and win-win situations,and adjust and optimize consumption patterns of ecosystem services.This study can provide data support for further research on the mechanism of ESCP formation this area.

Research on the Patterns and Evolution of Ecosystem Service Consumption in Nepal

The study of ecosystem service consumption(ESC)in Nepal not only helps us to understand the intensity and management level of Nepal’s ecosystem utilization,but also provides scientific data support for the establishment and planning of China’s aid to Nepal.Based on the data of food consumption and forestry production and trade,this study dynamically investigated the consumption levels,structure and ecological consumption patterns of farmland,forest,grassland,water and the integrated ecosystem in Nepal and their main driving forces,using the physical quantity accounting method.The results showed that the total consumption of farmland,forest,grassland,water and the integrated ecosystem in Nepal from 1961 to 2018 exhibited a fluctuating increase,with average value of 7.26 Tg yr^(-1),6.38 Tg yr^(-1),1.10 Tg yr^(-1),0.02 Tg yr^(-1) and 14.76 Tg yr^(-1),respectively.The annual per capita forest consumption roughly decreased,while the annual per capita consumption of farmland,grassland,waters and integrated ecosystems mostly increased with their growth rates accelerating.The corresponding ecological consumption patterns were the“Log-Cereal-Milk”mode during 1961-1984,the“Log-Cereal-Vegetable-Root-Milk-Sugar”mode during 1985-2007 and the“Log-Cereal-Vegetable-Root-Sugar-Fruit-Milk”mode during 2008-2018.This study indicated that the supply capacity of the ecosystem(production,import and export capacity)and socio-economic factors(population density,per capita GDP and religious beliefs)are the main driving forces that are restricting the evolution of Nepal’s ecological consumption pattern.Although Nepal’s dietary structure has improved significantly,there is still a large gap between it and the standard of a balanced diet.The supply capacities of fruits,meat,eggs,milk and aquatic products should be enhanced to meet people’s demand for a balanced diet.This study can provide data support for the establishment of China’s aid projects to improve Nepal’s livelihood.

Analysis of Marketing Strategy Based on The Consumer Behavior under the New Situation

Consumers are the source of enterprise profits and the center of enterprise marketing activities. The study of consumption pattern has strategic significance on enterprise business activities. In terms of the enormous consumption market as China in particular, the study of its consumption pattern is particularly significant. Through the periodic classification of Chinese economic pattern, this thesis extracts the main consumption pattern characteristics of different stages. Through the exploration of the consumption pattern, it analyzes the development rule of consumption pattern and seeks the intrinsic relationship between consumption pattern and enterprise marketing. On this basis, it proposes suggestions of enterprise marketing counternaeasures that adapt to consumption pattern and contribute to enterprise development.

Reflections on the Green Economy(Redemption of the Principles of Mill and Pigou):A View of a Brazilian Environmentalist

The current context of global efforts in the pursuit of sustainable development can be characterized by the perception of the scientific-technological losses of ecosystems and ecosystem services and their consequences for the survival of humanity in the face of threats of imbalances in the basic conditions for survival such as food production, the environmental quality, natural control of pests and diseases, loses of biodiversity and climate changes. Some recent initiatives at global, regional and local level are pointed and some conceptual trends and deployment strategies advance towards the consolidation of the principles of sustainable development, despite several difficulties for effectively reaching its goals. The trend of gradual changes in the models of developing nations and in the patterns of production and consumption is portrayed objectively, seeking to correlate with principles of environmental economics and green economy, since Cecil Pigou and Stuart Mill principles to recent researches as Kenneth Boulding, Herman Daly, Nicholas Georgescu-Rogen, Franz Capra, Ignacy Sachs, Edgar Morin, beyond others. The ability of the United Nations and governments to intervene in neoliberal logic aiming wider benefit to society and the reduction of the negative effects of market distortions, as striking on the global stage, represents a true redemption of the principles advocated by Cecil Pigou, at the beginning of the last century, both for the global economy and for their effects on environmental and social conflicts, social exclusion resulting from the current economic systems which are not necessary new strategies, principles, or economic formulas, but decision making to tackle the market with seriousness to promote equity, social justice and environmental sustainability, without sacrificing progress and development, as evident in the current discussion of social inclusion and the convergence of individual and collective interests, so far in the development model based on increasing production and consumption, yet with little environmental responsibility.

Consumerism in The Sun Also Rises

The Sun Also Rises,as the representative work of Ernest Hemingway,had been studied from various perspectives by the researchers.This thesis focuses on the consumerism culture in the novel.The theory of consumerism culture became a comparative⁃ly new theory after World War I and is now called consumerism.This thesis is divided into an introduction,the main body and a conclusion.The introduction shows the researches of home and abroad and comes up with the theme of consumerism revealed in The Sun Also Rises based on the researches.The main body consists of three parts.The first chapter discusses the rise of consumer⁃ism in The Sun Also Rises.By analyzing the social background and elements of consumerism,the thesis looks at the consumerism in the novel.The second chapter explores the attitudes of Jake Barnes and Lady Brett Ashely toward consumption as well as the con⁃sumption pattern in the novel.The last chapter discusses Hemingway’s value orientation,the pursuit for the consumption of the modern people and women as the prime consumer in contemporary society[18].The conclusion summarizes the main ideas discussed in the previous chapters and offers reflections on consumerism for contemporary China.