The Effect of Wealth Increase on Education and Entertainment Consumption in China

Entertainment and education consumption partly reflects people’s living standards.In order to study the influential factors of entertainment and education consumption of Chinese people in the second decade of the 21st century,this paper uses the data from 2010 to 2018 in China Family Panel Studies(CFPS)and the multiple linear regression analysis in econometrics to evaluate the impact of the increase of total household assets on the consumption of entertainment and education in China through Stata software.The results show that the increase in household assets promotes entertainment and education consumption.However,the promoting effect gradually decreased from 2010 to 2018.In addition,high housing price took in a large amount of family income and impeded the consumption of entertainment and education.The decline in people’s preference for entertainment and education consumption in recent years,to some extent,means a rise in living pressure and a decline in the quality of life in China.

The effect of human capital on energy consumption:Evidence from an extended version of STIRPAT framework

Human capital is an important aspect of energy consumption,exerting crucial effects on economic growth,technological progress,and economic restructuring.This paper presents an in-depth investigation of the effect of human capital on energy consumption using an extended version of the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population,Affluence,and Technology framework.The estimated results using a panel dataset covering China’s 30 provincial regions during the period 1997-2018 and applying fixed effects with instrumental variables and the generalized method of moments indicated that an increase in human capital significantly drove energy consumption.A 1%increase in human capital increased energy consumption by approximately 0.3%.A two-step channel analysis to test scale,technical,and structural effects revealed that the positive effect of human capital on energy consumption is based primarily on the scale effect.However,highly educated human capital alleviates the energy pressure of this effect.In contrast to the scale effect,both the technical and structural effects of human capital reduced energy consumption,and this reduction is primarily correlated with enterprises’utility-oriented technological progress.Finally,we present strategic energy control policy implications related to human capital.

Energy consumption,air quality,and air pollution spatial spillover effects:evidence from the Yangtze River Delta of China

Based on analysis of the theoretical impact of energy consumption on air quality,taking 20 heavily polluted cities in the Yangtze River Delta of China as the object,we construct a Spatial Dubin Model,and estimate the effect of energy consumption on air quality and the spatial spillover effects of air pollution.We come to the following conclusions:First,the regional air quality has significant spatial dependence and spatial heterogeneity.Second,under three kinds of spatial associated mode,energy consumption has a negative impact on air quality,and the air pollution arising from energy consumption has a negative intra-regional spillover effect.The effect is strongest under the spatial distance weight matrix,followed by the economic distance,and the adjacent spatial weight matrix,which are−0.7926,−0.4547,and−0.4539,respectively.Third,in addition,under the adjacent space and economic distance space matrix,energy consumption has a significant negative effect on air quality,and the inter-regional spillover effects are−0.1513 and−2.5736,respectively.Meanwhile,considering spatial distance and economic development,the inter-regional spillover effect is much larger than is the intra-regional spillover effect.In general,the total spillover effect is at−0.6053 and−3.0284.

Electricity Consumption and Spillover Effects A Dynamic Panel Data Approach

The paper intends to analyze economic factors that influence electricity consumption in the OECD economies. A special interest in this context is given to spillover effects of trade on electricity consumption. For this purpose, a model is constructed that using a dynamic panel study approach. The model is estimated in a GMM framework in which a dynamic procedure is conducted along the balanced growth path for electricity consumption in each economy. In advance, the long run dynamic behavior of prices, GDP, and trade induced spillover variables is determined. In a further step, the short run dynamic mechanism is pursued by estimating the partial adjustment dynamic coefficient on the target level of electricity consumption. The analysis is conducted for industrial, as well as residential electricity consumption. Alternatively, the same procedure is estimated by the application of a fixed period model. The model provides a benchmark tool for electricity policy decisions and for electricity consumption projections.

The effect of different irrigation patterns on rice yield and water consumption

The ecological and physiological water require-ment of rice and rice yield was studied underthree irrigation patterns, which were A: moistirrigation, remains 70-90% of saturated soilwater content except 3-4 cm deep water layerin tillering stage in paddy; B: flood irrigation,remains 4-5 cm deep water layer except 80%relative water content in the late tillering stage

Comparison of Energy Consumption of the 12 Classroom Typical School Buildings in Selected 4 City in Turkey

School is a special place where students come together to become productive individuals of society,acquire basic skills and acquire citizenship knowledge.With the introduction of the new education system(4+4+4)in Turkey in 2012-2013,some difficulties occurred in the spatial structure of the schools.After the new system,increasing number of students and decreasing student requirements have been tried to be solved with temporary solutions.At the same time that millions of students studying in primary schools all over Turkey have the same architectural feature as one type of architectural school project,regardless of the geographical and social situation began to be implemented in all parts of the city.Therefore,the increase in consumption varies depending on the geographical reasons where the type projects are implemented.Selected regions of the four thermal zones in Turkey for this research are provided below:1^st Thermal district in Antalya;2^nd Thermal district in Bursa;3^rd Thermal district in Elaz??;4^th Thermal district in Kars.The calculation of the energy consumption created by the above cities by means of BEP-TR program and comparing classes.

Digital finance and renewable energy consumption:evidence from China

While digital finance and renewable energy consumption(REC)are two timely issues,it remains unclear whether the former affects the latter,especially in developing economies.This paper examines the impact of digital finance on China’s REC between 2011 and 2018 and explores the underlying mechanisms.Results show that digital finance,along with its coverage breadth and usage depth,significantly improved REC in China and that digital finance in the area of credit has had the most significant impact.Additionally,the results show that loan scale and income level are the main mediation variables,through which digital finance affects REC.The findings also suggest that economic growth and technological progress have increased REC in China,while carbon dioxide emissions have had no meaningful effect on this consumption.The results further indicate that policymakers must pay close attention to the role of digital finance when formulating policies on REC.To promote REC and environmental sustainability,developing economies like China should strengthen the breadth and depth of digital finance development,focus on the influence channels of digital finance,and promote economic growth and technological progress.

Analysis of Medical Waste Incinerator Performance Based on Fuel Consumption and Cycle Times

A detailed assessment of an incinerator based on fuel consumption and cycle time data is presented in this paper. The study was conducted at Temeke district hospital for 22 months consecutively covering 654 days of daily data collection on fuel consumption and cycle times. The composition for the medical waste incinerated varied between 15% and 35% for sharps waste and between 65% and 85% for other waste, with mean values of 25% and 75%, respectively. The results revealed poor performance of the incinerator due to higher fuel consumption (above 30 L/cycle). The incineration cycle times were observed to range between 2 and 4 hours, all of which were too high for the loading rates observed (55 - 214 kg). A strong dependency of diesel oil consumption on cycle time was observed due to lack of temperature control leading to continuous fuel flow into the burners. The incineration capacity was very low compared to other incinerators in terms of tons per year. This paper gives an insight on the factors affecting incinerator performance assessed based on diesel oil consumption and cycle times. It can be generalized that the incinerator performance was poor due to several factors ranging from poor incinerator design, operator skills, waste management practices, waste storage practices, etc. The hospital was advised to install a new incinerator with short incineration cycle time (30 - 40 minutes) and lower fuel consumption (10 L/cycle) at a loading rate of 200 kg/cycle.

The Empirical Analysis of the Impacts of Income Distribution Gap on Consumption Demand:Based on the Statistic Data of Chinese Urban Residents in 2000-2010

This paper analyzes the impact of income distribution gap on consumption demand from a theoretical view,and draws the conclusion that there is an inverse relationship between income distribution gap and consumption demand.Then,the paper finds that the existing widening income distribution gap in China has a negative impact on consumption demand,but this is not the key factor for the insufficient consumption demand because of the low level of per capital income.At last,it suggests that governments should improve the income level of entire residents and adjust income distribution structure simultaneously.

Research on the Influence of the Digital Economy on Transforming Consumption Behavior Among Residents

Drawing on the essence of Marxist consumer economy theory,this paper argues that the innovations of digital technology can effectively facilitate the integration of economies of scale,economies of scope,and long-tail economies.Through careful analysis of the practical case of Xiaomi’s business ecosystem,this paper highlights the notion that data serve as both a key production factor and a critical consumption carrier within the context of digital consumption.We thoroughly investigated the influence of the digital economy on transforming consumption behavior among residents by analyzing a range of typical business cases and the latest data that triggered this transformation.Based on the analysis,this paper argues that such transformation can lead to the platform agglomeration effect,the inclusive diffusion effect,and the push-pull effect by highlighting the specific ways in which the digital economy disrupts the consumption-production model and contributes to the upgrading and transformation of traditional industries.Additionally,this paper demonstrates how the digital economy can expand and promote emerging business forms,providing insights into the ways in which digital innovation is reshaping the contemporary economic landscape.This study intends to provide several policy suggestions that can expand domestic demand,promote consumption,drive the high-quality and integrated development of China’s digital and real economy,and position China as a strong cyber and consumer nation by using digitalized consumption as a starting point.

Factors Influencing Urban Residents' Tea Consumption Habits: An Empirical Study of Hangzhou City

Based on the survey data concerning residents in Hangzhou City, we analyze the main factors influencing consumers' spending decisions, using Probit model. The results show that gender, age, and personal income have a significant positive effect on whether to drink tea; the degree of understanding of the tea, and the number of acquaintances drinking water also have a significant positive effect on whether to drink tea; but individual career, unit characteristics, and educational level have no significant positive effect on whether to drink tea. This research conclusion can provide microscopic evidence for the tea industry's healthy development and formulation of marketing strategies; at the same time, provide a reference for marketing of the other hobby products.

Assessment of energy consumption,environmental effects and fuel costs of the bus rapid transit system in Bogotá(Colombia)

Colombia aims to boost the utilization of mass transportation systems in its major cities while simultaneously reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 20%,in alignment with the commitments of the COP21 agreement.In 2020,the transport sector in Colombia accounted for 34.4%of the country’s energy demand and was responsible for~49%of its total CO_(2) emissions.This article presents an assessment of energy consumption,environmental effects and the fuel costs of Bogotá’s bus rapid transit system based on the Activity,Share,Intensity,Fuel methodology.A long-term analysis spanning from 2021 to 2040 was developed using the long-range energy alternatives planning platform.To conduct this assessment,the tool was calibrated using data from 2019 and 2020.Four distinct scenarios based on energy policies implemented in Bogotáwere examined:Business as Usual,Fast Transition,High Growth and Low Growth.Regarding energy consumption and environmental effects,the results underscore the pivotal role of diversifying energy sources and reducing reliance on fossil fuels such as oil.Consequently,the analysis emphasizes the urgent need to accelerate the transition to alternative energy sources such as natural gas and electricity.

Effective Supply,Consumption Upgrade,and Expanding Domestic Demand

Addressing the prolonged stagnation in household consumption growth in China is crucial for the successful implementation of the strategy to expand domestic demand.By constructing the upgrading index of consumption structure from 2002 to 2018,it is found that the overall upgrading trend of household consumption structure in China is accelerated after 2014.Theoretical analysis and empirical results indicate that,as household consumption structures rapidly upgrade with rising incomes in China,the primary factor limiting reasonable growth in household consumption is the insufficient effective supply resulting from a mismatch between the supply structure and the demand structure.As the adjustment of the supply structure depends on the continuous optimization of investment flow,expanding effective investment is the key driving force to improve effective supply,and it is also the existing component of expanding domestic demand.Further research shows that weakening investment convergence can significantly alleviate the insufficient effective supply caused by consumption upgrading.Enhancing the scientific anticipation of policy regulations and increasing the effectiveness of investments will be beneficial for realizing the strategy of expanding domestic demand.

Housing Wealth, Financial Wealth and Consumption in China

The paper investigates the relationship between changes in asset wealth and the trend movements of household consumption in urban China. Using the vector error correction cointegration model we demonstrate that there is a unique long-run cointegrating relationship between household consumption, disposable income, financial wealth and housing wealth in urban China. We find that housing wealth is the only factor that restores the long-run equilibrium relationship when the cointegrated system is disturbed by an external shock. In addition, our permanent-transitory variance decomposition analysis indicates that nearly all variance in the movement of consumption is permanent, supporting the classical random walk hypothesis of consumption behavior. However, a large proportion of variance in the short-run movements of housing wealth is found to be transitory.

Nonlinear Effects of Fiscal Policy on Private Consumption:Evidence from China

In the present paper, we use the Markov-switching model to test the nonlinear effects of government expenditure and taxes on private consumption in China. The results show that fiscal policy in China has a significantly nonlinear effect. In years 1978-1980 and 1984- 1997, the effect of government consumption on private consumption is non-Keynesian. During the same periods, the effect of taxes is also non-Keynesian, but the effect is not significant. The effect of government investment is linear but asymmetric. After retesting the reasons for the existence of nonlinear effects, we find that in China initial fiscal conditions and the magnitude of fiscal consolidations are not related to the nonlinear effects of fiscal policy. The government should pay close attention to the characteristics of commodity and labor markets to identify the conditions and regimes associated with nonlinear effects.

The crowding-out effect of elderly support expenditure on household consumption from the perspective of population aging:evidence from China

The pace of aging in China is accelerating,from the introduction of family planning to the liberalization of the two-child policy,with a growing proportion of families in the 4–2-1 structure.With filial piety in mind,most adult children will live with their elderly parents and share income and expenditure.Concurrently,due to the inadequacy of the social security system,a heavy supplementary burden of supporting the elderly has been placed on adult children.Based on data from the 2011,2013,2015,and 2017 Chinese Social Survey(CSS)of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences(CASS),this study analyzes the objective factors affecting household elderly support expenditure using the ordinary least squares(OLS)estimation method.It also examines the crowding-out effect of elderly support expenditure on the consumption of different types of households through a panel generalized method of moments(GMM)approach.Finally,the crowding-out effect of elderly support expenditure is discussed in a sub-sample according to the number of households needing to support the elderly aged 60 and above.The empirical results illustrate that there is a crowding-out effect of elderly support expenditure on household consumption,and the magnitude of the crowding-out effect varies for diverse consumption.Our study reveals that the crowding-out effect of elderly support expenditure on core consumption is the largest in a sample with different numbers of elderly persons in families.The empirical results for the sub-sample show that the larger the elderly population,the stronger the crowding-out effect of elderly support expenditure on core consumption and the less pronounced the effect on marginal consumption.

Understanding inter-term fossil energy consumption pathways in China based on sustainable development goals

Sustainable development goals(SDGs)and fossil energy are the core elements of almost all major challenges and opportunities for achieving social development.Particularly,energy sustainability has become one of the pivotal drivers of China’s economy.This study constructed a comprehensive evaluation index system for the provincial-level sustainable development of fossil energy in China covering three major dimensions(socio-economic,resource,and environmental).Moreover,a set of criteria for measuring the SDGs of fossil energy at the national level in China was developed.Based on the provincial panel data collected from 30 provinces from 2010 through 2019,a spatial econometric model was applied to empirically evaluate the effects of SDGs on fossil energy consumption.The results showed that the SDGs not only promote the reduction of fossil energy consumption with substantial negative spatial spillover effects,but also revealed differences between northern and southern China.To promote the early achievement of sustainable fossil energy development in China,the transformation and upgradation of fossil energy systems should be conducted early and inter-regional cooperation should be strengthened according to local conditions to jointly achieve the SDGs.

Bi-revealed utilities in a defaultable universe: A new point of view on consumption

This paper investigates the inverse problem of bi-revealed utilities in a defaultable universe,defined as a standard universe(represented by a filtration F)perturbed by an exogenous defaultable time τ.We assume that the standard universe does not take into account the possibility of the default,thus τ adds an additional source of risk.The defaultable universe is represented by the filtration G up to time τ(τ included),where G stands for the progressive enlargement of F by T.The basic assumption in force is that τ avoids F-stopping times.The bi-revealed problem consists in recovering a consistent dynamic utility from the observable characteristic of an agent.The general results on bi-revealed utilities,first given in a general and abstract framework,are translated in the defaultable G-universe and then are interpreted in the F-universe.The decomposition of G-adapted processes X^(G) provides an interpretation of a Gcharacteristic X^(G)_(τ) stopped at τ as a reserve process.Thanks to the characterization of G-martingales stopped at τ in terms of F-martingales,we establish a correspondence between G-bi-revealed utilities from characteristic and F-bi-revealed pair of utilities from characteristic and reserves.In a financial framework,characteristic can be interpreted as wealth and reserves as consumption.This result sheds a new light on the consumption in utility criterion:the consumption process can be interpreted as a certain quantity of wealth,or reserves,that are accumulated for the financing of losses at the default time.

The Influence of Significant Public Health Events on Offline Consumption and Its Pathways

In the face of a significant public health event,consumers may either increase their panic buying or decrease their willingness to make purchases.This study focuses on the impact of a significant public health event on offline store sales and consumer consumption,utilizing data from chain convenience stores in Hefei and Wuhu during early 2019 and early 2020 in China.Employing a difference-in-differences model,the study investigates the effect of the significant public health event outbreak on weekly store sales,order numbers,and consumer consumption in terms of product quantities,transaction amount,average amount per order,and transaction frequency.Different from prior literature that finds hoarding behavior of consumers online,the findings of this paper indicate a significant reduction in stores’offline weekly sales and order numbers,as well as consumers’offline weekly consumption across the four dimensions,as a result of the significant public health event outbreak.Additionally,employing a mediation model,the study explores the pathway of population mobility through which the significant public health event adversely affects offline consumption.Furthermore,subset analysis is conducted for stores located in different areas and consumers with varying characteristics,revealing that the aforementioned conclusions predominantly apply to stores situated in office areas and residential areas,as well as consumers with either no apparent preference for different product categories or a noticeable preference for food.

Water consumption and biodiversity:Responses to global emergency events

Given that it was a once-in-a-century emergency event,the confinement measures related to the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic caused diverse disruptions and changes in life and work patterns.These changes significantly affected water consumption both during and after the pandemic,with direct and indirect consequences on biodiversity.However,there has been a lack of holistic evaluation of these responses.Here,we propose a novel framework to study the impacts of this unique global emergency event by embedding an environmentally extended supply-constrained global multi-regional input-output model(MRIO)into the drivers-pressure-state-impact-response(DPSIR)framework.This framework allowed us to develop scenarios related to COVID-19 confinement measures to quantify country-sector-specific changes in freshwater consumption and the associated changes in biodiversity for the period of 2020-2025.The results suggest progressively diminishing impacts due to the implementation of COVID-19 vaccines and the socio-economic system’s self-adjustment to the new normal.In 2020,the confinement measures were estimated to decrease global water consumption by about 5.7% on average across all scenarios when compared with the baseline level with no confinement measures.Further,such a decrease is estimated to lead to a reduction of around 5% in the related pressure on biodiversity.Given the interdependencies and interactions across global supply chains,even those countries and sectors that were not directly affected by the COVID-19 shocks experienced significant impacts:Our results indicate that the supply chain propagations contributed to 79% of the total estimated decrease in water consumption and 84%of the reduction in biodiversity loss on average.Our study demonstrates that the MRIO-enhanced DSPIR framework can help quantify resource pressures and the resultant environmental impacts across supply chains when facing a global emergency event.Further,we recommend the development of more locally based water conservation measures—to mitigate the effects of trade disruptions—and the explicit inclusion of water resources in post-pandemic recovery schemes.In addition,innovations that help conserve natural resources are essential for maintaining environmental gains in the post-pandemic world.