EFFECT OF INVOLUTE CONTACT RATIO ON THE DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF SPUR GEAR WITH NOTOOTH PROFILE MODIFICATION

The effect of involute contact ratio on the torsional vibration behavior ofspur gear-pair is studied analytically through a mass-spring model. The tooth stiffness in model notonly has a relation with time, as many prior studies presented, but, more important, with involutecontact ratio (ICR) as well. The ICR embodies its impact on the spur gear's dynamic performancethrough changing the proportion of tooth stiffness when there are n+1 teeth in contact to toothstiffness when there are n teeth in contact. A couple of curves about impact of ICR on the gear'sdynamic performance are presented, and they clearly demonstrate that the model can accuratelydescribe the effects of ICR on dynamic transmission error. Finally, some conclusions useful toreduce vibration and noise of gear-pair are proposed.

COMMON DEFINITION FOR END-SURFACE CONTACT RATIO OF GEARS AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Common definition and calculating expressions of end-surface contact ratiofor all type of gears are put forward, and with calculation expressions for involute gears,micro-segments profile gears, and sine-curved profile gears being discussed. The end-surface contactratio of gears is defined as the ratio of the action angle (the rotation angle of gear from gear-into gear-out for one pair of teeth) to the rotation angle per pitch (or central angle per tooth).According to the theory of gearing, equation of the meshing line can be deduced from the toothprofiles of basic rack. Having obtained the equation of the meshing line, and being given theaddendum outline of the gears, the contact ratio can be calculated with the calculation expressions.For the involute gears, this definition has same effect as the well-known definition: ratio of thecontact line to the base pitch. This definition of contact ratio is also suitable to othernon-involute gears, such as micro-segments profile gears, sine-curved profile gears, and can givemore reliable results.

Design of Linear Functional Noncircular Gear with High Contact Ratio Used in Continuously Variable Transmission

Continuously variable transmission(CVT)of noncircular gear has the technical advantages of large bearing capacity and high transmission efficiency.The key technology of CVT with noncircular gear has been broken through some countries,and is in the stage of deep application research.Although the characteristics and design methods of noncircular gear pairs have been continuously studied in China,the noncircular gear CVT is still in the preliminary exploration and research stage.The linear functional noncircular gear pair,whose transmission ratio is a linear function in the working section,to realize continuously variable transmission was the research object in this paper.According to the required transmission ratio in the working section,the transmission ratio function in the non-working section was constructed by using a polynomial.And then the influence of pitch curve parameters in the working section on which in the non-working section was also analyzed to obtain the pitch curve suitable for transmission of this gear pair.In addition,for improving the stability and bearing capacity of gear transmission,the noncircular gear pair transmission with high contact ratio was designed.Furthermore,the accurate value of the contact tooth length was calculated based on the gear principle and the characteristics of the involute tooth profile,from this the contact tooth length error was calculated by comparing the accurate value with its actual value obtained by the rolling experiment.Finally,an indirect method to verify the contact ratio by detecting the contact length error of the tooth profile was proposed.

Non-Contact Method of Heart Rate Measurement Based on Facial Tracking

Image photoplethysmography can realize low-cost and easy-to-operate non-contact heart rate detection from the facial video, and effectively overcome the limitations of traditional contact method in daily vital sign monitoring. However, it is hard to obtain more accurate heart rate detection values under the conditions of subject’s facial movement, weak ambient light intensity and long detection distance, etc. In this article, a non-contact heart rate detection method based on face tracking is proposed, which can effectively improve the accuracy of non-contact heart rate detection method in practical application. The corner tracker algorithm is used to track the human face to reduce the motion artifact caused by the movement of the subject’s face and enhance the use value of the signal. And the maximum ratio combining algorithm is used to weight the pixel space pulse wave signal in the facial region of interest to improve the pulse wave extraction accuracy. We analyzed the facial images collected under different experimental distances and action states. This proposed method significantly reduces the error rate compared with the independent component analysis method. After theoretical analysis and experimental verification, this method effectively reduces the error rate under different experimental variables and has good consistency with the heart rate value collected by the medical physiological vest. This method will help to improve the accuracy of non-contact heart rate detection in complex environments.

Effects of Service Condition on Rolling Contact Fatigue Failure Mechanism and Lifetime of Thermal Spray Coatings——A Review

The service condition determines the Roiling Contact Fatigue（RCF） failure mechanism and lifetime under ascertain material structure integrity parameter of thermal spray coating. The available literature on the RCF testing of thermal spray coatings under various condition services is considerable; it is generally difficult to synthesize all of the result to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the parameters which has a great effect on a thermal spray coating＇s resistance of RCF. The effects of service conditions（lubrication states, contact stresses, revolve speed, and slip ratio） on the changing of thermal spray coatings＇ contact fatigue lifetime is introduced systematically. The effects of different service condition on RCF failure mechanism of thermal spray coating from the change of material structure integrity are also summarized. Moreover, In order to enhance the RCF performance, the parameter optimal design formula of service condition and material structure integrity is proposed based on the effect of service condition on thermal spray coatings＇ contact fatigue lifetime and RCF failure mechanism. The shortage of available literature and the forecast focus in future researches are discussed based on available research. The explicit result of RCF lifetime law and parameter optimal design formula in term of lubrication states, contact stresses, revolve speed, and slip ratio, is significant to improve the RCF performance on the engineering application.

A multicomponent multiphase lattice Boltzmann model with large liquid–gas density ratios for simulations of wetting phenomena

A multicomponent multiphase（MCMP） pseudopotential lattice Boltzmann（LB） model with large liquid–gas density ratios is proposed for simulating the wetting phenomena. In the proposed model, two layers of neighboring nodes are adopted to calculate the fluid–fluid cohesion force with higher isotropy order. In addition, the different-time-step method is employed to calculate the processes of particle propagation and collision for the two fluid components with a large pseudoparticle mass contrast. It is found that the spurious current is remarkably reduced by employing the higher isotropy order calculation of the fluid–fluid cohesion force. The maximum spurious current appearing at the phase interfaces is evidently influenced by the magnitudes of fluid–fluid and fluid–solid interaction strengths, but weakly affected by the time step ratio.The density ratio analyses show that the liquid–gas density ratio is dependent on both the fluid–fluid interaction strength and the time step ratio. For the liquid–gas flow simulations without solid phase, the maximum liquid–gas density ratio achieved by the present model is higher than 1000：1. However, the obtainable maximum liquid–gas density ratio in the solid–liquid–gas system is lower. Wetting phenomena of droplets contacting smooth/rough solid surfaces and the dynamic process of liquid movement in a capillary tube are simulated to validate the proposed model in different solid–liquid–gas coexisting systems. It is shown that the simulated intrinsic contact angles of droplets on smooth surfaces are in good agreement with those predicted by the constructed LB formula that is related to Young＇s equation. The apparent contact angles of droplets on rough surfaces compare reasonably well with the predictions of Cassie＇s law. For the simulation of liquid movement in a capillary tube, the linear relation between the liquid–gas interface position and simulation time is observed, which is identical to the analytical prediction. The simulation results regarding the wetting phenomena of droplets on smooth/rough surfaces and the dynamic process of liquid movement in the capillary tube demonstrate the quantitative capability of the proposed model.

Influence of Incomplete Soil Plugs on Bearing Capacities of Bucket Foundations in Clay

Due to the uneven seabed and heaving of soil during pumping,incomplete soil plugs may occur during the installation of bucket foundations,and the impacts on the bearing capacities of bucket foundations need to be evaluated.In this paper,the contact ratio(the ratio of the top diameter of the soil plug to the diameter of the bucket)and the soil plug ratio(the ratio of the soil heave height to the skirt height)are defined to describe the shape and size of the incomplete soil plug.Then,finite element models are established to investigate the bearing capacities of bucket foundations with incomplete soil plugs and the influences of the contact ratios,and the soil plug ratios on the bearing capacities are analyzed.The results show that the vertical bearing capacity of bucket foundations in homogeneous soil continuously improves with the increase of the contact ratio.However,in normally consolidated soil,the vertical bearing capacity barely changes when the contact ratio is smaller than 0.75,while the bearing capacity suddenly increases when the contact ratio increases to 1 due to the change of failure mode.The contact ratio hardly affects the horizontal bearing capacity of bucket foundations.Moreover,the moment bearing capacity improves with the increase of the contact ratio for small aspect ratios,but hardly varies with increasing contact ratio for aspect ratios larger than 0.5.Consequently,the reduction coefficient method is proposed based on this analysis to calculate the bearing capacities of bucket foundations considering the influence of incomplete soil plugs.The comparison results show that the proposed reduction coefficient method can be used to evaluate the influences of incomplete soil plug on the bearing capacities of bucket foundations.

高接触比螺旋锥齿面修形方法及动态特性研究

为抑制高接触比螺旋锥齿轮传动的振动,提出一种新的高阶齿面修形方法。根据高接触比螺旋锥齿轮的啮合特点,提出一种新的修形曲线,采用辅助齿面修形方法生成高阶修形螺旋锥齿轮。在考虑齿变形的情况下,计算了高阶修正弧齿锥齿轮传动的载荷传递误差和啮合冲击,在此基础上建立了降低高接触比螺旋锥齿轮传动的载荷传递误差和啮合冲击的优化模型。仿真结果表明:与二阶修形弧齿锥齿轮相比,高阶齿面修形方法不仅可以有效降低高接触比螺旋锥齿的载荷传递误差、啮合冲击和动态负载系数,而且可以提高其在全速范围内的动态性能。

基于加州承载比试验的隧道弃渣颗粒接触力场形状影响因素分析

对级配碎石而言,不同的颗粒表面性质会影响颗粒接触力场形状、大小及梯度,进而改变试样所受约束力。分析加州承载比(California bearing ratio,CBR)试验过程中试样侧板及底板的受力演变,探究试样颗粒细观参数对试样颗粒接触力场及试样约束力的影响。通过对比不同刚度比、摩擦系数与黏结强度(设定其比值为1下)对试样接触力场形状的影响。结果表明:以刚度比值6为界,随法向刚度的增大,颗粒接触力场长细比先增加后减小;随摩擦系数或黏结强度增大,接触力场长细比相应减小。考虑颗粒相对运动中黏结强度比中法向及切向参数作用不同,以黏结强度比4为界,随法向黏结强度增大,其接触力场长细比先增加后减小;随切向黏结强度增大,所得接触力场长细比变化趋势则为先减小后增加。研究成果可为研究隧道弃渣制成的级配碎石颗粒细观参数与其接触力场形状间关联性提供一定参考。

大重合度直齿轮动载特性分析

针对大重合度直齿轮啮合齿数与普通直齿轮间的差异性变化,以一对大重合度直齿轮和普通直齿轮为研究对象,通过有限元法求解齿轮时变啮合刚度,建立大重合度直齿轮啮合耦合型动力学模型,利用Newmark-β时域积分求解齿轮系统动态响应,对其进行时频域分析并与普通直齿轮进行对比,获得了大重合度直齿轮在不同转速、误差影响下的动载系数变化规律。结果表明,大重合度直齿轮啮合刚度与普通齿轮有较大差异,其动态响应结果波动幅值较普通直齿轮有明显降低,提升了系统稳定性;大重合度直齿轮动载系数与普通直齿轮相比有明显下降,并且随着转速的升高和误差的增大出现不同程度的增加,其中在共振转速区域范围内增幅明显。

裂纹故障下细高齿齿轮齿根动应变研究

为探究裂纹故障对细高齿齿轮齿根动应变的影响规律,采用集中质量法建立齿轮系统动力学模型,将故障下的时变啮合刚度作为输入,对系统动力学方程进行求解得到不同裂纹深度下的齿轮副动态啮合力。利用有限元法建立含裂纹故障齿轮结构动力学分析模型,结合轮齿承载接触分析确定裂纹故障下的齿间载荷分配关系,采用瞬态分析得到齿根应变时域历程,并对不同裂纹深度下的齿根动应变进行分析。仿真结果表明,当从动轮发生裂纹故障后,其齿根动应变故障特征主要表现为啮合区内齿根应变数值的变化,主动轮齿根动应变故障特征主要表现为齿根应变时域历程中出现周期性冲击及幅值衰减,在1.5 mm裂纹深度下主动轮齿根应变峰值因子相对变化量达到12.72%。

变位设计对斜齿轮系统动态特性影响研究

为了研究不同变位设计下斜齿轮的动态特性,以标准斜齿轮和变位斜齿轮为对比研究对象,基于拉格朗日动力学建立了斜齿轮传动系统动力学模型;采用解析法求解变位斜齿轮时变啮合刚度,分析了不同变位系数对啮合刚度的影响;将不同变位设计下的斜齿轮时变啮合刚度与动力学模型结合,分析了不同变位设计对斜齿轮系统动态特性的影响。结果表明,斜齿轮正传动修正能够减小时变啮合刚度,从而减小啮合力;负传动修正能够增大时变啮合刚度,从而增大啮合力。研究可为后续斜齿轮传动的设计和优化提供一定的参考。

基于5种风险评估方法评估汽车制造业喷漆和焊接岗位中化学有害因素的职业健康风险

目的:采用5种风险评估方法对汽车制造业重点岗位的化学有害因素进行职业健康风险评估,优化汽车制造业职业健康风险评估方案。方法:选取2022年河南省某3家汽车制造企业喷漆岗位(产生苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯)和焊接岗位(产生锰及其无机化合物)为研究对象,运用接触比值法、半定量综合指数法、国际采矿与金属委员会(ICMM)赋值定量法、定量非致癌风险评估法和风险指数评估法进行喷漆和焊接等岗位的健康风险评估,并比较风险评估的结果。结果:企业2喷漆岗位二甲苯时间加权平均浓度最大值超过职业接触限值(OEL)时间加权平均容许浓度,企业3喷漆岗位乙苯和二甲苯的短时间接触浓度(C STEL)最大值超过OEL短时间接触容许浓度。3家企业的苯和甲苯浓度均低于OEL。接触比值法评估的有害因素风险等级为1~5级,半定量综合指数法评估的为2~3级,ICMM赋值定量法评估的为1~3级,定量非致癌风险评估法评估的为1~5级,风险指数评估法评估的为1~5级。半定量综合指数法、定量非致癌风险评估法和风险指数法评估的风险等级高于或等于接触比值法和ICMM赋值定量法。对于二甲苯超标的岗位,5种方法进行风险评估的风险等级均高于或等于不超标的岗位,且接触比值法和定量非致癌风险评估法评估的风险等级高于其他方法。定量非致癌风险评估法评估3家企业的锰及其无机化合物的风险等级均为5级,高于其他4种方法。结论:接触比值法、半定量综合指数法、ICMM赋值定量法、定量非致癌风险评估法和风险指数评估法各有优缺点,必要时多种方法联合应用更能客观评估汽车制造业化学有害因素的职业健康风险。

斜齿轮时变啮合刚度改进算法及影响因素分析

在势能法基础上,基于切片积分原理,考虑齿根过渡曲线方程,提出一种改进的斜齿时变啮合刚度计算方法。该方法考虑了真实齿根过渡曲线参数方程,修正了渐开线齿廓的积分区间,与有限元方法的对比结果验证了算法的有效性,减小了时变啮合刚度的计算误差。在此方法基础上,分析了齿宽、螺旋角、齿数和模数对时变啮合刚度的影响。结果表明,时变啮合刚度均值受齿宽影响较大,近似成线性关系;受螺旋角、齿数影响较小;螺旋角增大,均值以较小幅度波动性变化;中心距一定时,齿数增大,时变啮合刚度缓慢增大;齿轮参数改变会影响重合度;轴向重合度为整数时,时变啮合刚度波动值较小。

高速重载弧齿锥齿轮齿面多目标优化设计

以提高弧齿锥齿轮强度性能和减振降噪为出发点,基于TCA(Tooth contact analysis)、LTCA(Load tooth contact analysis)及局部综合法建立高重合度与低啮合转换处传动误差幅值的齿面多目标优化设计模型;利用带精英策略非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)优化3个齿面2阶接触参数,根据目标函数重要程度从Pareto最优解集中选择最终优化解。结果表明:给定工况下,优化后的2阶参数使得弧齿锥齿轮副重合度增加了16.69%,啮合转换处传动误差幅值降低了87.33%;同时承载传动误差均值、齿面接触应力均值与大小轮齿根弯曲应力均值分别降低了11.82%、0.25%、12.32%和13.61%,改善了齿轮副的强度性能和啮合性能,实现了减振降噪的效果。

外加电压对明胶膜液荷电与润湿性能的影响及其预测模型

目的 探究不同荷质比明胶溶液的润湿性能,并建立预测模型。方法 以明胶可食涂膜为研究对象,利用感应荷电施加外源静电场以改善膜液润湿性能,探究电场电压对明胶液滴荷质比与表面张力,以及液滴在疏水表面接触角的影响,并通过机器学习建立荷质比与表面张力/接触角之间预测模型。结果 随着电压升高,明胶液滴荷质比不断增大,且仅以司盘20为表面活性剂(tw0组)时液滴具有最高的荷质比(-50 nC/g)。在0~7 kV内,明胶液滴的表面张力随电压升高从35.99~40.65 mN/m降至31.38~35.65 mN/m,其中tw0组表面张力下降最为明显。明胶液滴在石蜡表面的接触角也随电压升高而减小,在表面活性剂吐温20与司盘20质量比为1∶1时具有最小值,即电压7 kV时接触角为64.99°。深度神经网络预测模型决定系数接近于1,均方误差小于0.08,平均绝对误差小于0.15,具有最好的预测效果。结论 静电喷涂能够有效改善膜液在食品表面的润湿性能,利用深度神经网络能够建立膜液液滴荷质比与表面张力/接触角的良好预测模型。

齿轮马达转速/转矩输出脉动的差异化及其最小化

为了弥补齿轮马达输出脉动现有研究的不足,建立了一套输出脉动最小化的高效解析方法。基于齿轮泵的流量脉动式,推导出马达输出转速/转矩的脉动式,并进行相应的差异化判别;分析了马达脉动最小化与齿数、重合度最大化的关系,并基于无根切齿廓的构造特征,由最大齿顶压力角和最小齿顶圆心角,解析出对应于脉动最小化下的齿廓参数。结果表明,马达转矩与泵流量具有相同的理论脉动系数,但小于转速的理论脉动系数;输出脉动的最小化等价于重合度的最大化,重合度的最大化等价于齿顶压力角和齿数的最大化;许可的最大齿顶压力角和最小齿顶圆心角是决定输出脉动最小化程度的两个关键性能参数,齿廓参数均可由二者通过解析方法得出。从而纠正了齿轮马达输出转速/转矩具有相同脉动系数的现有经典结论。

高压作用下水泥基粉末材料的接触硬化研究综述

在高压作用下,一些具有无定型相的水泥基粉末材料会发生接触硬化现象,粉末颗粒在压力作用下发生缩聚运动,并在粉末颗粒间形成结构键,进而快速形成具有一定强度及耐水性的人造石材。本文综述了压力作用下水泥基粉末材料接触硬化的成键机理以及粉末水分含量、干燥条件、钙硅比、压制过程对其接触硬化性能影响的研究进展。相关研究结果表明,压力作用下粉末颗粒间会形成氢键、范德华力、固体桥键等结构键;粉末水分含量是影响接触硬化性能的重要因素,在压力作用下,水分可以改变粉末颗粒的表面性质并影响颗粒之间的结合,进而改变压制成品的力学性能;钙硅比对接触硬化性能的影响显著,不同粉末材料在压制时的最佳钙硅比亦是不同;摩擦力的存在降低了压制效率,造成压制成品密度、强度分布不均匀,润滑剂的加入可以有效降低摩擦力的影响;此外,降低压制模具高径比并使用双面压制可有效提升压制成品的质量。

大重合度组合齿廓非圆齿轮设计方法试验研究

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