High-density triple-phase contact points for enhanced photocatalytic CO_(2) reduction to methanol

The efficiency of photocatalytic CO_(2) reduction reaction(PCRR)is restricted by the low solubility and mobility of CO_(2) in water,poor CO_(2) adsorption capacity of catalyst,and competition with hydrogen evolution reaction(HER).Recently,hydrophobic modification of the catalyst surface has been proposed as a potential solution to induce the formation of triple-phase contact points(TPCPs)of CO_(2)(gas phase),H_(2) O(liquid phase),and catalysts(solid phase)near the surface of the catalyst,enabling direct delivery of highly concentrated CO_(2) molecules to the active reaction sites,resulting in higher CO_(2) and lower H+surface concentrations.The TPCPs thus act as the ideal reaction points with enhanced PCRR and suppressed HER.However,the initial synthesis of triple-phase photocatalysts tends to possess a lower bulk density of TPCPs due to the simple structure leading to limited active points and CO_(2) adsorption sites.Here,based on constructing a hydrophobic hierarchical porous TiO_(2)(o-HPT)with interconnected macropores and mesopores structure,we have significantly increased the density of TPCPs in a unit volume of the photocatalyst.Compared with hydrophobic macroporous TiO_(2)(o-MacPT)or mesoporous TiO_(2)(o-MesPT),the o-HPT with increased TPCP density leads to enhanced photoactivity,enabling a high methanol production rate with 1111.5μmol g^(−1) h^(−1) from PCRR.These results emphasize the significance of high-density TPCPs design and propose a potential path for developing efficient PCRR systems.

A grasp planning algorithm under uneven contact point distribution scenario for space non-cooperative target capture

The contact point configuration should be carefully chosen to ensure a stable capture,especially for the non-cooperative target capture mission using multi-armed spacecraft.In this work scenario,the contact points on the base and on the arms are distributed on the opposite side of the target.Otherwise,large forces will be needed.To cope with this problem,an uneven-oriented distribution union criterion is proposed.The union criterion contains a virtual symmetrical criterion and a geometry criterion.The virtual symmetrical contact point criterion is derived from the proof of the force closure principle using computational geometry to ensure a stable grasp,and the geometry criterion is calculated by the volume of the minimum polyhedron formed by the contact points to get a wide-range distribution.To further accelerate the optimization rate and enhance the global search ability,a line array modeling method and a continuous-discrete global search algorithm are proposed.The line array modeling method reduces the workload of calculating the descent direction and the gradient available,while the continuous-discrete global search algorithm reducing the optimization dimension.Then a highly efficient grasping is achieved and the corresponding contact point is calculated.Finally,an exhaustive verification is conducted to numerically analyze the disturbance resistance ability,and simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.

Research on the influence of flexible wheelset rotation effect on wheel rail contact force

Purpose-Under the high-speed operating conditions,the effects of wheelset elastic deformation on the wheel rail dynamic forces will become more notable compared to the low-speed condition.In order to meet different analysis requirements and selecting appropriate models to analyzing the wheel rail interaction,it is crucial to understand the influence of wheelset flexibility on the wheel-rail dynamics under different speeds and track excitations condition.Design/methodology/approach-The wheel rail contact points solving method and vehicle dynamics equations considering wheelset flexibility in the trajectory body coordinate system were investigated in this paper.As for the wheel-rail contact forces,which is a particular force element in vehicle multibody system,a method for calculating the Jacobian matrix of the wheel-rail contact force is proposed to better couple the wheel-rail contact force calculation with the vehicle dynamics response calculation.Based on the flexible wheelset modeling approach in this paper,two vehicle dynamic models considering the wheelset as both elastic and rigid bodies are established,two kinds of track excitations,namely normal measured track irregularities and short-wave irregularities are used,wheel-rail geometric contact characteristic and wheel-rail contact forces in both time and frequency domains are compared with the two models in order to study the influence of flexible wheelset rotation effect on wheel rail contact force.Findings-Under normal track irregularity excitations,the amplitudes of vertical,longitudinal and lateral forces computed by the flexible wheelset model are smaller than those of the rigid wheelset model,and the virtual penetration and equivalent contact patch are also slightly smaller.For the flexible wheelset model,the wheel rail longitudinal and lateral creepages will also decrease.The higher the vehicle speed,the larger the differences in wheel-rail forces computed by the flexible and rigid wheelset model.Under track short-wave irregularity excitations,the vertical force amplitude computed by the flexible wheelset is also smaller than that of the rigid wheelset.However,unlike the excitation case of measured track irregularity,under short-wave excitations,for the speed within the range of 200 to 350 km/h,the difference in the amplitude of the vertical force between the flexible and rigid wheelset models gradually decreases as the speed increase.This is partly due to the contribution of wheelset's elastic vibration under short-wave excitations.For low-frequency wheel-rail force analysis problems at speeds of 350 km/h and above,as well as high-frequency wheel-rail interaction analysis problems under various speed conditions,the flexible wheelset model will give results agrees better with the reality.Originality/value-This study provides reference for the modeling method of the flexible wheelset and the coupling method of wheel-rail contact force to the vehicle multibody dynamics system.Furthermore,by comparative research,the influence of wheelset flexibility and rotation on wheel-rail dynamic behavior are obtained,which is useful to the application scope of rigid and flexible wheelset models.

Multi-point Contact of the High-speed Vehicle-turnout System Dynamics

The wheel-rail contact problems, such as the number, location and the track of contact patches, are very important for optimizing the spatial structure of the rails and lowering the vehicle-turnout system dynamics. However, the above problems are not well solved currently because of having the difficulties in how to determine the multi-contact, to preciously present the changeable profiles of the rails and to establish an accurate spatial turnout system dynamics model. Based on a high-speed vehicle-turnout coupled model in which the track is modeled as flexible with rails and sleepers represented by beams, the line tracing extreme point method is introduced to investigate the wheel-rail multiple contact conditions and the key sections of the blade rail, longer nose rail, shorter rail in the switch and nose rail area are discretized to represent the varying profiles of rails in the turnout. The dynamic interaction between the vehicle and turnout is simulated for cases of the vehicle divergently passing the turnout and the multi-point contact is obtained. The tracks of the contact patches on the top of the rails are presented and the wheel-rail impact forces are offered in comparison with the contact patches transference on the rails. The numerical simulation results indicate that the length of two-point contact occurrence of a worn wheel profile and rails is longer than that of the new wheel profile and rails; The two-point contact definitely occurs in the switch and crossing area. Generally, three-point contact doesn’t occur for the new rail profile, which is testified by the wheel-rails interpolation distance and the first order derivative function of the tracing line extreme points. The presented research is not only helpful to optimize the structure of the turnout, but also useful to lower the dynamics of the high speed vehicle-turnout system.

Transition from tunneling regime to local point contact realized on Ba0.6K0.4Fe2As2 surface

Using scanning tunneling spectroscopy, we studied the transition from tunneling regime to local point contact on the iron-based superconductor Ba0.6K0.4Fe2As2. By gradually reducing the junction resistance, a series of spectra were obtained with the characteristics evolving from single-particle tunneling into Andreev reflection. The spectra can be well fitted to the modified Blonder–Tinkham–Klapwijk（BTK） model and exhibit significant changes of both spectral broadening and orbital selection due to the formation of point contact. The spatial resolution of the point contact was estimated to be several nanometers, providing a unique way to study the inhomogeneity of unconventional superconductors on such a scale.

Contact Force Distribution and Static Load-carrying Capacity of Large Size Double Row Four-point Contact Ball Bearing

Clearance not only affects the startup torque,rotation precision and stiffness of bearing,but also affects the load distribution,load-carrying capacity and life of bearing.A computational model in which the clearance of bearing is first included is presented for determining the contact force distribution and static load-carrying capacity of a double row four-point contact ball bearing which is subjected to the combined radial,axial and overturning moment loadings.The relation between the negative axial clearance and the contact force distribution is analyzed.The static load-carrying capacity curves are established,and the effects of the changes in negative axial clearance,curvature radius coefficient of raceway groove and initial contact angle on the static load-carrying capacity are analyzed.The results show that,with the increase in the absolute value of negative clearance,the maximum contact load decreases first and then increases.The clearance values in the range of 0.2 mme0 mm have little effect on the static load-carrying capacity of bearing.With the increase in the curvature radius coefficient of raceway groove and the decrease in the initial contact angle,the static load capacity of bearing decreases.

Magnetic vortex gyration mediated by point-contact position

Micromagnetic simulation is employed to study the gyration motion of magnetic vortices in distinct permalloy nanodisks driven by a spin-polarized current. The critical current density for magnetic vortex gyration, eigenfrequency, trajectory, velocity and the time for a magnetic vortex to obtain the steady gyration are analyzed. Simulation results reveal that the magnetic vortices in larger and thinner nanodisks can achieve a lower-frequency gyration at a lower current density in a shorter time. However, the magnetic vortices in thicker nanodisks need a higher current density and longer time to attain steady gyration but with a higher eigenfrequency. We also find that the point-contact position exerts different influences on these parameters in different nanodisks, which contributes to the control of the magnetic vortex gyration. The conclusions of this paper can serve as a theoretical basis for designing nano-oscillators and microwave frequency modulators.

Distinction between critical current effects and intrinsic anomalies in the point-contact Andreev reflection spectra of unconventional superconductors

In this work,we discuss the origin of several anomalies present in the point-contact Andreev reflection spectra of（Li1-xFex）OHFeSe,LiTi2O4,and La2-xCexCuO4.While these features are similar to those stemming from intrinsic superconducting properties,such as Andreev reflection,electron-boson coupling,multigap superconductivity,d-wave and p-wave pairing symmetry,they cannot be accounted for by the modified Blonder–Tinkham–Klapwijk（BTK） model,but require to consider critical current effects arising from the junction geometry.Our results point to the importance of tracking the evolution of the dips and peaks in the differential conductance as a function of the bias voltage,in order to correctly deduce the properties of the superconducting state.

Effect of Surface Texturing on Lubricating Condition under Point Contact Using Numerical Analysis

The contact fatigue life of machine elements is affected by pitting, wear and so on, under heavier loading conditions. Increasing the fatigue life requires mainly the improvements of lubricating condition, operating condition and materials. In order to improve the lubricating condition, it is necessary to investigate the relation of the microscopic surface texturing and the contact modes of machine elements. In this paper, thus, the pressure and oil film thickness of the contact between sphere and the plate with 5 kinds surface texturing were calculated using a commercial software based on Reynolds equation. There was sufficient evidence to suggest that the dimple shape was the optimum texturing to increase the lubricating condition.

A solution to the hydrodynamic lubrication of a circular point contact sliding over a flat surface with cavitation

This letter presents an analytical solution to the hydrodynamic lubrication of a circular point contact sliding over a flat surface with cavitation.The solution is found by solving the Reynolds equation with Reynolds boundary condition for cavitation.The cavitation boundary is shown to be straight lines directed 108.4°against the sliding direction.The result is experimentally verified in the limit of large values of viscosity,sliding velocity and radius of a spherical ball.The solution raises questions about the coupling between cavitation and film rupture and can be used as an independent check on the validity of numerical solutions.

Shot Noise Suppression in a Quantum Point Contact with Short Channel Length

An experimental study on the current shot noise of a quantum point contact with short channel length is reported. The experimentally measured maximum energy level spacing between the ground and the first excited state of the device reached up to 7.5meV, probably due to the hard wall confinement by using shallow electron gas and sharp point contact geometry. The two-dimensionM non-equilibrium shot noise contour map shows noise suppression characteristics in a wide range of bias voltage. Fano factor analysis indicates spin-polarized transport through a short quantum point contact.

The 0.7-Anomaly in Quantum Point Contact;Many-Body or Single-Electron Effect?

Apart from usual quantization steps on the ballistic conductance of quasi-one-dimensional conductor, an additional plateau-like feature appears at a fraction of about 0.7 below the first conductance step in GaAs-based quantum point contacts (QPCs). Despite a tremendous amount of research on this anomalous feature, its origin remains still unclear. Here, a unique model of this anomaly is proposed relying on fundamental principles of quantum mechanics. It is noticed that just after opening a quasi-1D conducting channel in the QPC a single electron travels the channel at a time, and such electron can be—in principle—observed. The act of observation destroys superposition of spin states, in which the electron otherwise exists, and this suppresses their quantum interference. It is shown that then the QPC-conductance is reduced by a factor of 0.74. “Visibility” of electron is enhanced if the electron spends some time in the channel due to resonant transmission. Electron’s resonance can also explain an unusual temperature behavior of the anomaly as well as its recently discovered feature: oscillatory modulation as a function of the channel length and electrostatic potential. A recipe for experimental verification of the model is given.

考虑弹流润滑效应的三点接触球轴承刚度特性分析

为获得润滑状态下三点接触球轴承更为准确的刚度特性,应考虑弹流润滑效应对轴承刚度的影响。文中基于拟静力学模型考虑高速离心力和陀螺力矩效应,根据给定轴承的结构参数和工况,计算滚动体与内外圈的法向接触载荷和各部件的运动速度。将拟静力学模型的计算结果和润滑介质参数代入弹流润滑模型,求解出滚动体与内外圈之间的压力分布和油膜厚度分布。进一步研究了转速、轴向载荷和润滑油的初始黏度对油膜压力和最小油膜厚度的影响。基于弹流润滑理论分析了转速和轴向载荷对轴承接触刚度、油膜刚度及综合刚度的影响。结果表明:转速的提高会大幅增加润滑油膜的整体厚度;润滑油初始黏度的增大会增加油膜厚度;随着轴承转速的提高,轴承的整体轴向刚度和轴向油膜刚度减小;随着轴向载荷的增大,轴承轴向刚度和轴向油膜刚度增大,且差值变化不大。

考虑电磁-热-结构耦合的并沟线夹温升特性分析及验证

为更准确地研究并沟线夹的温升特性,分析了导线与并沟线夹之间接触点的实际分布特征,建立了并沟线夹的三维电磁、热、结构多物理场耦合模型。基于结构场分析线夹与导线安装和发生热膨胀后导线的接触压力,并计算接触电阻,通过电磁-热耦合得到线夹的电流密度及温度分布规律,探明最高温度的具体位置。分析了不同载流量与螺栓松脱程度对线夹最高温度的影响。研究结果表明:当电流流经并沟线夹系统时,导线与线夹本体接触点界面外侧的电流密度最大,造成的发热最严重;载流量越小,螺栓松脱对线夹的最高温度影响越小,反之,螺栓松脱对线夹的最高温度影响越大;相对误差在3%内,模型具有较高的准确性。

点接触弹流摩擦副动特性研究

弹流油膜具有显著的弹簧、阻尼特性,对高副机械零件和系统的动特性具有重要影响。研究弹流摩擦副的动特性,揭示弹流摩擦副动力学特性的变化规律,对改进和提升整个机械系统的动力学设计具有重要意义。基于弹流润滑理论和机械振动学,建立点接触弹流摩擦副的摩擦学-动力学耦合模型,采用数值方法求解弹流摩擦副在简谐激励下的振动响应;通过简谐激励下弹流摩擦副的阻尼环识别出弹流摩擦副的刚度和阻尼,用参数控制的方法研究载荷、速度、材料参数及椭圆度等对弹流摩擦副刚度和阻尼的影响。结果表明:在研究的速度和载荷范围内,摩擦副的刚度和阻尼随载荷和椭圆度的增大而增大,随速度和材料参数的增大而减小,其中载荷对点接触EHL摩擦副的刚度和阻尼的影响最为显著,相比阻尼,摩擦副的刚度随载荷、速度和材料参数的变化幅度要大得多。在数值算例的基础上,给出弹流摩擦副的刚度和阻尼关于载荷、速度和材料参数的拟合公式。数值比较结果表明,给出的拟合公式具有满意的精度,可快速计算弹流状态下点接触摩擦副的刚度和阻尼。

光滑粒子法中的摩擦接触算法及其在含界面土体变形问题中的应用

光滑粒子流体动力学(smoothed particle hydrodynamics,简称SPH)方法作为拉格朗日型的无网格粒子类方法,在固体极大变形问题的数值求解分析中具有显著优势。针对包含界面接触的固体大变形问题的SPH模拟,基于一种能改善边界精度的光滑粒子插值格式——有限粒子法(finiteparticlemethod,简称FPM),提出了一种新的点对体积的离散(point-to-volume discretization,简称PTVD)界面接触算法。该算法实际是将界面接触力等价转换为接触点附近两组粒子间的外部相互作用力。具体是根据接触界面特点将接触面两侧物体离散后的粒子划分为主体粒子和从属粒子,对于每个接触点附近的从属粒子,根据其影响域所包含的主体粒子情况确定该粒子与接触面的相对关系计算法向接触力,根据其影响域内两类粒子的相对切向速度和界面摩擦系数计算切向接触力。PTVD接触算法可避免界面粒子识别及精确模拟等相关的复杂接触力计算,充分体现了光滑粒子法的非局部特点。在利用经典界面接触和摩擦算例进行验证的基础上,将PTVD算法应用于颗粒土拟静力坍塌和弹体侵彻软土等涉及接触界面的大变形土力学问题SPH数值分析,结果表明PTVD算法在摩擦接触问题的SPH数值分析中具有有效性和广泛适用性。

基于移动激光点云的非接触式接触网参数检测方法

针对目前接触网参数检测存在精度低、效率低等问题,提出一种基于移动激光点云的非接触式接触网参数检测方法:基于预处理后的接触网点云实现接触线和接触网支柱要素的分类;基于连通性分析,实现接触网支柱单体化分割,并通过建立kd-tree数据结构提取定位点;最后根据定位点与轨面关系计算接触网导高、拉出值。结果显示,基于本文方法得到的接触网参数检测精度符合《接触网悬挂状态检测监测装置(4C)暂行技术条件》要求,验证了方法的有效性和准确性。

一类具有非线性出生率和饱和恢复率的随机SEIR传染病模型的动力学行为

研究了一类具有非线性出生率和非线性接触率的随机SEIR传染病模型的绝灭性、持久性与平稳分布问题。同时利用计算机数值模拟验证了所得结论。本文所得结果改进了相关文献的结论。

非稳态点接触EHL问题高效直接算法研究

发展了一种研究非稳态点接触弹流润滑(Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication,简称EHL)的快速直接算法。在弹流求解过程中,通过分析计算域网格离散的特点,对离散后的Reynolds方程采取按列分块、逐列求解的求解策略,使每个时间步长上求解的方程维数显著减小,从而极大地提高了计算效率。运用新算法获得了点接触EHL纯挤压工况下油膜和压力演变过程中的典型特征,证明了新算法的正确性;数值实验和比较证明,新算法具有复合直接迭代法无可比拟的高效率,与逐行迭代法相比,新算法也具有显著的、更高的计算效率,并且随着网格数量的增加,新算法的高效性愈加凸显。

基于物质点法的白格滑坡堰塞坝形成过程数值模拟

为准确模拟堰塞坝的形成过程,在物质点方法中引入了滑动速度依赖型的摩擦系数模型,实现了滑面接触算法的求解,并与试验结果对比验证方法的可靠性。在此基础上,反演了白格滑坡堰塞坝的形成过程,探讨了滑床底摩擦对堰塞坝成坝模式的影响规律。研究结果表明:白格滑坡堰塞坝形成过程可分为滑坡体加速运动、河谷制动和堆积成坝三阶段。白格滑坡速度最大达到45 m/s且最大速度位于滑坡体后缘,而滑坡体前缘受到河床底部摩擦影响,速度不稳定,变化幅度大且比滑坡体后缘早20 s制动。不同滑面接触模式决定了滑坡最终堆积成坝的状态:若采用滑动速度依赖型的摩擦系数模型模拟,则能够真实反映白格滑坡堰塞坝堆积状态;采用滑面的峰值摩擦系数计算,则导致计算的白格滑坡运动距离减小了32%,不能形成完全堵塞金沙江的堰塞坝;而采用残余摩擦系数计算,则导致计算的白格滑坡运动距离增大了12%。研究成果对加深堰塞坝成坝模式的认识具有意义,对于滑坡堰塞坝链生灾害预测及防灾减灾应急抢险处置具有一定的参考价值。