Context-free Grammars for Triangular Arrays

We consider context-free grammars of the form G = {f → f^b1＋b2＋1g^a1＋a2, g → f^b1 g^a1＋1},where ai and bi are integers sub ject to certain positivity conditions. Such a grammar G gives rise to triangular arrays {T（n, k）}0≤k≤n satisfying a three-term recurrence relation. Many combinatorial sequences can be generated in this way. Let Tn （x） =∑k=0^n T（n, k）x^k. Based on the differential operator with respect to G, we define a sequence of linear operators Pn such that Tn＋1（x） = Pn（Tn（x））. Applying the characterization of real stability preserving linear operators on the multivariate polynomials due to Borcea and Br？ndén, we obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for the operator Pn to be real stability preserving for any n. As a consequence, we are led to a sufficient condition for the real-rootedness of the polynomials defined by certain triangular arrays, obtained by Wang and Yeh.Moreover, as special cases we obtain grammars that lead to identities involving the Whitney numbers and the Bessel numbers.

Predicting RNA Secondary Structure Using Profile Stochastic Context-Free Grammars and Phylogenic Analysis

Stochastic context-free grammars （SCFGs） have been applied to predicting RNA secondary structure. The prediction of RNA secondary structure can be facilitated by incorporating with comparative sequence analysis. However, most of existing SCFG-based methods lack explicit phylogenic analysis of homologous RNA sequences, which is probably the reason why these methods are not ideal in practical application. Hence, we present a new SCFG-based method by integrating phylogenic analysis with the newly defined profile SCFG. The method can be summarized as： 1） we define a new profile SCFG, M, to depict consensus secondary structure of multiple RNA sequence alignment; 2） we introduce two distinct hidden Markov models, λ and λ＇, to perform phylogenic analysis of homologous RNA sequences. Here, λ＇ is for non-structural regions of the sequence and λ＇ is for structural regions of the sequence; 3） we merge λ and λ＇ into M to devise a combined model for prediction of RNA secondary structure. We tested our method on data sets constructed from the Rfam database. The sensitivity and specificity of our method are more accurate than those of the predictions by Pfold.

An Entertaining Example of Using the Concepts of Context-Free Grammar and Pushdown Automation

A formal-linguistic approach for solving an entertaining task is offered in this paper. The well-known task of the Hanoi towers is discussed in relation to some concepts of formal languages and grammars. A context-free grammar which generates an algorithm for solving this task is described. A deterministic pushdown automation which in its work imitates the work of monks in solving the task of the Hanoi towers is built.

Video events recognition by improved stochastic parsing based on extended stochastic context-free grammar representation

Video events recognition is a challenging task for high-level understanding of video se- quence. At present, there are two major limitations in existing methods for events recognition. One is that no algorithms are available to recognize events which happen alternately. The other is that the temporal relationship between atomic actions is not fully utilized. Aiming at these problems, an algo- rithm based on an extended stochastic context-free grammar （SCFG） representation is proposed for events recognition. Events are modeled by a series of atomic actions and represented by an extended SCFG. The extended SCFG can express the hierarchical structure of the events and the temporal re- lationship between the atomic actions. In comparison with previous work, the main contributions of this paper are as follows： ① Events （include alternating events） can be recognized by an improved stochastic parsing and shortest path finding algorithm. ② The algorithm can disambiguate the detec- tion results of atomic actions by event context. Experimental results show that the proposed algo- rithm can recognize events accurately and most atomic action detection errors can be corrected sim- ultaneously.

NewBee: Context-Free Grammar (CFG) of a New Programming Language for Novice Programmers

Learning programming and using programming languages are the essential aspects of computer science education.Students use programming languages to write their programs.These computer programs(students or practitioners written)make computers artificially intelligent and perform the tasks needed by the users.Without these programs,the computer may be visioned as a pointless machine.As the premise of writing programs is situated with specific programming languages,enormous efforts have been made to develop and create programming languages.However,each program-ming language is domain-specific and has its nuances,syntax and seman-tics,with specific pros and cons.These language-specific details,including syntax and semantics,are significant hurdles for novice programmers.Also,the instructors of introductory programming courses find these language specificities as the biggest hurdle in students learning,where more focus is on syntax than logic development and actual implementation of the program.Considering the conceptual difficulty of programming languages and novice students’struggles with the language syntax,this paper describes the design and development of a Context-Free Grammar(CFG)of a programming language for the novice,newcomers and students who do not have computer science as their major.Due to its syntax proximity to daily conversations,this paper hypothesizes that this language will be easy to use and understand by novice programmers.This paper systematically designed the language by identifying themes from various existing programming languages(e.g.,C,Python).Additionally,this paper surveyed computer science experts from industry and academia,where experts self-reported their satisfaction with the newly designed language.The results indicate that 93%of the experts reported satisfaction with the NewBee for novice,newcomer and non-Computer Sci-ence(CS)major students.

《Grammars for Programming Languages》简介

加利福尼亚大学J. Craig cleaveland和Robert C. Uzgalis合著的“Grammars forProgramming Languages”(程序设计语言的文法)一书系美国ELSEVIER NORTH-HO-LLAND, INC.1977年出版的一套程序设计语言丛书之一。 自从1956年Noam

The Grammars of Mystical Experience in Christian Theological Dialogue

The philosophical horizon of this essay is theoretically comparative and hermeneutically dialogic. Its main philosophical and theological tonality expresses, in first person and through three discursive moments, the differentiated fusion of horizons between phenomenological and grammatical description and understanding of experience. After a philosophical overture-outlining the ethos of the dialogic problematic and situating it within the contemporary diverse and dialogic dynamic of phenomenology-I will expose the consistent, possible modalities of convergence between Husserlian phenomenology and Wittgensteinian grammar of the mystical shapes of experience. The tense, responsorial dialogue among Husserl, Heidegger, Levinas, and Wittgenstein＇s styles of thinking, far from being anymore limited to the debates between the analytical and phenomenological, will be considered from the crossed categorial spaces of Austrian philosophy and German culture in general. In a second section, I will show how the styles of phenomenology today are advancing into a cautious micro-logical grammar of comparative inquiry. This thematization will first consider some precise semantic clarifications： Experience, the mystical, extasis, evidence, and truth; in a second section, the theoretical levels of grammar and phenomenology of mystical experience are heralded in the context of the Christian theological dialogue, where I emphasize the rebirth of French theological thinking and dialogic transcendence, beginning with Maritain and de Chardin to Marcel, de Lubac, Levinas, and Marion. Finally, I consider the aesthetic expressions of mystical experience, both from the visual and musical dimensions. I will conclude this talk by highlighting theological perspectives drawn from my research in musico-philosophical problematics, through an awakening to the resonance of Being and the Divine in sonic and musical life. Through a theology of the musical λογοζ, the grammar of mystical experience reveals the sacramentality of music and the mystery of silence

From Theoretical Grammar to Grammatical Competence:An Empirical Study

In China,English teachers usually take a three-step approach to grammar teaching,namely,the presentation—practice—production principle(3P Principle).This method consists of both“morphology”and“syntax.”It adopts the traditional mode of grammar teaching,including knowledge presentation,grammar exercises,and grammatical competence production,which will inevitably lead to time consumption and low efficiency in grammar learning.This study is about cultivating English majors'grammatical competence through the theoretical mode of grammar teaching.The research results show that the theoretical mode of grammar teaching helps cultivate learners'grammatical competence.

Grammar and usage板块教学设计

课堂是教学的主阵地。优秀的教学设计能为教师提供经验与启示,帮助教师提高教学质量。为此,2024年,本刊开设专栏《典型课例》。在该栏目中,我们以“教学设计+点评”的形式,呈现一线教师学习、理解新课标,深化素养导向的课堂教学改革和育人方式转变的实践与思考。本期典型课例是2023年江苏省高中英语优质课比赛一等奖课例——译林版普通高中英语选择性必修第二册Unit 4 Grammar and usage板块的教学,希望通过课例展示,引领教师关注三维动态语法观,提升英语教学质量。

A Study of English Grammar Teaching and Cultural Introduction from the Perspective of Applied Linguistics

Grammar teaching is the main content of university English teaching,and the quality of teaching will affect the effect of university talent cultivation.Based on the perspective of applied linguistics,it is crucial to use cultural introduction teaching for English grammar teaching.This paper will combine the basic concepts of applied linguistics and cultural introduction teaching,analyze the role of using the cultural introduction teaching method to innovate grammar teaching mode under the perspective of applied linguistics,and put forward a scientific English grammar teaching strategy with the goal of improving teaching quality.

An Investigation on the Influence of Middle School Students'Grammar Learning Self-efficacy on Their Learning Performance

In middleschool English teaching,grammar instruction has always been an important and challenging aspect.Due to the strong influence of grammar explanation in Chinese,learning English grammar may be affected by negative transfer from their native language,which could pose certain obstacles to English acquisition.Self-efficacy,as a major emotional factor influencing learners'internal regulation strategies,has attracted wide attention from researchers both domestically and internationally for its impact on learning performance.High self-efficacy helps learners develop a more positive mindset towards learning,thereby contributing to improved learning performance.Therefore,this study focuses on investigating the relationship between grammatical self-efficacy and learning performance of English grammar among middle school students.This research contributes to a complementary understanding of grammatical self-efficacy among educators,enhancing their teaching skills,and effectively guiding students to learn English grammar with a more positive and healthy mindset,presenting a future grammar instruction in middle school English teaching.

An Exploration of Interpersonal Meanings in Advertising Discourse from Functional Grammar Perspective

Interpersonal function is one of the three metafunctions of language. This paper investigates the interpersonal meanings in Chinese cosmetic advertising discourse from mood, modality and appraise the three aspects. Based on an exploratory study of data of six typical Chinese cosmetic advertising discourses, the paper claims that the distribution of mood and modality has close link with the interpersonal meaning in advertising. The Functional Grammar and Appraisal System help to reveal the interpersonal meanings of the discourse concerned.

妙用教材的“边角料”——试析checkout time板块和grammar time板块的教学

在译林新版《英语》的教学中,注重story time、cartoon time,轻视checkout time、grammar time的现象比比皆是,后者成了教学中的'边角料'。作为教材的组成部分,checkout time能为学生语用能力的提升夯实基础,grammar time则能为语言的生成增添活力。教师应挖掘教材,通过多样化的语言活动,巧妙地处理教材中的'边角料'。

Context-attributed graph grammar framework for specifying visual languages

Since the specifications of most of the existing context-sensitive graph grammars tend to be either too intricate or not intuitive, a novel context-sensitive graph grammar formalism, called context-attributed graph grammar（CAGG）, is proposed. In order to resolve the embedding problem, context information of a graph production in the CAGG is represented in the form of context attributes of the nodes involved. Moreover, several properties of a set of confluent CAGG productions are characterized, and then an algorithm based on them is developed to decide whether or not a set of productions is confluent, which provides the foundation for the design of efficient parsing algorithms. It can also be shown through the comparison of CAGG with several typical context-sensitive graph grammars that CAGG is more succinct and, at the same time, more intuitive than the others, making it more suitably and effortlessly applicable to the specification of visual languages.

Grammar Model Based on Lexical Substring Extraction for RNA Secondary Structure Prediction

[Objective] To examine the grammar model based on lexical substring exac- tion for RNA secondary structure prediction. [Method] By introducing cloud model into stochastic grammar model, a machine learning algorithm suitable for the lexicalized stochastic grammar model was proposed. The word grid mode was used to extract and divide RNA sequence to acquire lexical substring, and the cloud classifier was used to search the maximum probability of each lemma which was marked as a certain sec- ondary structure type. Then, the lemma information was introduced into the training stochastic grammar process as prior information, realizing the prediction on the sec- ondary structure of RNA, and the method was tested by experiment. [Result] The experimental results showed that the prediction accuracy and searching speed of stochastic grammar cloud model were significantly improved from the prediction with simple stochastic grammar. [Conclusion] This study laid the foundation for the wide application of stochastic grammar model for RNA secondary structure prediction.

GRAPH GRAMMAR METHOD FOR 3-D CORNER DETECTION

Most of local feature descriptors assume that the scene is planar. In the real scene, the captured images come from the 3-D world. 3-D corner as a novel invariant feature is important for the image matching and the object detection, while automatically discriminating 3-D corners from ordinary corners is difficult. A novel method for 3-D corner detection is proposed based on the image graph grammar, and it can detect the 3-D features of corners to some extent. Experimental results show that the method is valid and the 3-D corner is useful for image matching.

Explicit Grammar Instruction in L2 Learners'Writing Development:Effective or Ineffective?

It has long been in dispute about whether explicit grammar teaching is more effective in second language learning or implicit grammar teaching is.However,there are more than one factor to take into consideration while discussing which way is better for L2 learners.This short essay aims at depicting three respects concerning grammar teaching,namely learning context,language learners'beliefs and needs,and grammar instruction.When educators and practitioners try to adopt grammar instruction either implicitly or explicitly in L2 learners'writing development,they probably need to consider the above three factors and to find out the best way to produce more effective teaching results among their students.

A General Exploitation to Cognitive Context and Grammar

Cognitive context of grammar refers to morpheme context,word or phrase context,syntax context,sentence context,semantic context of sentences,and discourse context.Cognitive context constraints the meaning of grammatical structure,and the grammatical structure depends on the cognitive context.

Functional Orientation and Practice of Inductive and Deductive Approaches to Grammar Teaching in EFL

To solve the ambiguous understanding of Grammar Teaching position,based on explicit grammatical knowledge,this paper discusses the grammar position in EFL,compares both its pros and cons between deductive and inductive approaches,and indicates that grammar teaching by either approach alone has disadvantages,should adopt a combination technique.