Metropolitan Housing Development in Urban Fringe Areas-A Case Study of Three Metropolitan Cities of South Africa: Johannesburg, Ekurhuleni and Tshwane

Purpose:The metropolitan cities of Johannesburg,Ekurhuleni and Tshwane play an important role in the economy of the Gauteng province in South Africa.The region constitutes to 22.4 percent of the total population of South Africa and has a strong presence and contributes in areas of manufacturing sector,financial and business services,retail and wholesale trade,etc.The rapid urban population,increase in the informal settlements and socio-economic opportunities has resulted in considerable urban sprawl in and around the urban fringe areas of these metropolitan cities.The urban fringe areas of these metros often come under the influence of rapid urbanization process and pressures.Coupled with the economical and potential land dynamics and lack of priority of spatial development guidelines,these areas attract rapid and haphazard development from communities and developers.Research Design/Methodology:This research is based on a qualitative approach through a comprehensive literature review that included content analysis of key documents on housing sector such as IDPs(Integrated Development Plans),Municipal Annual Reports,Growth Development Strategies,and among other sectoral documents on housing sector.Some of the key priority issues considered in the housing sector included:eradication of housing backlogs,spatial restructuring of housing,provision of choice in terms of location,tenure and housing typology.Findings:The current paper discusses the approaches of metropolitan housing development processes in three metropolitan cities of South Africa from Gauteng region,namely:Johannesburg,Ekurhuleni and Tshwane.The paper discusses the existing housing sectoral scenario along with the fringe areas in three cities with focus on:formal and informal settlements,housing segregation and the backlogs,current institutional arrangements,role of public private participation,and scope for alternate mechanisms.The paper concludes in discussion on sustainable development options for housing development in urban fringe areas.

Influence of social capital on the livelihood strategies of farmers under China's rural revitalization strategy in poor mountain areas: A case study of the Liangshan Yi autonomous prefecture

Social capital in the form of social resources or social networks is one of the most important livelihood capital of farmers, which can increase the labor productivity of poor households and increase income. It is important to explore the reasons underlying the livelihood strategy choices of farmers from the perspective of social capital under China’s rural revitalization strategy. In this study, the Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, a povertystricken mountainous area in southwestern China, was selected as the case study area, and multivariable linear regression models were constructed to analyze the influence of social capital on livelihood strategies.The results are as follows:(1) Individual social capital had a positive effect on non-agricultural livelihood strategies. On average, with a one-unit increase in individual social capital, the ratio of farmers’ nonagricultural income to total productive income(Income_Rto) increased by 0.002% and 0.062%,respectively. Collective social capital, with the Peasant Economic Cooperation Organization(PECO) as the carrier, had a negative effect on the non-agricultural livelihood strategies of farmers;on average, with a oneunit increase in PECO, Income_Rto decreased by approximately 0.053%. However, this effect was only significant in the river valley area.(2) The income differences among the different livelihood strategy types were explained by the livelihood strategy choices of farmers. As non-agricultural work can bring more benefits, the labor force exhibited one-way migration from villages to cities, resulting in a lack of the subject of rural revitalization. It is necessary to implement effective measures to highlight the role of PECO in increasing agricultural income for farmers. Finally,based on the above conclusions,policy recommendations with respect to livelihood transformation of farmers and rural sustainable development are discussed.

The Poverty Alleviation Model for the Solitary Elderly People in the Poor Mountainous Areas of Southwest China: Analysis of "Five Batches Project" in Xundian County

The solitary elderly people in rural areas are not only an important part of the rural population,but also an important issue that can not be ignored in the battle to get rid of poverty. In recent years,according to the working thinking of ' accurate statistics,scientific arrangement,classified implementation,and rapid progress',Xundian County has gone through joint exploration and practice at the county and township levels,and has found out the path of work of ' Five Batches Project' to solve the problem of poverty alleviation for the solitary elderly people and make them live in their own homes. This has effectively solved the problem of safe and stable housing for 4 443 solitary elderly people in the county. It has found a new way to solve the housing problem of the solitary elderly people. At the end of 2017,the incidence of poverty in the county dropped to 0. 35%,and it was successfully listed as one of the first counties in Yunnan Province to get rid of poverty. Based on field research and interviews,this paper analyzes and summarizes the concrete methods,main achievements,practical experience,lessons and reference of the poverty alleviation model of ' Five Batches Project' in Xundian County to solve the problem of housing for the elderly,in order to provide necessary reference for the poor counties in Yunnan Province and other similar provinces( cities,autonomous regions) to solve the problem of housing for ' solitary elderly people' in Yunnan Province.

The Model of Poverty Alleviation through Education in the Poor Mountainous Areas of Southwest China: Accurately Building "Well Education in Poor County" in Luquan County

The poverty alleviation through education is one of the important ways to get rid of poverty accurately in poor areas. Located in the high mountains and deep valleys along the Jinsha River, Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County in Yunnan Province is one of the key counties in poverty alleviation and development work in China with a wide range of poverty and deep poverty. To enable children in poor areas to receive a good education is not only an important task of poverty alleviation and development, but also an important way to block the intergenerational transmission of poverty. Because of the complexity and difference of geography, history and culture, and the particularity and diversity of educational development appeal, it is often difficult to carry out poverty alleviation through education. Poor counties develop well education so that poor counties have new achievements. In recent years, Luquan County has adhered to the concept of "vigorously developing education" by making every effort to create a characteristic project with education to help the poor, and strived to achieve the "six solutions" so that every child can enjoy quality and fair education, and ensure that "they can get in, stay and learn well". This shows the new look of Miao and Yi mountains in the new era. This paper analyzes and summarizes the specific methods and effects, characteristics and bright spots of accurately building the model of "well education in poor county" in this county, as well as the experience gained, and the lessons, in order to provide the necessary reference for the poor counties in Yunnan Province and other similar provinces (municipalities, autonomous regions) to carry out rural poverty alleviation by education.

The Model of Health Poverty Alleviation in Poor Mountainous Areas in Southwest China: A Case Study of "5 + 5" Model of Health Poverty Alleviation in Xundian County

Carrying out health poverty alleviation and ensuring the security of basic medical care for the poor are important contents for China to implement the strategy of targeted poverty alleviation and win the battle to get rid of poverty. Xundian Hui and Yi Autonomous County in Yunnan Province is a national poor county integrating ' nationality,poverty,mountainous area and old revolutionary base area'. In recent years,based on the actual situation,Xundian County has explored an effective way of health poverty alleviation. It has effectively prevented the phenomenon of poverty caused by illness and returning to poverty due to illness,and effectively ensured that Xundian County has successfully achieved the goal of getting rid of poverty. Xundian County finally got rid of the shadow of ' poverty' for more than 30 years to become one of the first batch of counties in Yunnan Province to get rid of poverty. This paper makes great efforts to analyze and summarize the specific methods,main achievements,successful experience,lessons and reference about health poverty alleviation in Xundian County. At the same time,it also studies and analyzes the main problems existing in the model,and puts forward the corresponding measures and suggestions,in order to provide a reference for health poverty alleviation in other poor areas.

Relationship between Poor Family Environment and Early Childhood Development in Rural Areas and Recommendations

In order to provide a policy basis for improving the early development of poor rural children,this paper uses quantitative data and quantitative research methods to study the early development of children in poor rural areas and the impact of family environmental quality on such development. The results show that the early development of poor rural children,especially the ability of social emotion is not perfect,and the quality of family environment has a significant impact on the early development of poor rural children. Therefore,in order to improve the early development of rural children,it is necessary to attach importance to the improvement of family environment and increase the interaction with children. The government needs to establish and improve the mechanism of providing early development services,increase investment and find more efficient service model.

What Efforts has the Chinese Government Made to Reduce Educa­tional Inequality in Poor Areas?

Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949,China’s per capita education level has risen from less than two years to 9.91 years.However,as the province with the lowest per capita education level in China,Tibet has only reached the level of 6.75 years per capita.This illustrates the worrying educational inequality that still exists between China’s poorer and more developed regions.This educational inequality can also be expressed by the Gini coefficient of education.In order to eliminate this educational inequality,the Chinese government has made great efforts.The Chinese government has expanded the demand for education through the right incentive system and the nine-year compulsory education law.On the other hand,the Chinese government directly or indirectly grants subsidies to education suppliers and demanders to achieve the purpose of increasing education output.Based on the positive externality of education itself,the Chinese government attaches great importance to the cultivation of human resources for offspring,and hopes to transform China’s quantity-based demographic dividend into quality-based demographic dividend,and finally realize sustained economic growth.We believe that some education-related policies promulgated by China have indeed reduced educational inequality in poor areas to some extent,but there is still potential for progress in further addressing educational inequality in poor areas by the Chinese government.

A Preliminary Study on the Rational Utilization of Land Resources in the Poverty-Stricken Mountainous Areas in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River:A Case Study of Xueshan Township

As one of the most fragile alpine plateau and canyon areas in China,the upper reaches of the Yangtze River are the key areas of ecological construction in China.It is also a key area for poverty alleviation in the country.Therefore,it is necessary to take into account the dual goals of poverty reduction and ecological environment construction,and explore a win-win road of ecological construction and poverty alleviation in line with the reality of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.Taking Xueshan Township,Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County,Yunnan Province,which is located in the poor mountainous area of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River as an example,based on many field investigations and existing investigation and statistical data,this paper analyzes the current situation and main problems of land use in Xueshan Township,and then puts forward measures and suggestions for rational utilization of land resources in Xueshan Township.This can provide a necessary reference for the next implementation of rural revitalization strategy and ecological construction.

相对贫困乡村空间分异格局与返贫脆弱性研究——以武陵山片区为例

在脱贫攻坚与乡村振兴有效衔接的背景下,科学评价相对贫困乡村空间分异与返贫脆弱性有助于精准施策。本文以武陵山片区为研究样本,运用GIS、地理探测器模型和值灰色关联度方法分析影响该片区相对贫困乡村在县域尺度上的空间分异格局和返贫脆弱性,结果表明:1)相对贫困乡村在空间上整体呈集聚分布,分布格局呈现显著的空间自相关性,两极分化特征明显;2)平均高程和少数民族人口比重是影响该片区相对贫困村空间分布的重要因素,平均高程、少数民族人口比重、老龄化率和第一产业占比的交互作用对相对贫困乡村的空间分布造成显著影响;3)受经济发展和社会保障制约,绝大多数县域返贫脆弱性较高,其多维返贫脆弱性在空间上呈现中心分散、两端聚集的整体格局。因此,实施乡村振兴战略应充分利用该片区自然生态优势,因地制宜发展产业并加强公共服务基础设施建设。

脱贫山区农村社会组织发展现状、问题及对策

随着市场经济和社会格局的不断深入与发展,中国农村涌现出大量代表、服务和维护农民利益的社会组织。农村社会组织因其公益性和社会性在参与社会治理、助力乡村建设和推动经济发展等方面发挥了重要作用。然而,由于脱贫山区农村社会组织自身存在内生动力匮乏、组织管理松散和结构失衡等问题,在乡村契合和自身发展中存在一定的制约性。结合脱贫山区农村社会组织的现状、问题及作用,探析增强农村社会组织在农村建设与发展过程中的有效对策,通过加强党政赋能、创新组织体系和强化组织衔接等措施推动农村社会组织作用有效发挥,进而完善其在稳定脱贫成果、推动乡村振兴和实现共同富裕过程中的推动与衔接功能。

新疆贫困农村学校体育现状调查与发展对策

该研究关注新疆贫困农村学校体育现状,通过多种研究方法,全面了解其资源、场地、器材和师资等方面的情况。结果显示,学校每年用于体育工作的经费分布较为均匀,但仍有改进空间;场地器材和师资水平评价一般,需改进完善。因此,学校应制定管理办法和规章制度,提高体育工作投入度。此外,还需加强体育教师培训,解决缺额问题。研究旨在推进贫困农村学校体育的精准扶贫工作,促进新疆学校体育教育事业均衡发展。

Status of Impoverished Population and Contradiction of Economic Development in Qinling-Bashan Mountainous Area——A Case Study of Hanzhong City,Shaanxi Province

The status of impoverished population and economic development in Qinling-Bashan Mountainous area,Shaanxi is introduced based on the brief account of its general situation.Firstly,there are a large proportion of rural people and great outflow of population;a considerable proportion of the weak,the disabled,the sick and the dementia and low population quality;weak capacity of the economy to generate profit on its own and declining trend of financial self-sufficiency rate.taking into account that Qinling-Bashan Mountainous area is the poorest area with the largest impoverished population and the most complex structure of poverty,the impact of the status of the poor population in Qinling-Bashan Mountainous area on its economy is discussed:the first one is backward ecological concept and serious damage to ecological environment;outflow of excellent talents and a serious shortage of labor;the industrial structure is irrational and the resources advantage can not be transformed into economic advantage.Some corresponding measures and suggestions are proposed:the first one to build new small town so as to lessen the loss of population;the second one is to provide preferential policies so as to attract and retain qualified person;the third one to develop education and establish the concept of ecological civilization;the fourth one is to unblock the channels of information transmission and restructure the industry.

Comparative Research of Residents' Effect Perception and Participation Capacity and Willingness on Pro-poor Tourism

In this article,comparative research on residents' effect perception,participation capacity and willingness on Pro-poor Tourism( PPT) is given based on the questionnaire carried out in Wulong County and Fengjie County in Three Gorges Area,Chongqing,China. Some technologies,such as SPSS 13. 0,ANOVA and T-test are applied to analyze the data and results show Wulong residents' perception behavior is better than that of Fengjie residents. Moreover,the residents with different demographic characteristics have different participation behavior.Finally,multiple regression analysis is applied to identify the key factors influencing residents' perception behavior,that is participation willingness and positive economic effect perception,positive social and cultural effect perception and participation capacity.

山区旅游地不同生计策略类型农户生计韧性的比较研究——以恩施州为例

[目的]探究恩施州旅游地不同生计策略类型农户生计韧性的差异,阐明旅游发展对农户生计韧性的作用与影响,为恩施州农户生计韧性的提升提出对策建议。[方法]基于Speranza的生计韧性评价体系,结合中国山区旅游地农户生计特征构建生计韧性评价指标体系,通过问卷调查收集数据,运用方差分析法比较分析不同生计策略类型农户生计韧性的差异,明确农户生计韧性与生计策略之间的关系。[结果](1)旅游参与农户的生计韧性及自组织能力、学习能力和缓冲能力都显著提高;(2)恩施州旅游地农户的旅游参与程度不高;(3)补贴依赖型农户在学习能力、自组织能力、缓冲能力3个维度中均表现最差,其中,在健康状况、生活资料、人均储蓄、抚养比率、信息获取能力、预判风险的能力指标上与其他类型农户有较大差距。[结论]旅游参与对农户生计韧性的提高具有正向影响,但参与旅游发展尚未成为恩施州旅游地农户的主要生计选择。

“贫困地区儿童营养改善试点项目”对广西贫困地区5岁以下儿童生长发育的促进作用

目的探讨“贫困地区儿童营养改善试点项目”对广西贫困地区5岁以下儿童生长发育的促进作用。方法以广西2018年新增的45个项目县(市、区)及57个非项目县(市、区)作为研究对象,统计2018—2021年项目实施情况。根据《广西7岁以下儿童保健和健康情况年报表》收集2017—2021年两个区域5岁以下儿童的生长发育指标数据,分析上述指标的变化及差异。结果2017—2021年,项目县(市、区)与非项目县(市、区)的5岁以下儿童低体重率、生长迟缓率、消瘦率、贫血率、中重度贫血率总体均呈下降趋势(均P<0.05)。项目县(市、区)上述指标的年均增长率分别为-7.3%、-13.1%、-3.4%、-22.5%、-24.0%,分别是非项目县(市、区)的1.2、1.2、1.5、1.1、0.94倍。2021年,项目县(市、区)5岁以下儿童低体重率、消瘦率、贫血率均低于非项目县(市、区)(均P<0.05)。结论“贫困地区儿童营养改善试点项目”对广西贫困地区5岁以下儿童的生长发育有明显的改善作用。

山区农村薄弱地区实现共同富裕的困境及出路--基于华北H镇13村的调查

实现共同富裕和全面建设社会主义现代化国家,目前最艰巨最繁重的任务仍在农村,山区农村薄弱地区尤甚。山区农村薄弱地区实现共同富裕面临人口结构优化难题以及基础服务设施滞后、村级集体经济薄弱、种地成本高增收难、土地利用效益较低、打通绿水青山向“金山银山”转化通道迫在眉睫等共性问题。建议通过统筹国土空间规划、优化人口结构,深化集体经济组织改革、创新生态建设机制,以及推进镇域示范试点等政策杠杆加以系统性解决,以推动山区农村薄弱地区又好又快地实现共同富裕。

深度贫困地区脱贫攻坚的经验解释与发展策略——以贵州省D县为例

经过多年的不懈努力,集中连片特困地区的绝对贫困状况得到彻底解决,即将转向乡村振兴这个新的发展阶段。但是由于区域的特殊性,贫困地区仍然面临发展动力不足的问题和返贫的风险,因此有必要对脱贫攻坚时期的脱贫经验进行总结,以为新历史时期的发展提供参考。本文在梳理新中国成立以来减贫历程的基础上,分析了特困地区的特点及脱贫攻坚期间所面临的问题;结合D县的案例,认为借助财政转移支付进行基础设施建设、注重提高公共服务水平和服务意识等是占中国贫困人口较多数的集中连片特困地区的重要脱贫经验;根据D县经验,针对集中连片特困地区在新时期所要解决的如何摆脱再次陷入贫困的风险、在乡村振兴阶段如何获得进一步的发展两大问题提出政策建议。

草原露天矿区劣质土壤水平扩散特征与模拟

为探究草原露天矿区不同类型土壤的水平扩散特征,以内蒙古鄂尔多斯市伊旗武家塔矿区的原状土、矿山堆积土和生态改造土3种不同立地类型的土壤为对象,通过土壤质地、扩散率、含水率等测试试验,采用HYDRUS-1D软件,对原状土、矿山堆积土和生态改造土入渗特性进行数值模拟,分析各因素对矿区土壤入渗规律的影响,探讨草原露天矿区不同类型土壤水平扩散过程的影响及变化规律。结果表明,在一维水平入渗运动条件下,原状土、堆积土、生态改造土3种不同粒径土壤的湿润锋运移距离与时间曲线整体呈现相似变化,随着入渗时间的增加,湿润锋运移距离呈现先快速增加,后缓慢推进趋势。同一种土壤类型条件下,土壤的湿润锋到达土柱最末端所需时间与土层深度呈反比关系,随着土层深度的增加,所需时间逐渐减少,且平均扩散速率更快;在同一入渗时间下,湿润锋运移距离与土层深度呈正比关系,随着土层深度增加,湿润锋运移距离也相应增大。Boltzmann参数(λ)随着土壤含水率的增加而逐渐减小,各土壤的λ~θ关系曲线随土壤含水率的增加呈现下降趋势。当θ达到某一临界值之后,λ急剧减少,原状土、堆积土和改造土各土层θ临界值略有差异,原状土各土层的θ临界值为0.29,堆积土各土层分别为0.24,0.28,0.30,而生态改造土除60—90 cm外,其余土层的θ临界值为0.31。通过HYDRUS-1D模型结合水平土柱剖面含水量变化对土壤水力参数进行反演,模拟3种土壤面含水量的变化,R 2均大于0.91,纳什效率系数(NSE)均大于0.95,均方根误差(RMSE)均小于0.20。利用HYDRUS-1D模型反演土壤水力参数模拟矿区劣质土壤水平入渗过程,能较好地模拟入渗过程,描述矿区不同土地类型的土壤水分动态变化规律,为矿区的土壤水分动态监管及生态治理提供参考依据。

2018—2020年南宁市贫困地区健康促进效果调查

目的:调查2018—2020年南宁市贫困地区居民健康素养水平情况,评价健康促进工作效果。方法:采用人口规模成比例概率抽样法(PPS法),结合多阶段整群随机抽样,对2018—2020年南宁市贫困县区15~69岁常住居民健康素养水平进行调查,回收有效问卷分别为1050份、1810份、1809份。结果:2018—2020年居民健康素养水平分别为7.24%、16.24%、19.40%;3个维度健康素养水平中居民健康知识和理念素养水平均最高,健康生活方式与行为素养水平增幅最大;6类问题健康素养水平中,安全与急救素养水平均最高,慢性病防治素养水平增幅最大。不同年龄、文化程度和职业居民健康素养水平比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2018—2020年居民患慢性病比例逐年下降,居民健康状况、吸烟情况及经常参加体育锻炼情况呈波动变化。结论:2018—2020年南宁市贫困地区居民健康素养水平逐年提升,贫困地区健康促进行动效果明显,年龄、文化程度、职业是健康素养水平的影响因素。健康素养水平在一定程度上影响慢性病患病情况、是否吸烟情况及经常参加体育锻炼情况。

Dynamic evolutions of ecological carrying capacity in poor areas using ecological footprint model at Ruyang County of China

In this study,the ecological footprint(EF)from 2004 to 2013 of a poor county chosen from Central China was measured and analyzed by using the methodology and theory of EF.The results showed that in the past 10 years,the county’s ecological footprint per capita was growing gradually,increasing from 0.7053 hm^(2)in 2004 to 1.4473 hm^(2)in 2013,with growth clearly accelerated in recent years.During the same period,the ecological carrying capacity per capita reduced from 0.6351 hm^(2)to 0.5018 hm^(2).Additionally,regional development had been in a state of ecological deficit,per capita ecological deficit increased from 0.0702 hm^(2)to 0.9456 hm^(2).This led to contradictions between regional socio-economic development and sustainability of natural ecosystems,meaning the development of the region is unsustainable.Measures to reduce the ecological deficit were proposed to coordinate regional industrialization,urbanization,ecological environmental protection,and to promote the sustainable development in the region(e.g.adjusting industrial structure and consumption structure,promoting economic transformation,scientific planning and management of land).The results could provide a scientific basis for studies on ecological carrying capacity of the poor areas in Central China.