NADARAYA-WATSON ESTIMATORS FOR REFLECTED STOCHASTIC PROCESSES

We study the Nadaraya-Watson estimators for the drift function of two-sided reflected stochastic differential equations.The estimates,based on either the continuously observed process or the discretely observed process,are considered.Under certain conditions,we prove the strong consistency and the asymptotic normality of the two estimators.Our method is also suitable for one-sided reflected stochastic differential equations.Simulation results demonstrate that the performance of our estimator is superior to that of the estimator proposed by Cholaquidis et al.(Stat Sin,2021,31:29-51).Several real data sets of the currency exchange rate are used to illustrate our proposed methodology.

China Observes Day of Mourning as Relief Work for Mudslides Continues

Mudslides buried and flooded hundreds of homes on Sunday, August 8, in Zhouqu,the Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of northwest Gansu Province. The death toll from the massive rain-triggered mudslides in Zhouqu County had risen to 1,239 as of August 15, a week after the devastating mudslides hit the county, with 505 others still missing.

Automated Burris gravity meter for single and continuous observation

The Burris Gravity MeterTM manufactured by ZLS Corporation, Austin/Texas, USA, is based on the in- vention of L^R （L. LaCoste and A. Romberg）： The ZLS （zero-length spring）. A digital feedback system （range of about 50 mGal） is used to null the beam. Now, more than 120 gravity meters of this make exist worldwide and are used successfully in exploration, volcanology, geodetic work and surveying. The sensor is made of the well-known （L＆R） metal-alloy zero-length spring providing a low drift characteristic. The drifts observed are comparable to L＆R gravimeters and are less than 0.3 mGal per month, which is much lower than the drifts known for the fused quartz sensors. The dial is calibrated every 50 regal over the entire 7000 mGal meter range. Since the gravity value is determined at these points, there are no periodic errors. By a fourth heater circuit temperature effects are totally avoided. The gravity meter is controlled via Bluetoothce either to a handheld computer （tablet） or a notebook computer. The feedback responds with high stability and accuracy. The hulling of the beam is controlled by the UltraGravTM control system which incorporates an inherently linear PWM （pulse-width modulated） electrostatic feedback system. In order to improve the handling of the gravimeter we have developed two Windows based programs： AGESfield for single measurements and AGEScont for continuous readings.

Analytical study on abnormal change in time-variable gravity at Yichang seismostation before the M5.1 Badong earthquake

An M5.1 earthquake occurred in Badong County, only 66 km from the Three Gorges Dam, on De- cember 16, 2013. The continuous gravity observation data obtained at Yichang seismostation nearest to the epi- center （96 km） were analyzed, and it was found that the continuous gravity observation data obtained in this rainy season did not exhibit a characteristic of seasonal change in gravity identical to that in the past years, and thereafter the M5.1 Badong earthquake occurred. Numerical simulation revealed that the water storage and discharge of the Three Gorges reservoir generated seasonal change in gravity, and the changes in atmospheric pressure and gravity load were not the main sources of the seasonal change of continuous gravity observation data whether in respect of magnitude or phase and did not have obvious breaking change on annual variation before the earthquake. Through analysis of the seasonal change data observed on the same site including cavern temperature, rainfall data and global terrestrial water model （CPC） simulated water load, it was thought that, in the observation room with cavern temperature change of only -0.1 l^C/a at Yichang seismostation, the sea- sonal change of continuous gravity observation result mainly originated from the seasonal change in rainfall. In the case that the changes in rainfall and its water load did not have evident breaking change on annual varia- tion law before the earthquake, if the MS. 1 Badong earthquake was the cause of the breaking change on annual variation law in Yichang this time, then it was believed through analysis of crust expansion ratio that similar a- nomaly should occur at a crust expansion and compression intersection, no more than 100 km away from the epicenter.

Gravity anomaly before the Leshan M5.0 earthquake?

The North-South Seismic Belt was analyzed using gravity observation data from 2011 to 2015, and the nontidal analysis results show that there was a nonlinear gravity change at both the Chengdu and Guza seismostations one month before the Leshan M5.0 earthquake.

Tomographic determination of 3－D crustal structure──Joint inversion of explosion and earthquake data

In this paper, the theory and method, obtaining the tomographic determination of three-dimensional velocity structure of the crust by use of the joint inversion of explosion and earthquake data, are given. The velocity distribution of the crust is regarded as a continuous function of the spatial coordinates without parametrization of the velocity model ahead, so that the inversion solution would not be influenced by different parametrization procedures.The expressions of integration kernels, which relates the two kinds of data sets, are also given. The authors have processed the observed data in Tangshan earthquake region by the method proposed in this paper, and obtained the tomographic results of the middle and upper crust structures in this region. The comparison of these results with the result obtained only by the explosion data, has also been made.

Continuous and comprehensive atmospheric observations in Beijing:a station to understand the complex urban atmospheric environment

Due to profound impact on climate and human health,air quality has attracted attention from all levels of the civil society.The key step in the provision of required tools for the society to tackle the complex air quality problem is to characterize it in a comprehensive manner with a long-term perspective.Here,we describe a continuous and comprehensive observation station and its accompanying state-ofthe-art instrumentation that was established to investigate the complex urban atmospheric environment in a rapidly developing Chinese Megacity.The station,located in downtown Beijing,aims to study air quality by identifying the major atmospheric pollutants and key processes determining their formation and loss mechanisms.A few hundreds of parameters are continuously measured with the state-of-the-art instruments,including trace gas concentrations,aerosol particle size distributions,and mass concentrations,covering aerosol particle chemical composition from molecules to micrometer-sized aerosol particles.This produced long-term,comprehensive big data with around 1�10^(11)bytes per year.In this paper,we provide an overview on the facilities of the station,the instrumentation used,the workflow of continuous observations and examples of results from 2018 to 2019 and a basis for establishing a modern long-term,comprehensive atmospheric urban observation station in other megacities.

Temperature Control System for Cell Continuous Observation under the Microscope

This paper developes a temperature control system in order to carry out a real time and continuous observation on living cells under the microscope.In this system,transparent indium tin oxid(ITO) conductive film was used as a heater,temperature was measured by the temperature dependence of resistance behavior of the ITO film,C8051F340 single-clup was used as the control hardware core,and the modified PID algorithm and pulse width modulation(PWM) were adopted as the key control software programs.The temperature system had a simple structure without added temperature sensor,an uniform temperature distribution within ±1℃ on the ITO film surface and temperature control precision of ±0.2℃ could be obtained.The system could maintain a good growth state for BHK-21 living cell under the microscope for 48 h.