Objective To observe changes of plain MR T1WI signal intensity of dentate nucleus in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients after radiotherapy and multiple times of intravenous injection of gadolinium-based contrast agent(...Objective To observe changes of plain MR T1WI signal intensity of dentate nucleus in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients after radiotherapy and multiple times of intravenous injection of gadolinium-based contrast agent(GBCA).Methods Fifty patients with pathologically confirmed nasopharyngeal carcinoma and received intensity-modulated radiotherapy were retrospectively enrolled as the nasopharyngeal carcinoma group,and 50 patients with other malignant tumors and without history of brain radiotherapy were retrospectively enrolled as the control group.All patients received yearly GBCA enhanced MR examinations for the nasopharynx or the head.T1WI signal intensities of the dentate nucleus and the pons on same plane were measured based on images in the year of confirmed diagnosis(recorded as the first year)and in the second to the fifth years.T1WI signal intensity ratio of year i(ranging from 1 to 5)was calculated with values of dentate nucleus divided by values of the pons(ΔSI i),while the percentage of relative changes of year j(ranging from 2 to 5)was calculated withΔSI j compared toΔSI 1(Rchange j).The values of these two parameters were compared,and the correlation ofΔSI and GBCA injection year-time was evaluated within each group.Results No significant difference of gender,age norΔSI 1 was found between groups(all P>0.05).The second to the fifth yearΔSI and Rchange in nasopharyngeal carcinoma group were all higher than those in control group(all P<0.05).Within both groups,ΔSI was positively correlated with GBCA injection year-time(both P<0.05).Conclusion Patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma who underwent radiotherapy and multiple times of intravenous injection of GBCA tended to be found with gradually worsening GBCA deposition in dentate nucleus,for which radiotherapy might be a risk factor.展开更多
Contrast-induced acute kidney injury(CI-AKI)is the third leading cause of acute kidney injury deriving from the intravascular administration of contrast media in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and leading to lo...Contrast-induced acute kidney injury(CI-AKI)is the third leading cause of acute kidney injury deriving from the intravascular administration of contrast media in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and leading to longer in-hospital stay and increased short and long-term mortality.Its pathophysiology,although not well-established,revolves around medullary hypoxia paired with the direct toxicity of the substance to the kidney.Critically ill patients,as well as those with pre-existing renal disease and cardiovascular comorbidities,are more susceptible to CI-AKI.Despite the continuous research in the field of CI-AKI prevention,clinical practice is based mostly on periprocedural hydration.In this review,all the investigated methods of prevention are presented,with an emphasis on the latest evidence regarding the potential of RenalGuard and contrast removal systems for CI-AKI prevention in high-risk individuals.展开更多
Three cases of transient proximal small bowel angioedema induced by intravenous administration of nonionic iodinated contrast media (CM) are presented.Computed tomography (CT) images in the venous phase displayed the ...Three cases of transient proximal small bowel angioedema induced by intravenous administration of nonionic iodinated contrast media (CM) are presented.Computed tomography (CT) images in the venous phase displayed the proximal small bowel with circumferential thickening of the wall including the duodenum and proximal segment of the jejunum.The bowel wall was normal in non-enhanced images,and normal or inconspicuous in arterial phase enhanced images.In one of the three cases,the bowel wall was thickened in venous phase but disappeared in the 40 s delayed phase images.No filling defect was seen in the lumen of the superior mesenteric artery and vein.No peritoneal effusion or mesentery abnormality was found.Each of these patients reported only mild abdominal discomfort and recovered without specific treatment within a short time.Only one patient suffered mild diarrhea after scanning which had resolved by the following day.The transient anaphylactic small bowel angioedema due to intravenous iodinated contrast media was easily diagnosed based on its characteristic CT findings and clinical symptoms.Differential diagnosis may include inflammatory and ischemic bowel disease,as well as neoplasms.A three-phase CT protocol and good under-standing of this disorder are fundamentally important in the diagnosis of this condition.The supposed etiology behind the transient anaphylactic reaction to intravenous administration of iodinated CM in small bowel is similar to other CM-induced hypersensitive immediate reactions.The predilection location of transient anaphylactic bowel angioedema is the small intestine,particularly the proximal segment.A speculated cause may be the richer supply of vessels in the small intestine,ample mucous folds and loose connective tissue in the duodenum and the jejunum.展开更多
AIM: To assess current practice of United Kingdom cardiologists with respect to patients with reported shellfish/iodine allergy, and in particular the use of iodinated contrast for elective coronary angiography.Moreov...AIM: To assess current practice of United Kingdom cardiologists with respect to patients with reported shellfish/iodine allergy, and in particular the use of iodinated contrast for elective coronary angiography.Moreover we have reviewed the current evidence-base and guidelines available in this area.METHODS: A questionnaire survey was send to 500senior United Kingdom cardiologists(almost 50% cardiologists registered with British Cardiovascular Society)using email and first 100 responses used to analyze practise. We involved cardiologists performing coronary angiograms routinely both at secondary and tertiary centres. Three specific questions relating to allergy were asked:(1) History of shellfish/iodine allergy in pre-angiography assessment;(2) Treatments offeredfor shellfish/iodine allergy individuals; and(3) Any specific treatment protocol for shellfish/iodine allergy cases. We aimed to establish routine practice in United Kingdom for patients undergoing elective coronary angiography. We also performed comprehensive PubMed search for the available evidence of relationship between shellfish/iodine allergy and contrast media.RESULTS: A total of 100 responses were received, representing 20% of all United Kingdom cardiologists. Ninety-three replies were received from consultant cardiologists, 4 from non-consultant grades and 3 from cardiology specialist nurses. Amongst the respondents, 66% routinely asked about a previous history of shellfish/iodine allergy. Fifty-six percent would pre-treat these patients with steroids and anti-histamines. The other 44% do nothing, or do nonspecific testing based on their personal experience as following:(1) Skin test with 1 mL of subcutaneous contrast before intravenous contrast;(2) Test dose 2 mL contrast before coronary injection;(3) Close observation for shellfish allergy patients; and(4) Minimal evidence that the steroid and anti-histamine regime is effective but it makes us feel better.CONCLUSION: There is no evidence that allergy to shellfish alters the risk of reaction to intravenous contrast more than any other allergy and asking about such allergies in pre-angiogram assessment will not provide any additional information except propagating the myth.展开更多
DTPA was covalently conjugated to the copolymer of L lysine and L tyrosine, then transchelated with Gd EDTA,the resultant polymer chelates were further reacted with 6 O bromoacetyl D galacto...DTPA was covalently conjugated to the copolymer of L lysine and L tyrosine, then transchelated with Gd EDTA,the resultant polymer chelates were further reacted with 6 O bromoacetyl D galactose or methyl lactobionyloxyacetate to give PLT(Gd DTPA) with galactose moiety as liver targeting group.These macromolecular MRI contrast agents were characterized by means of FT IR, ICP AES, elementary analyses and UV Vis spectrophotometry. Their in vitro relaxivity and liver targeting property in mice were also investigated.展开更多
In the past few years,there have been multiple advances in magnetic resonance (MR) instrumentation,in vivo devices,real-time imaging sequences and interventional procedures with new therapies.More recently,interventio...In the past few years,there have been multiple advances in magnetic resonance (MR) instrumentation,in vivo devices,real-time imaging sequences and interventional procedures with new therapies.More recently,interventionists have started to use minimally invasive image-guided procedures and local therapies,which reduce the pain from conventional surgery and increase drug effectiveness,respectively.Local therapy also reduces the systemic dose and eliminates the toxic side effects of some drugs to other organs.The success of MR-guided procedures depends on visualization of the targets in 3D and precise deployment of ablation catheters,local therapies and devices.MR contrast media provide a wealth of tissue contrast and allows 3D and 4D image acquisitions.After the development of fast imaging sequences,the clinical applications of MR contrast media have been substantially expanded to include pre-during-and post-interventions.Prior to intervention,MR contrast media have the potential to localize and delineate pathologic tissues of vital organs,such as the brain,heart,breast,kidney,prostate,liver and uterus.They also offer other options such as labeling therapeutic agents or cells.During intervention,these agents have the capability to map blood vessels and enhance the contrast between the endovascular guidewire/catheters/devices,blood and tissues as well as direct therapies to the target.Furthermore,labeling therapeutic agents or cells aids in visualizing their delivery sites and tracking their tissue distribution.After intervention,MR contrast media have been used for assessing the efficacy of ablation and therapies.It should be noted that most image-guided procedures are under preclinical research and development.It can be concluded that MR contrast media have great value in preclinical and some clinical interventional procedures.Future applications of MR contrast media in image-guided procedures depend on their safety,tolerability,tissue specificity and effectiveness in demonstrating success of the interventions and therapies.展开更多
This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of oral steroid premedication in terms of adverse reactions to non-ionic contrast media. We investigated the incidence of adverse reactions among patients who unde...This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of oral steroid premedication in terms of adverse reactions to non-ionic contrast media. We investigated the incidence of adverse reactions among patients who underwent contrast-enhanced computed tomography. Patients in the premedication group took 30 mg of prednisolone orally the night before and on the morning of the scheduled computed tomography. Sixty-five patients received the same contrast media. Among them, 56 took prednisolone orally prior to the procedure (premedication without change of contrast media group) and nine without premedication (no premedication and no change of contrast media group). In total, 379 patients received different contrast media. Among them, 340 took prednisolone orally (premedication with change of contrast media group), while 39 did not take the premedication (no premedication with change of contrast media group). The adverse reaction rates in the premedication with change of contrast media and no premedication with change of contrast media groups were 1.8% (6/340 cases) and 2.6% (1/39 cases) (P = 0.54), respectively. The incidence of adverse reaction after the administration of non-ionic iodinated contrast media did not differ significantly based on whether an oral steroid was administered prior to compute tomography. Our evaluation is limited due to the small sample size of the contrast media-changed group. However, even if premedication with steroids is effective, it may only result in an adverse reaction reduction rate of ≤3%.展开更多
AIM： To determine the effects of high osmolarity contrast media （HOCM） and iso-osmolar contrast media （CM） application, with or without pressure, on hepato-pancreato-biliary （HPB） system. METHODS： Sixty rats w...AIM： To determine the effects of high osmolarity contrast media （HOCM） and iso-osmolar contrast media （CM） application, with or without pressure, on hepato-pancreato-biliary （HPB） system. METHODS： Sixty rats were divided into six equal groups as follows： Group i： （0.9% NaCl, control）, Group 2： （diatrizoate meglumine Na, ionic HOCM, Urographin）, Group 3： （iodixanol, iso-osmolar nonionic CM, Visipaque）; each of which was applied without pressure, whereas the animals of the remaining three groups （1p, 2p, 3p） were subjected to the same CM with pressure. We performed a duodenal puncture and introduced a catheter into the ampulla. After the catheterization, 0.2 mL CM or 0.9% NaCI was injected with or without pressure. Blood samples were taken for biochemical evaluations. The histopathological examinations of liver, common bile duct, and pancreas were performed. RESULTS： There were no significant differences between the six groups for blood amylase, alanine aminotransferases, aspartate aminotransferases, bilirubin levels （P 〉 0.05）. Alkaline phosphatase and γ glutamyl transaminase levels were higher （P 〈 0.05） in the Urographin groups （2, 2p） than the Visipaque groups （3, 3p）, or control groups （1, 1p）. Hepatocyte necrosis, portal area inflammation, and Kupffer＇s cell hyperplasia were higher （P 〈 0.05） in the study groups than the control group. However, there were no significant differences （P 〉 0.05） between HOCM （2, 2p） and iso-osmolar CM （3, 3p） groups. Bile duct proliferation and regeneration in the Urographin groups （2, 2p） were significantly higher （P 〈 0.05） than the Visipaque~ groups （3, 3p） or the control groups （1, lp）. Although CM caused minor damage to the pancreas, there were no statistically significant differences （P 〉 0.05） between the groups. Application of the CM with pressure did not cause additional damage to the HPB system. CONCLUSION： Iso-osmolar, non-ionic CM could be more reliable than the ionic HOCM, whereas the application of pressure during the CM application had no effect on the HPB system.展开更多
Iodinated contrast media(ICM)has the potential to cause thyroid dysfunction in some patients.However,it is unclear whether this relationship exists in children.We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis aim to...Iodinated contrast media(ICM)has the potential to cause thyroid dysfunction in some patients.However,it is unclear whether this relationship exists in children.We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis aim to obtain a general overview of the relationship between ICM exposure and the risk of thyroid dysfunction in children.Methods:Computer search of Web of Science,EMbase,PubMed,Cochrane Library,collection of relevant literature on ICM and thyroid dysfunction in children,the search period was from the establishment of the database to July 2021.Meta-analysis was performed using Stata 14.0 software.Results:A total of 8 literatures with 3497 children.The incidence of hypothyroidism in children with ICM exposure was 0.05(95%CI:0.05,0.12),P<0.0001.Subgroup analysis showed that the incidence of hypothyroidism in ICM exposed children in the European region was 0.21(95%CI:0.13,0.30),P<0.0001,a statistically significant difference.Conclusion:The current evidence shows that children exposed to ICM are at risk for hypothyroidism,with a higher risk in neonates,especially children with congenital heart disease.展开更多
文摘Objective To observe changes of plain MR T1WI signal intensity of dentate nucleus in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients after radiotherapy and multiple times of intravenous injection of gadolinium-based contrast agent(GBCA).Methods Fifty patients with pathologically confirmed nasopharyngeal carcinoma and received intensity-modulated radiotherapy were retrospectively enrolled as the nasopharyngeal carcinoma group,and 50 patients with other malignant tumors and without history of brain radiotherapy were retrospectively enrolled as the control group.All patients received yearly GBCA enhanced MR examinations for the nasopharynx or the head.T1WI signal intensities of the dentate nucleus and the pons on same plane were measured based on images in the year of confirmed diagnosis(recorded as the first year)and in the second to the fifth years.T1WI signal intensity ratio of year i(ranging from 1 to 5)was calculated with values of dentate nucleus divided by values of the pons(ΔSI i),while the percentage of relative changes of year j(ranging from 2 to 5)was calculated withΔSI j compared toΔSI 1(Rchange j).The values of these two parameters were compared,and the correlation ofΔSI and GBCA injection year-time was evaluated within each group.Results No significant difference of gender,age norΔSI 1 was found between groups(all P>0.05).The second to the fifth yearΔSI and Rchange in nasopharyngeal carcinoma group were all higher than those in control group(all P<0.05).Within both groups,ΔSI was positively correlated with GBCA injection year-time(both P<0.05).Conclusion Patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma who underwent radiotherapy and multiple times of intravenous injection of GBCA tended to be found with gradually worsening GBCA deposition in dentate nucleus,for which radiotherapy might be a risk factor.
文摘Contrast-induced acute kidney injury(CI-AKI)is the third leading cause of acute kidney injury deriving from the intravascular administration of contrast media in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and leading to longer in-hospital stay and increased short and long-term mortality.Its pathophysiology,although not well-established,revolves around medullary hypoxia paired with the direct toxicity of the substance to the kidney.Critically ill patients,as well as those with pre-existing renal disease and cardiovascular comorbidities,are more susceptible to CI-AKI.Despite the continuous research in the field of CI-AKI prevention,clinical practice is based mostly on periprocedural hydration.In this review,all the investigated methods of prevention are presented,with an emphasis on the latest evidence regarding the potential of RenalGuard and contrast removal systems for CI-AKI prevention in high-risk individuals.
文摘Three cases of transient proximal small bowel angioedema induced by intravenous administration of nonionic iodinated contrast media (CM) are presented.Computed tomography (CT) images in the venous phase displayed the proximal small bowel with circumferential thickening of the wall including the duodenum and proximal segment of the jejunum.The bowel wall was normal in non-enhanced images,and normal or inconspicuous in arterial phase enhanced images.In one of the three cases,the bowel wall was thickened in venous phase but disappeared in the 40 s delayed phase images.No filling defect was seen in the lumen of the superior mesenteric artery and vein.No peritoneal effusion or mesentery abnormality was found.Each of these patients reported only mild abdominal discomfort and recovered without specific treatment within a short time.Only one patient suffered mild diarrhea after scanning which had resolved by the following day.The transient anaphylactic small bowel angioedema due to intravenous iodinated contrast media was easily diagnosed based on its characteristic CT findings and clinical symptoms.Differential diagnosis may include inflammatory and ischemic bowel disease,as well as neoplasms.A three-phase CT protocol and good under-standing of this disorder are fundamentally important in the diagnosis of this condition.The supposed etiology behind the transient anaphylactic reaction to intravenous administration of iodinated CM in small bowel is similar to other CM-induced hypersensitive immediate reactions.The predilection location of transient anaphylactic bowel angioedema is the small intestine,particularly the proximal segment.A speculated cause may be the richer supply of vessels in the small intestine,ample mucous folds and loose connective tissue in the duodenum and the jejunum.
文摘AIM: To assess current practice of United Kingdom cardiologists with respect to patients with reported shellfish/iodine allergy, and in particular the use of iodinated contrast for elective coronary angiography.Moreover we have reviewed the current evidence-base and guidelines available in this area.METHODS: A questionnaire survey was send to 500senior United Kingdom cardiologists(almost 50% cardiologists registered with British Cardiovascular Society)using email and first 100 responses used to analyze practise. We involved cardiologists performing coronary angiograms routinely both at secondary and tertiary centres. Three specific questions relating to allergy were asked:(1) History of shellfish/iodine allergy in pre-angiography assessment;(2) Treatments offeredfor shellfish/iodine allergy individuals; and(3) Any specific treatment protocol for shellfish/iodine allergy cases. We aimed to establish routine practice in United Kingdom for patients undergoing elective coronary angiography. We also performed comprehensive PubMed search for the available evidence of relationship between shellfish/iodine allergy and contrast media.RESULTS: A total of 100 responses were received, representing 20% of all United Kingdom cardiologists. Ninety-three replies were received from consultant cardiologists, 4 from non-consultant grades and 3 from cardiology specialist nurses. Amongst the respondents, 66% routinely asked about a previous history of shellfish/iodine allergy. Fifty-six percent would pre-treat these patients with steroids and anti-histamines. The other 44% do nothing, or do nonspecific testing based on their personal experience as following:(1) Skin test with 1 mL of subcutaneous contrast before intravenous contrast;(2) Test dose 2 mL contrast before coronary injection;(3) Close observation for shellfish allergy patients; and(4) Minimal evidence that the steroid and anti-histamine regime is effective but it makes us feel better.CONCLUSION: There is no evidence that allergy to shellfish alters the risk of reaction to intravenous contrast more than any other allergy and asking about such allergies in pre-angiogram assessment will not provide any additional information except propagating the myth.
文摘DTPA was covalently conjugated to the copolymer of L lysine and L tyrosine, then transchelated with Gd EDTA,the resultant polymer chelates were further reacted with 6 O bromoacetyl D galactose or methyl lactobionyloxyacetate to give PLT(Gd DTPA) with galactose moiety as liver targeting group.These macromolecular MRI contrast agents were characterized by means of FT IR, ICP AES, elementary analyses and UV Vis spectrophotometry. Their in vitro relaxivity and liver targeting property in mice were also investigated.
文摘In the past few years,there have been multiple advances in magnetic resonance (MR) instrumentation,in vivo devices,real-time imaging sequences and interventional procedures with new therapies.More recently,interventionists have started to use minimally invasive image-guided procedures and local therapies,which reduce the pain from conventional surgery and increase drug effectiveness,respectively.Local therapy also reduces the systemic dose and eliminates the toxic side effects of some drugs to other organs.The success of MR-guided procedures depends on visualization of the targets in 3D and precise deployment of ablation catheters,local therapies and devices.MR contrast media provide a wealth of tissue contrast and allows 3D and 4D image acquisitions.After the development of fast imaging sequences,the clinical applications of MR contrast media have been substantially expanded to include pre-during-and post-interventions.Prior to intervention,MR contrast media have the potential to localize and delineate pathologic tissues of vital organs,such as the brain,heart,breast,kidney,prostate,liver and uterus.They also offer other options such as labeling therapeutic agents or cells.During intervention,these agents have the capability to map blood vessels and enhance the contrast between the endovascular guidewire/catheters/devices,blood and tissues as well as direct therapies to the target.Furthermore,labeling therapeutic agents or cells aids in visualizing their delivery sites and tracking their tissue distribution.After intervention,MR contrast media have been used for assessing the efficacy of ablation and therapies.It should be noted that most image-guided procedures are under preclinical research and development.It can be concluded that MR contrast media have great value in preclinical and some clinical interventional procedures.Future applications of MR contrast media in image-guided procedures depend on their safety,tolerability,tissue specificity and effectiveness in demonstrating success of the interventions and therapies.
文摘This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of oral steroid premedication in terms of adverse reactions to non-ionic contrast media. We investigated the incidence of adverse reactions among patients who underwent contrast-enhanced computed tomography. Patients in the premedication group took 30 mg of prednisolone orally the night before and on the morning of the scheduled computed tomography. Sixty-five patients received the same contrast media. Among them, 56 took prednisolone orally prior to the procedure (premedication without change of contrast media group) and nine without premedication (no premedication and no change of contrast media group). In total, 379 patients received different contrast media. Among them, 340 took prednisolone orally (premedication with change of contrast media group), while 39 did not take the premedication (no premedication with change of contrast media group). The adverse reaction rates in the premedication with change of contrast media and no premedication with change of contrast media groups were 1.8% (6/340 cases) and 2.6% (1/39 cases) (P = 0.54), respectively. The incidence of adverse reaction after the administration of non-ionic iodinated contrast media did not differ significantly based on whether an oral steroid was administered prior to compute tomography. Our evaluation is limited due to the small sample size of the contrast media-changed group. However, even if premedication with steroids is effective, it may only result in an adverse reaction reduction rate of ≤3%.
文摘AIM： To determine the effects of high osmolarity contrast media （HOCM） and iso-osmolar contrast media （CM） application, with or without pressure, on hepato-pancreato-biliary （HPB） system. METHODS： Sixty rats were divided into six equal groups as follows： Group i： （0.9% NaCl, control）, Group 2： （diatrizoate meglumine Na, ionic HOCM, Urographin）, Group 3： （iodixanol, iso-osmolar nonionic CM, Visipaque）; each of which was applied without pressure, whereas the animals of the remaining three groups （1p, 2p, 3p） were subjected to the same CM with pressure. We performed a duodenal puncture and introduced a catheter into the ampulla. After the catheterization, 0.2 mL CM or 0.9% NaCI was injected with or without pressure. Blood samples were taken for biochemical evaluations. The histopathological examinations of liver, common bile duct, and pancreas were performed. RESULTS： There were no significant differences between the six groups for blood amylase, alanine aminotransferases, aspartate aminotransferases, bilirubin levels （P 〉 0.05）. Alkaline phosphatase and γ glutamyl transaminase levels were higher （P 〈 0.05） in the Urographin groups （2, 2p） than the Visipaque groups （3, 3p）, or control groups （1, 1p）. Hepatocyte necrosis, portal area inflammation, and Kupffer＇s cell hyperplasia were higher （P 〈 0.05） in the study groups than the control group. However, there were no significant differences （P 〉 0.05） between HOCM （2, 2p） and iso-osmolar CM （3, 3p） groups. Bile duct proliferation and regeneration in the Urographin groups （2, 2p） were significantly higher （P 〈 0.05） than the Visipaque~ groups （3, 3p） or the control groups （1, lp）. Although CM caused minor damage to the pancreas, there were no statistically significant differences （P 〉 0.05） between the groups. Application of the CM with pressure did not cause additional damage to the HPB system. CONCLUSION： Iso-osmolar, non-ionic CM could be more reliable than the ionic HOCM, whereas the application of pressure during the CM application had no effect on the HPB system.
基金This study supported by the Chongqing Technology Innovation and Application Development Project(No.cstc2019jscx-msxmX0242)Training program of talent innovation ability of Army Medical Center of PLA,NO.2019CXHLC014。
文摘Iodinated contrast media(ICM)has the potential to cause thyroid dysfunction in some patients.However,it is unclear whether this relationship exists in children.We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis aim to obtain a general overview of the relationship between ICM exposure and the risk of thyroid dysfunction in children.Methods:Computer search of Web of Science,EMbase,PubMed,Cochrane Library,collection of relevant literature on ICM and thyroid dysfunction in children,the search period was from the establishment of the database to July 2021.Meta-analysis was performed using Stata 14.0 software.Results:A total of 8 literatures with 3497 children.The incidence of hypothyroidism in children with ICM exposure was 0.05(95%CI:0.05,0.12),P<0.0001.Subgroup analysis showed that the incidence of hypothyroidism in ICM exposed children in the European region was 0.21(95%CI:0.13,0.30),P<0.0001,a statistically significant difference.Conclusion:The current evidence shows that children exposed to ICM are at risk for hypothyroidism,with a higher risk in neonates,especially children with congenital heart disease.
