Effect of mold and core preheating temperature on corrosion resistance of casting Al-12Si alloy U-shaped cooling channel

Temperature has an important impact on the corrosion resistance of mold with cooling channels prepared by casting method.The effect of preheating temperature of the mold and the carbon fiber core on the roughness and corrosion resistance of U-shaped cooling channels made of Al-12Si alloy was examined in depth.The experimental results suggest that as the preheating temperature increased from 273 K to 573 K,the roughness of the inner wall of the cooling channel reduced from 96.6μm to 77.0μm.When the preheating temperature continued to increase to 723 K,the roughness increased to 85.3μm.The wetting between the Al melt and the carbon fiber will reduce micro bubbles and waves on the channel wall as the preheating temperature rises,thereby reducing the roughness.However,with the further increase of preheating temperature,it will increase the solidification time of the Al melt.At this time,the carbon fiber and Al melt will take more time to react,which increases the roughness of the channel wall to a certain extent.The results of exfoliation corrosion show that the larger roughness will aggravate exfoliation corrosion.The prolongation of high temperature reaction time between the carbon fiber and the Al melt will lead to the segregation of Si,which is easy to cause intergranular corrosion.Therefore,reasonable preheating temperature has an important impact on the roughness and corrosion resistance of U-shaped cooling channels.

Simulation of cooling channel rheocasting process of A356 aluminum alloy using three-phase volume averaging model

The cooling channel process is a rehocasting method by which the prematerial with globular microstructure can be produced to fit the thixocasting process.A three-phase model based on volume averaging approach is proposed to simulate the cooling channel process of A356 Aluminum alloy.The three phases are liquid,solid and air respectively and treated as separated and interacting continua,sharing a single pressure field.The mass,momentum,enthalpy transport equations for each phase are solved.The developed model can predict the evolution of liquid,solid and air fraction as well as the distribution of grain density and grain size.The effect of pouring temperature on the grain density,grain size and solid fraction is analyzed in detail.

Air Cooling of Mini-Channel Heat Sink in Electronic Devices

Heat transfer experiments were conducted to investigate the thermal performance of air cooling through mini-channel heat sink with various configurations. Two types of channels have been used, one has a rectangular cross section area of 5 × 18 mm2 and the other is triangular with dimension of 5 × 9 mm2. Four channels of each configuration have been etched on copper block of 40 mm width,30 mm height, and 200 mm length. The measurements were performed in steady state with air flow rates of 0.002 - 0.005 m3/s, heating powers of 80 - 200 W and channel base temperatures of 48°C, 51°C, 55°C and 60°C. The results showed that the heat transfer to air stream is increased with increasing both of air mass flow rate and channel base temperature. The rectangular channels have better thermal performance than trian- gular ones at the same conditions. Analytical fin approach of 1-D and 2-D model were used to predict the heat transfer rate and outlet air temperature from channels heat sink. Theoretical results have been compared with experimental data. The predicted values for outlet air temperatures using the two models agree well with a deviation less than ±10%. But for the heat transfer data, the deviation is about +30% to –60% for 1-D model, and –5% to –80% for 2-D model. The global Nusselt number of the present experimental data is empirically correlated as with accuracy of ±20% for and compared with other literature correlations.

新型迷你通道-相变热沉实验研究

电子元件的集成化、微型化等特点加剧了芯片的热问题,基于相变材料的被动式冷却技术已无法满足功率波动的高功率电子设备的需求。本文将相变技术与主动冷却技术相结合,提出了一种用于风冷散热的新型迷你通道-相变热沉结构。该结构改善了相变材料导热性能差的问题,也解决了相变材料熔化后泄漏的问题。通过实验测试了不同热流密度、不同风速对其热控性能的影响,总结了热沉的蓄放热特性,并与未填充相变材料热沉的热控性能进行了对比。实验中热流密度变化范围为1.81~3.47 W/cm^(2),风速变化范围为0~4 m/s。研究表明:热流密度的增大和风速的降低均会导致热沉温控时间的缩短。2 m/s风速足以满足热流密度小于2.91 W/cm^(2)的芯片散热需求,4 m/s风速可以在热流密度为3.47 W/cm^(2)的情况下将热沉底面温度维持在70℃。与未填充相变材料热沉相比,本研究提出的热沉可以起到延长温控时长,降低稳态温度的作用。此外,风扇的开启可以有效缩短热沉的冷却时间,对于间歇性工作的电子设备具有重要的应用意义。研究结果可为迷你通道-相变热沉在实践中的应用提供参考依据。

液态金属冷却快堆子通道分析软件SACOS-LMR研发与工程应用

子通道分析方法是反应堆堆芯设计和热工水力分析的重要手段之一,对于我国提出的压水堆-快堆-聚变堆三步走核能发展战略,开发适用于液态金属冷却快堆热工安全分析的子通道分析程序具有重要意义。本文基于西安交通大学热工水力研究室自主开发的压水堆子通道程序SACOS,通过添加液态金属快堆特有的模型,如绕丝模型、盒间流模型、液态金属对流换热模型等,扩展至适用于液态金属快堆的子通道分析程序SACOS-LMR,该程序具备对液态金属快堆组件开展稳态和瞬态热工水力分析的功能。结合卡尔斯鲁厄开展的37棒钠冷瞬态实验,完成了SACOS-LMR程序的瞬态功能验证。基于验证后的SACOS-LMR程序,对欧洲铅冷快堆(ALFRED)堆芯开展了稳态工况和瞬态事故工况下的热工安全特性分析,计算结果合理,且与同类程序保持一致,表明SACOS-LMR程序可用于液态金属快堆的堆芯设计和热工水力分析研究。

Thermoelastic stress analysis of multilayered films in a micro-thermoelectric cooling device

This paper presents an analytical solution for the thermoelastic stress in a typical in-plane＇s thin-film micro- thermoelectric cooling device under different operating con- ditions. The distributions of the permissible temperature fields in multilayered thin-films are analytically obtained, and the characteristics, including maximum temperature dif- ference and maximum refrigerating output of the thermo- electric device, are discussed for two operating conditions. Analytical expressions of the thermoelastic stresses in the layered thermoelectric thin-films induced by the tempera- ture difference are formulated based on the theory of mul- tilayer system. The results demonstrate that, the geometric dimension is a significant factor which remarkably affects the thermoelastic stresses. The stress distributions in layers of semiconductor thermoelements, insulating and support- ing membrane show distinctly different features. The present work may profitably guide the optimization design of high- efficiency micro-thermoelectric cooling devices.

Effect of cooling rate on evolution of superconducting phases during decomposition and recrystallization of (Bi,Pb)-2223 core in Ag-sheathed tape

The reformation of (Bi,Pb)-2223 from the liquid or melt is very important for a melting process of (Bi,Pb)-2223 tape. By combination of quenching experiment with X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, the effect of cooling rate on the evolution of three superconducting phases in the (Bi,Pb)-2223 core of Ag-sheathed tape was investigated. The results show that (Bi,Pb)-2223 reformation from the melt seems to experience different routes during slowly cooling at different rates. One is that (Bi,Pb)-2223 phase reformed directly from the melt, and no Bi-2212 participate in this process. The other is that (Bi,Pb)-2223 is converted from the intermediate product, Bi-2212, which formed from the melt during the first cooling stage. Due to the inherent sluggish formation kinetics of (Bi,Pb)-2223 from Bi-2212, only partial (Bi,Pb)-2223 can finally be reformed with the second route.

Flow Field and Temperature Field of Water-Cooling-Type Magnetic Coupling

At present, the water-cooling simulation of the water-cooled magnetic coupler is based on the water-cooled motor and the hydraulic coupler, which cannot accurately characterize the temperature distribution of the rotating watercooled coupling of the coupler. Focusing on rotating water cooling radiating, the present paper proposes simulating the water cooling temperature field as well as the flow field through the method of combining fluid-solid coupled heat transfer and MRF(Multiphase Reference Frame). In addition, taking an 800 kW magnetic coupling as an example, the paper optimizes the shape, number, cooling water inlet speed? and so on? of the cooling channel. Considering factors such as the complete machine’s temperature, and drag torque, it is proved that the cooling e ect is best when there are 36 involute curved channels and when the inlet speed is 3 m/s. Further, through experiments, the actual temperature values at six di erent positions when 50 kW and 70 kW thermal losses di er are measured. The measured values agree with the simulation results, proving the correctness of the proposed method. Further, data have been collected during the entire experimental procedure? and the variation in the coupling’s temperature is analyzed in depth, with the objective of laying a foundation for the estimation of the inner temperature rise as well as for the optimization of the structural design.

Experimental Analysis of A Cooling System for Wind-Driven Generator Stator

A novel cooling system with cooling channels is proposed for the stator of 3MW wind-driven generator.An experimental platform is built to investigate the performance of the cooling system with different loads.At30%,50% or 80% generator loads,the temperatures meet the design requirement.However,it is a little over the requirement at 100%load,duo to experimental errors and some unknown thermal resistances.In the test at 100%load,the developing trends of the parameters of these two generators are similar and only minor differences occurs when they reach steady state our work can be benefit for the design and improvement of MW wind-driven generator cooling solutions.

Numerical Study of High Heat Flux Performances of Flat-Tile Divertor Mock-ups with Hypervapotron Cooling Concept

The hypervapotron（HV）,as an enhanced heat transfer technique,will be used for ITER divertor components in the dome region as well as the enhanced heat flux first wall panels.W-Cu brazing technology has been developed at SWIP（Southwestern Institute of Physics）,and one W/CuCrZr/316 LN component of 450 mm×52 mm×166 mm with HV cooling channels will be fabricated for high heat flux（HHF） tests.Before that a relevant analysis was carried out to optimize the structure of divertor component elements.ANSYS-CFX was used in CFD analysis and ABAQUS was adopted for thermal-mechanical calculations.Commercial code FE-SAFE was adopted to compute the fatigue life of the component.The tile size,thickness of tungsten tiles and the slit width among tungsten tiles were optimized and its HHF performances under International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor（ITER） loading conditions were simulated.One brand new tokamak HL-2M with advanced divertor configuration is under construction in SWIP,where ITER-like flat-tile divertor components are adopted.This optimized design is expected to supply valuable data for HL-2M tokamak.

Effect of Different Shapes of Conformal Cooling Channel on the Parameters of Injection Molding

Cooling system improvement is important in injection molding to get betterquality and productivity. The aim of this paper was to compare the different shapes of theconformal cooling channels (CCC) with constant surface area and CCC with constantvolume in injection molding using Mold-flow Insight 2016 software. Also the CCC resultswere compared with conventional cooling channels. Four different shapes of the CCC suchas circular, elliptical, rectangular and semi-circular were proposed. The locations of thecooling channels were also kept constant. The results in terms of cooling time, cycle timereduction and improvement in quality of the product shows that no significant effect ofCCC’s shapes when surface area of CCC kept constant. On the other hand, the rectangularCCC shows better result as compared to other shapes of CCC when volume of CCC werekept constant.

Controlled Cooling of Hot Rolled Steel Channels by Water Spraying on the Final Cooling Bed

The objective of this research is to design an effective and relatively simple method for controlled cooling of hot rolled steel channels by water spraying on the final cooling bed after continuous cast steel billets passing through reheating furnace and sequential rolls to form channels. The need for this research arose as the channels were being cooled by forced air draft and natural convection which brought the temperature of the channels to about 270°C (518°F) at the shear stand. Steel at this temperature is too hot for convenient handling by the operators. Additional cooling by water spraying would be an acceptable solution but such cooling should be designed to enable an acceptable microstructure to be developed in the channel, as the microstructure of steel is strongly affected by nonequilibrium cooling through the eutectoid range: the mechanical properties of steel are a consequence of the microstructure. The approach followed in this investigation was first to develop a finite element method (FEM) to determine the temperature profiles in the channel subjected to cooling by water spraying and natural convection and arrive at suitable water spray rates to bring the temperature of the channel at the shear stand to levels suitable for convenient handling. PATRAN was used for preprocessing and ABAQUS for processing and post processing. Next, laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the microstructure and hardness of channels at the spray rates found suitable through FEM, to suggest the water spray rate most suitable for providing a temperature convenient for handling and for developing a desirable microstructure.

Preparation of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy semisolid slurry through a water-cooled serpentine pouring channel

The semisolid slurry of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy was prepared through a self-designed water-cooled copper serpentine pouring channel(WSPC) machine. Influences of pouring temperature, the number of turns and the cooling water flow rate on the microstructure of the semisolid Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy slurry were investigated. The results show that the semisolid Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy slurry with satisfactory quality can be generated by the WSPC when the pouring temperature is in the range between 680 ℃ and 700 ℃. At a given pouring temperature, the average grain size of primary α-Al decreases and the shape factor increases with the increase of the number of turns. When the cooling water flow rate is 450 L·h^(-1), the obtained semisolid slurry is optimal. During the preparation of the semisolid Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy slurry with low superheat pouring, the alloy melt has mixed inhibition and convection flow characteristics by "self-stirring". When the alloy melt flows through the serpentine channel, the chilling effect of the inner wall of the channel, the convection and mixed inhibition of the alloy melt greatly promote the heterogeneous nucleation and grain segregation. This effect destroys the dendrite growth mode under traditional solidification conditions, and the primary nuclei gradually evolve into spherical or nearspherical grains.

CO_2-triggered gelation for mobility control and channeling blocking during CO_2 flooding processes

CO2 flooding is regarded as an important method for enhanced oil recovery （EOR） and greenhouse gas control. However, the heterogeneity prevalently dis- tributed in reservoirs inhibits the performance of this technology. The sweep efficiency can be significantly reduced especially in the presence of ＂thief zones＂. Hence, gas channeling blocking and mobility control are important technical issues for the success of CO2 injection. Normally, crosslinked gels have the potential to block gas channels, but the gelation time control poses challenges to this method. In this study, a new method for selectively blocking CO2 channeling is proposed, which is based on a type of CO2-sensitive gel system （modified polyacry- lamide-methenamine-resorcinol gel system） to form gel in situ. A CO2-sensitive gel system is when gelation or solidification will be triggered by CO2 in the reservoir to block gas channels. The CO2-sensitivity of the gel system was demonstrated in parallel bottle tests of gel in N2 and CO2 atmospheres. Sand pack flow experiments were con- ducted to investigate the shutoff capacity of the gel system under different conditions. The injectivity of the gel system was studied via viscosity measurements. The results indi- cate that this gel system was sensitive to CO2 and had good performance of channeling blocking in porous media. Advantageous viscosity-temperature characteristics were achieved in this work. The effectiveness for EOR in heterogeneous formations based on this gel system was demonstrated using displacement tests conducted in double sand packs. The experimental results can provide guideli- nes for the deployment of theCO2-sensitive gel system for field applications.

MIMO Channel Measurement and Characterization at 6.0-6.4 GHz Under Typical Classroom Environment

An extensive 4 x 4 MIMO channel measurement is carried out at 6. 0-6. 4 GHz under a typical classroom environment with channel sounder based on vector network analyzer. Both LOS and NLOS scenarios are considered. The results on path loss, delay spread and spatial correlation are presented. The measurement shows that, for corridor coverage, 2x2 MIMO is more economical than 4x4 MIMO due to high correlation. In order to identify the unique characteristics at the high frequency band, the measured channel parameters at 6. 0-6.4 GHz are compared with those at 2. 45 GHz. The comparison shows that the shortened wavelength of this higher frequency band results in a great difference of channel characteristics. Therefore, our measurement results provide new gnidance for the design and development of the system working on 6. 0-6.4 GHz band.

Cycle Time Reduction in Injection Molding by Using Milled Groove Conformal Cooling

This paper presents simulation study on Milled Grooved conformal cooling channels(MGCCC)in injection molding.MGCCC has a more effective cooling surface area which helps to provide efficient cooling as compared to conventional cooling.A case study of Encloser part is investigated for cycle time reduction and quality improvement.The performance designs of straight drilled are compared with MGCCC by using Autodesk Moldflow Insight(AMI)2016.The results show total 32.1% reduction of cooling time and 9.86% reduction of warpage in case of MGCCC as compared to conventional cooling.

Cognitive amplify-and-forward dual-hop relay networks over α-μ fading channels

This paper provides an analytic performance evaluation of dual-hop cognitive amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying networks over independent nonidentically distributed (i.n.i.d.) fading channels. Two different transmit power constraint strategies at the secondary network are proposed to investigate the performance of the secondary network. In the case of combined power constraint,the maximum tolerable interference power on the primary network and the maximum transmit power at the secondary network are considered. Closed-form lower bound and its asymptotic expression for the outage probability (OP) are achieved. Utilizing the above results,average symbol error probability (ABEP) at high signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) are also derived. In order to further study the performance of dual-hop cognitive AF relaying networks,the Closed-form lower bounds and asymptotic expressions for OP with single power constraint of the tolerable interference on the primary network is also obtained. Both analytical and simulation are employed to validate the accuracy of the theoretical analysis. The results show that the secondary network obtains a better performance when higher power constraint is employed.

Types of voltage-dependent calcium channels involved in high potassium depolarization-induced amylase secretion in the exocrine pancreatic tumour cell line AR4-2J

In the perifused fura-2 loaded exocrine pancreatic acinar cell line AR4-2J pulses of high potassium induced repetitive increases in intracellular calcium. Attached cells when stimulated with high potassium secreted large amount of amylase. High potassium-induced secretion was dependent both on the concentration of potassium and duration of stimulation. High potassium induced increases in intracellular calcium were inhibited by voltage-dependent calcium channel antagonists with an order of potency as follows: nifedipine > ω-agatoxin IVA > ω-conotoxin GVIA. In contrast, the L-type calcium channel antagonist nifedipine almost completely inhibited potassium-induced amylase secretion, whereas the N-type channel antagonist ω-conotoxin GVIA was without effect. The P-type channel antagonist ω-agatoxin IVA had a small inhibitory effect, but this inhibition was not significant at the level of amylase secretion. In conclusion, the AR4-2J cell line possesses different voltage-dependent calcium channels (L, P,N) with the L-type predominantly involved in depolarization induced amylase secretion.

Multi-scale analysis of subgrid stress and energy dissipation in turbulent channel flow

In present study, the subgrid scale （SGS） stress and dissipation for multiscale formulation of large eddy simulation are analyzed using the data of turbulent channel flow at Ret = 180 obtained by direct numerical simulation. It is found that the small scale SGS stress is much smaller than the large scale SGS stress for all the stress components. The dominant contributor to large scale SGS stress is the cross stress between small scale and subgrid scale motions, while the cross stress between large scale and subgrid scale motions make major contributions to small scale SGS stress. The energy transfer from resolved large scales to subgrid scales is mainly caused by SGS Reynolds stress, while that between resolved small scales and subgrid scales are mainly due to the cross stress. The multiscale formulation of SGS models are evaluated a priori, and it is found that the small- small model is superior to other variants in terms of SGS dissipation.

Performance Analysis of Physical Layer Security over α-η-κ-μ Fading Channels

In this paper, we consider the secure data transmission over α-η-κ-μ fading channels, which are recently proposed to encompass nearly all the well-known statistical models adopted in the literature. In particular, we address the secrecy performance in terms of the average secrecy capacity(ASC) and the secrecy outage probability(SOP), for which novel analytical expressions are derived. Simulation results verify the analysis and demonstrate the impact of the physical parameters on the secrecy performance of this new channel fading model.