Pivotal Social Organization:Institutional Logic and Practical Approach

The social organization is the periodic product of the change of social management mode before and after the reform and opening-up. Under the background of governance theory,the status of social organizations must be further enhanced. To realize the modernization of the national governance system, it is necessary to further develop and improve social organizations to meet the needs of The Times when traditional social management changes to modern social governance. The generation of pivotal social organizations should aim at improving the governance of social organizations. The key lies in the implementation of the concept of"separation of politics and society". The construction of pivotal social organization should become the representative of social interests in function,break away from the color of"official office"in main body, and strengthen the cultivation, service and supervision of social organization in behavior.

The Contribution, Experience and Risk Control of Social Organizations’ Participation in Global Human Rights Governance

As the"third sector",social organizations are increasingly involved in human rights affairs in the era of governance through cooperation.They play an important role in the construction of a human rights community with the core of"common human values",and together with the government and other relevant subjects,they become the guarantors of human rights.By sorting out the main contributions of social organizations and successful experiences participating in human rights governance,it can be seen that they timely support relevant policies and laws and the participation through certain modes are successful experiences of social organizations in participating in human rights governance.Under the guarantee of the mechanism of effectiveness and risk control along the whole chain before,during and after the process,these contributions and experience will provide better Chinese experience and Chinese programs to promote global human rights governance and the progress of human rights cause in the world.

Social organization of a flock of Helmeted Guineafowl(Numida meleagris)at the Krugersdorp Game Reserve,South Africa

The social organization of marked Helmeted Guineafowl(Numida meleagris) was studied in the Krugersdorp Game Reserve(Gauteng Province,South Africa) during March 1982 to February 1984.Flock members(7-10 guineafowl) did not associate randomly.Helmeted Guineafowl must live in a sociable flock to survive in the wild.The highest ranking male(male A) formed the pivot of the daily activities of the flock,such as determining foraging direction.High ranking males(males A and B) associated closely to repulse conspecific intruders.Breeding females associated more often with the high ranking males during the breeding season.Although a pecking order was established among males,the frequency of agonistic actions within the flock was very low,which suggests that agonistic interactions are limited to maintain cohesion.Adult females remained between the dominant male and the juveniles to minimize victimization.The second highest ranking male(B) took center stage while the dominant male and his female left temporarily to breed and then the rest of the flock clustered around him to maintain the cohesive nature of the flock.Most adults assisted with the brooding of the chicks of the highest ranking male.Flocking is,among other functions,a predator surveillance strategy that enables the Helmeted Guineafowl to forage under conditions with very limited ground cover and to maximize food finding during winter.

Risk Analysis and its Preventive Mechanism in Government Purchasing Elderly Home -Based Service from NGOs： A Theoretical Framework

Outsourcing elderly home-based service reduces risk, improves service quality and efficiency while there are risks mainly for demand-side risk and supply-side risk. In order to prevent these risks, risk-management framework should be constructed with risk preparedness, risk identification, risk analysis, risk assessment and risk disposal as a whole process. Finally, this paper puts forward some suggestions to strengthen the legal regulation, improve the supervision mechanism, strengthen the purchasing performance evaluation and improve the capability ofnonprofits to delivery the service and so on,

Reflections on the Participation of Social Organizations in the Prevention of COVID-19

Objective To study the problems of Chinese social organizations in participating in the prevention and control of the COVID-19 pandemic so that we can standardize the participation mechanism,improve the collaborative management mechanism,and promote the development of social organizations.Methods Through the analysis of CNKI,news reports,industry conferences and other data,combined with the current situation,the participation of social organizations in public health emergencies were investigated.Results and Conclusion The coordination between government and social organizations is not good.Social organizations in the field of public health are unable to stand out in a timely manner.The public do not have self-management ability.Some of the media spread rumors.Besides,most social organizations are highly dependent on the government and they are ack supervision.Social organizations should be incorporated into the emergency management system and national hub-based social organizations must be established.In addition,supervision should be strengthened to increase the credibility of social organizations.The responsibilities of community and emergency management at the grassroots level should be enhanced.The public opinion response and disposal system should be improved.Lastly,the responsibility of social organizations in the field of public health must be fulfilled.

The Governance Structure and Performance of Agricultural Cooperative Economic Organizations in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

On the basis of questionnaire survey results of 100 agricultural cooperative economic organizations in Three Gorges Reservoir Area,this article uses the structural equation modeling as analysis tool to conduct empirical analysis of the governance structure and performance of agricultural cooperative economic organizations. The results show that the ownership structure has the most critical impact on the performance of cooperative organizations,and the impact coefficient is as high as 0.92; the importance of oversight mechanism is basically equivalent to that of the council structure for cooperative organizations,and the impact coefficient is 0.87 and 0.86,respectively,second only to the ownership structure; the size of members' quit capacity also has a very important impact on the performance of organizations,with impact coefficient of 0.74. Thus,the problems influencing the performance of organizations,in the current governance structure of agricultural cooperative economic organizations in Three Gorges Reservoir Area,are pointed out. Finally,corresponding countermeasures are put forward.

通过扫黑除恶的社会治理——以贯彻落实《反有组织犯罪法》为视角

在黑恶势力及其违法犯罪严重影响基层政权稳定的严峻形势下,党和国家决定开展扫黑除恶专项斗争,经过三年的全面、深入、系统推进,成效显著,赢得全面胜利。扫黑除恶是国家专门力量直接介入基层社会治理的重要体现,但单纯通过刑事司法或综合治理均无法达到深入且快速的良好治理效果。在总体国家安全观的指导下《,反有组织犯罪法》以“四个结合”为治理理念,构建惩防并举、标本兼治的有组织犯罪治理体系。其具体体现了司法治理与综合治理并重,且重点突出、有机衔接的共治路径及其立法思路。其中,司法治理强调宽严相济刑事政策的细化落实及关联治理机制的体系性完备,综合治理则突出群众路线下治本且治标的综合预防体系健全。通过不断完善的法治来推动常态化、高质效的有组织犯罪治理,保障扫黑除恶的法律效果、政治效果与社会效果相统一,有利于促进实现国家治理体系和治理能力现代化。

The role of multilateral organizations and governments in advancing social innovation in health care delivery

Background:Despite great medical advances and scientific progress over the past century,one billion people globally still lack access to basic health care services.In the context of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development social innovation models aim to provide effective solutions that bridge the health care delivery gap,address equity and create social value.This commentary highlights the roles of multilateral organizations and governments in creating an enabling environment where social innovations can more effectively integrate into health systems to maximize their impact on beneficiaries.Main text:The integration of social innovations into health systems is essential to ensure their sustainability and the wide dissemination of their impact.Effective partnerships,strong engagement with and endorsement by governments and communities,regulations,trust and sometimes willingness are key factors to enhance system integration,replication and dissemination of the models.Three examples of social innovations selected by the Social Innovation in Health Initiative illustrate the importance of engaging with governments and communities in order to link,integrate and synergize their efforts.Key challenges that they encountered,and lessons learnt are highlighted.Multilateral organizations and governments increasingly engage in promoting and supporting the development,testing and dissemination of social innovations to address the health care delivery gap.They play an important role in creating an enabling environment.This includes promoting the concept of social innovation in health care delivery,spreading social innovation approach and lessons learnt,fostering partnerships and leveraging resources,convening communities,health system actors and various stakeholders to work together across disciplines and sectors,and nurturing capacity in countries.Conclusions:Multilateral organizations and local and national governments have a critical role to play in creating an enabling environment where social innovations can flourish.In supporting and disseminating social innovation approach,multilateral organizations and governments have a great opportunity to accelerate Universal Health Coverage and the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals.

Research on Benefit Distribution Mechanism of Farmers’ Specialized Cooperative Economic Organization

On the basis of conducting survey in Jiaonan City,the thesis analyzes benefit distribution mechanism of farmers’ specialized cooperative economic organizations:firstly,the benefit correlation is mainly the contract correlation;secondly,the profit distribution is mainly the dividend;thirdly,patronage refund has many connotations;fourthly,the public accumulation has not yet been quantified to individual;fifthly,the government support capital is ill-defined.Based on these,the measures are put forward in order to improve benefit distribution pattern of farmers’ specialized cooperative economic organizations:firstly,reform structure of property rights and realize farmers’ ownership;secondly,change mode of decision-making,and realize farmers’ control;thirdly,increase turnover rebate and realize farmers’ benefiting;fourthly,quantify public accumulation and government support fund.

Civil Society in Traditional China: Governance and Ownership System——Evidence from Construction and Management of Public Facilities in the Qing Dynasty

This paper focuses on the bridge council and free ferry services as the private organizers of public infrastructure construction in the Qing Dynasty, uncovers the legal entity ownership system and governance model with China's native origin, and reveals the attributes and characteristics of ownership by legal entities in China's traditional era. Bridge councils and free ferry services are non-profit and non-government public-interest institutions, whose members were elected by local communities. These councils were responsible for the fundraising, construction, and long-term maintenance and operation of public facilities and infrastructure at the grassroots level. They adopted open and transparent management procedures and could coordinate cross-jurisdictional affairs and mediate disputes. They possessed independent assets such as lands and fund reserves, and such exclusive legal-entity ownership received protection from the government and under the laws. Such form of legal-entity ownership provided the institutional foundation for the development of clans, temples, charitable groups, academies of classical learning, and various associations and societies. These self-organizing groups demonstrate remarkable mobilization and organizational capabilities and institutional creativity of civil society in traditional China. They served as a link between the government and communities and played a unique and active role in maintaining social order at the grassroots level.

数字赋能社会组织参与社区治理的生成逻辑与实践进路

社会组织是中国社会治理体系和治理能力现代化的有机组成部分,是社区治理的重要主体和推动力量。基于“技术—组织—环境”的TOE分析框架,数字赋能社会组织参与社区治理的生成逻辑主要表现为数字技术双重赋能角色的驱动、社会组织发展束缚破解的推动、国家方针政策引导的拉动,其在实践中主要面临数字阻力、主体约束和结构掣肘等三个层面的现实困境。因此,数字赋能社会组织参与社区治理需要充分考虑数字技术、环境建构与组织形态所形塑的复合情境,从环境、组织、技术多维度建构复合赋能模式。

枢纽型社会组织高质量参与基层治理的影响因素与实现路径

在街镇社区层面,枢纽型社会组织在党和政府与一般性社会组织间扮演着枢纽桥梁角色,为增强基层治理效能提供了动力来源与创新载体。借助于上海市25个街镇级社会组织服务中心样本,本文采用模糊集定性比较分析方法,分析了经济发展水平、政府支持力度、社会组织互动、社会关系链接、组织硬件基础和组织软件条件等组合下枢纽型社会组织高质量参与基层治理的影响因素和实现路径。研究结果显示:(1)组织硬件基础是枢纽型社会组织高质量参与基层治理的必要条件;(2)枢纽型社会组织高质量参与基层治理具有资源赋能型、社会撬动型、复合推进型、内外协同型四种“殊途同归”的实现路径。本研究丰富了社会组织理论研究,研究结论可为地方因地制宜地推进枢纽型社会组织高质量参与基层治理提供有益的借鉴。

中国式现代化视域下社区治理共同体公共精神的重塑

社区治理共同体的构建,要求以公共精神维系治理主体相互合作、资源共享、相互信任和依赖的关系,公共精神和共同体是一种双向互构的关系。然而,现代社会的个人本位原则削弱了共同体的价值和整体性的公共精神。本文为构建共建共治共享的基层社区治理共同体,通过溯源西方国家文化环境中生长出的公共精神经典理论,从中国传统社会中寻找公共精神的基础根基,分析和重塑符合中国式现代化背景下的契约型公共精神。与此同时,不断重组和演化的新型社区共同体又为公共精神的培育和塑造提供新的载体和空间。

公共体育服务融入基层网格化管理的意义解析与路径探索

网格化管理是基层政府在科层制体系内利用信息技术实现政府管理流程再造的创新性举措,其普及程度与应用范围日益扩大,呈现出向公共服务领域倾斜的趋势。公共体育服务融入基层网格化管理有助于推动公共体育服务管理重心下移,有助于强化公共体育服务供给的多部门协同,有助于改善公共体育服务供需错位问题,有助于促进公共体育服务的“管监评分离”;然而,其实践层面也可能引发公共体育服务管理的形式化问题,呈现公共体育服务管理的新碎片化状态,挤压体育社会组织和市场组织参与公共体育服务供给的空间,弱化社区自治组织在公共体育服务供给上的作用。公共体育服务融入基层网格化管理的路径主要包括将社会体育指导员、体育场地纳入网格化管理的资源库,将全民健身工作领导协调机制嵌入网格化管理的联动中心,将体育社会组织、市场组织吸纳进网格化管理的合作框架,将社区自治与网格化管理有机衔接4个方面。

资源依赖下社会组织参与社区微治理的自主性何以生成?——以上海市Y组织为例

我国社会组织对其他主体尤其是政府主体存在资源依赖,这对其自主性有所限制。已有研究对社会组织自主性的理解和操作化集中于社会组织的财务、人事、组织发展规划等方面,但对其业务活动过程中的自主性讨论较少且与其他方面自主性的区分不够。聚焦Y组织在参与社区微治理过程中的自主性进行研究,发现在面向不同主体时,社会组织谋求自主性的主导逻辑有所不同:因对街道的资源依赖程度较深,Y组织采取“有底线地遵从”策略以管理对街道的资源依赖,并以专业逻辑为主导获得自主性;面对社区相关利益主体时,Y组织采取“操纵式地满足”策略,并以合法性逻辑为主导,拓展其在社区中的自主性。

跨省横向府际应急协同机制的实践样态及制度保障

突破省域边界的突发事件具有复杂性、不确定性与突发性,灾害后果严重。实践中,各省级政府通过签订应急协同协议、新设应急协同组织、开展联席会议与会商应对跨省突发事件,形成了多元化的应急协同机制,契合中国特色应急管理制度的改革方向。但是,相关机制不仅面临合法性质疑,还存在效力薄弱、协同动力不足和未突破区域壁垒的弊病,需要完善相关合法性保障与实效保障。协同机制具备实质合宪性,《中华人民共和国地方各级人民代表大会和地方各级人民政府组织法》赋予其组织法依据,一些仅供协调而未涉及职权调整的协同机制不违反职权法定原则与组织法定原则,具备合法性。然而,应对跨省突发事件需要整合各省政府部门职权以形成区域性应急行政权,该权力源自政府的行政授权,可由《中华人民共和国突发事件应对法》完善相关法律依据。协同机制的实效保障需要多路并进:在协同协议层面,应当进一步提升协议的法律效力与可操作性;在协同组织层面,需要健全应急协同组织及其内部结构;在协同信息层面,完善应急协同信息平台建设有助于收集、共享常态化信息与突发事件预警和处置信息;在协同动力层面,可以通过夯实协同观念基础与信任基础、增加协同净收益和加强中央政府的高位推动增强协同动力。

治在微端:政务新媒体社会治理研究

政务新媒体社会治理是政府及其他多元治理主体基于政务微博、政务微信、政务APP、政务短视频等政务新媒体实施社会生活管理、开展社会公共事务治理的行动与过程,主要应用于回应性、协商性、协同性、发展性四种治理场景,是国家治理体系的重要组成部分。文章基于过程分析的微观视角,从诉求先导、通力合作、价值生成三个维度构建了理解政务新媒体社会治理的基本框架。治理诉求的输入是触发政务新媒体社会治理的基本驱动力,政府及其他相关治理主体基于政务新媒体联结成为行动者网络,积极开展线上、线下多元治理行动并促进主流社会治理理念和价值的生成。在实践中,虽然政务新媒体社会治理亦存在数字形式主义、舆情风险、行动者协调困难等问题,但仍可在发挥各类政务新媒体功能优势、扩大并优化治理行动者网络、扩展治理应用场景、推动政务新媒体社会治理由“应对式”向“智慧治理”转变等方面加以改进。

合作与创新:社会组织可持续发展的根本途径——基于G省J市A协会的个案研究

针对社会组织研究传统范式中过度强调政府与社会、组织与环境之间“二元对立”的倾向,文章以G省J市A协会为个案,试图从合作博弈和创新理论的双重视角,通过对其转型发展过程的系统考察,阐明合作与创新对社会组织可持续发展的深远意义。研究发现,A协会之所以能够从一个“草根组织”成功转型为当地发展势头强劲的志愿服务机构,关键在于它主动选择了合作与创新的行动策略。通过这一典型案例发现,一方面,社会组织的合作行为在中国具有独特的政治优势和文化优势,使之能够被纳入国家治理的总体框架而得以有效地实现;另一方面,社会组织创新在中国具有悠久的历史基础、深厚的文化积淀、迫切的现实需要和强大的实践主体,加之创新内容和形式的多元性特征,使之具备了可持续发展的更大可能性和可行性。因此,坚持合作与创新“两条腿走路”,是社会组织谋求可持续发展的必然选择。

生成治理共同体:公共文化服务的优化路径

深化多元治理促进公共文化场所的保护与发展是公共文化服务高质量发展的重要方向。文章以质性研究方法对四川省文庙、龙神祠公共文化服务展开调查,发现存在因政府单一依赖、分散治理带来的公共文化服务供给不足等状况,提出通过高校领办、政府负责、社会组织参与形成制度化的治理共同体是有效解决途径。为提升公共文化服务质量,三方通过目标整合激发治理动能、责任分配整合治理资源、制度约定规范治理行为,形成目标、行动、利益共同体,激活多元力量的参与效能感,激发场所发展内生动力。这种多元治理模式表明,以协商、信任凝聚多元参与利益,以善治、多元互嵌重塑治理结构,以赋权、赋能和制度保障拓展社会组织参与渠道是优化公共文化服务多元治理的路径。

地方铁路引入社会资本的合作机制研究

地方铁路为地方经济和铁路行业的持续发展发挥了重要作用。随着地方政府铁路事权和支出责任的逐步增强,地方铁路建设发展面临着诸多问题。尤其是在引入社会资本时,地方政府与社会资本之间的责任和风险不能合理配置,这极大影响了地方铁路的健康发展。以罗定铁路为案例,通过分析政府为缓解债务压力引入民营资本,却被民营资本套牢又不得不重回政府主导的建设发展历程,阐明铁路实现可持续发展所要遵循的客观规律,进一步总结罗定铁路引入社会资本过程中的经验教训。认为地方政府应树立“有责政府”主体意识,重视铁路的经济属性、资本属性和风险属性,引入社会资本合作时要加强在市场准入、利益分配、风险分担和激励约束等方面的机制建设。