Analysis of Genetic Diversity of Processing Apple Varieties

Genetic diversity of 18 processing apple varieties and two fresh varieties were evaluated using 12 simple sequence repeats （SSR） primer pairs previously identified in Malus domestica Borkh. A total of 87 alleles in 10 loci were detected using 10 polymorphic SSR markers selected within the range of 5-14 alleles per locus. All the 20 varieties could be distinguished using two primer pairs and they were divided into four groups using cluster analysis. The genetic similarity （GS） of groups analyzed using cluster analysis varied from 0.14 to 0.83. High acid variety Avrolles separated from other varieties with GS less than 0.42. The second group contained Longfeng and Dolgo from Northeast of China, the inherited genes of Chinese crab apple. The five cider varieties with high tannin contents, namely, Dabinette, Frequin rouge, Kermerrien, M.Menard, and D.Coetligne were clustered into the third group. The fourth group was mainly composed of 12 juice and fresh varieties. Principal coordinate analysis （PCO） also divided all the varieties into four groups. Juice and fresh apple varieties, Longfeng and Dolgo were clustered together, respectively, using both the analyses. Both the analyses showed there was much difference between cider and juice varieties, cider and fresh varieties, as well as Chinese crab apple and western European crab apple, whereas juice varieties and fresh varieties had a similar genetic background. The genetic diversity and differentiation could be sufficiently reflected by combining the two analytical methods.

Level of coordinated development in economy and environment

This article chose natural resource model, social resource model and synthetic model as coordinated development models, and proposed an index of coordination degree to measure the level of coordinated development in regional population-resource economy environment(PREE) system. With this index, the authors also studied a city in Liaoning Province, China,and inquired into its coordination level of the regional PREE system, and pointed out its way to realize coordinated development.

A Novel Analysis of Delay and Power Consumption for Polling Schemes in the IoT

In the Internet of Things（IoT）, various battery-powered wireless devices are connected to collect and exchange data, and typical traffic is periodic and heterogeneous. Polling with power management is a very promising technique that can be used for communication among these devices in the IoT. In this paper, we propose a novel and scalable model to study the delay and the power consumption performance for polling schemes with power management under heterogeneous settings（particularly the heterogeneous sleeping interval）. In our model,by introducing the concept of virtual polling interval, we successfully convert the considered energy-efficient polling scheme into an equivalent purely-limited vacation system. Thus, we can easily evaluate the mean and variance of the delay and the power consumption by applying existing queueing formulae, without developing a new theoretical model as required in previous works. Extensive simulations show that our analytical results are very accurate for both homogeneous and heterogeneous settings.

Three-dimensional analysis of relationship between relative orientation and motion modes

Target motion modes have a close relationship with the relative orientation of missile-totarget in three-dimensional highly maneuvering target interception. From the perspective of relationship between the sensor coordinate system and the target body coordinate system, a basic model of sensor is stated and the definition of relative angular velocity between the two coordinate systems is introduced firstly. Then, the three-dimensional analytic expressions of relative angular velocity for different motion modes are derived and simplified by analyzing the influences of target centroid motion, rotation around centroid and relative motion. Finally, the relationships of the relative angular velocity directions and values with motion modes are discussed. Simulation results validate the rationality of the theoretical analysis. It is demonstrated that there are significant differences of the relative orientation in different motion modes which include luxuriant information about motion modes. The conclusions are significant for the research of motion mode identification,maneuver detection, maneuvering target tracking and interception using target signatures.

Ab initio study of vibrational frequencies, force field and normal coordinate analysis of the cis- and trans-isomers of nitrosomethanol

In this paper, the equilibrium geometries of two isomers of the newly found compound ——nitrosomethanol——have been optimized by ab initio SCF MO method with 3-21G basic set by gradient technique. And the second derivatives of potential energy (i. e. the force constant matrix elements) have been calculated analytically. Hence the entire force fields of the two isomers of nitro- somethanol have been obtained theoretically. The theoretical vibrational frequencies and the corres- ponding normal modes were obtained and compared with the experimental values. and the structures of two isomeric forms of nitrosomethanol are established.

Understanding coupled coordination relationships between social and ecological functions of urban green spaces

Urban Green Spaces(UGSs)can provide social and ecological benefits,and the coordination of these two functions will largely advance human-nature harmony in cities.As such,we proposed a comprehensive framework to evaluate UGSs multifunctionality,i.e.the coupling coordination relationship of ecological connectivity and spatial accessibility of UGSs.Wuhan City in Central China was taken as a case study,and multiple ecosystem service values of green space patches and the disordered use of UGSs multifunctionality were explored.The results demonstrated low-level coupling coordination of UGSs multifunctionality in Wuhan.More than 70%of UGSs were imbalanced,27.91%of which featured small sizes,low connectivity and accessibility.We suggest that planners should optimize UGSs arrangement to improve species reachability,especially for species with dispersal distance less than 4 km,and to create 15-minute community life circles for residents at the same time.Our findings are expected to support the promotion of UGSs multifunctionality and the balance of urban development and habitat conservation.

Dynamic transfer and driving mechanisms of the coupling and coordination of agricultural resilience and rural land use efficiency in China

The joint study of agriculture and rural areas is of great significance for safeguarding agricultural development,revitalizing rural areas,and enhancing farmers'well-being.This paper aims to assess the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of the coupling and coordination degree of agricultural resilience and rural land use efficiency and their dynamic transfer law and driving mechanisms,based on panel data of 31 provinces(municipalities and autonomous regions)in China from 2010 to 2020.The results showed:(1)Good coupling and coordination of agricultural resilience and rural land use efficiency,with reduced temporal differentiation degrees between regions;(2)Significant spatial autocorrelation between the overall coupling and coordination degrees of agricultural resilience and rural land use efficiency,forming cold spot and hot spot spatial patterns in the western and eastern parts,respectively,with a central transition area;(3)A spillover effect of the dynamic transfer process,with a manifested specific law as"club convergence","Matthew effect",and progressive development characteristics;(4)The key roles of the natural,social,economic,and policy indicators in the coupling and coordination development process of agricultural resilience and rural land use efficiency.However,the selected indicators showed substantial spatial differences in their influences on the coupling and coordination process between provinces.

Binding equilibrium study between Mn( Ⅱ ) and HSA or BSA

The binding of Mn( Ⅱ ) to human serum albumin (HSA) or bovine serum albumin (BSA) has been studied by equilibrium dialysis at physiological pH (7. 43). The Scatchard analysis indicates that there are 1.8 and 1.9 strong binding sites of Mn( Ⅱ ) in HSA and BSA, respectively. The successive stability constants which are reported for the first time are obtained by non-linear least-squares methods fitting Bjerrum formula. For both Mn( Ⅱ )-HSA and Mn( Ⅱ )-BSA systems, the order of magnitude of K1 was found to be 104. The analyses of Hill plots and free energy coupling show that the positive cooperative effect was found in both Mn( Ⅱ )-HSA and Mn( Ⅱ )-BSA systems . The results of Mn ( Ⅱ ) competing with Cu ( Ⅱ ) 、 Zn(Ⅱ)、Cd( Ⅱ) or Ca( Ⅱ ) to bind to HSA or BSA further support the conjecture that there are two strong binding sites of Mn( Ⅱ) in both HSA and BSA. One is most probably located at the tripeptide segment of N- terminal sequence of HSA and BSA molecules involving four groups composed of n

Determination of genetic relationships between evergreen azalea cultivars in China using AFLP markers

Evergreen azaleas are among the most important ornamental shrubs in China.Today,there are probably over 300 cultivars preserved in different nurseries,but with little information available on the cultivar itself or relationships between cultivars.Amplified fragment length polymorphism(AFLP) markers were employed to determine the genetic relationships between evergreen azalea cultivars in China.One hundred and thirty genotypes collected from gardens and nurseries,including cultivars classified in the groups East,West,Hairy,and Summer,unknown cultivars,and close species,were analyzed using three primer pairs.A total of 408 polymorphic fragments were generated by AFLP reactions with an average of 136 fragments per primer pair.The average values of expected heterozygosity and Shannon's information index were 0.3395 and 0.5153,respectively.Genetic similarities were generated based on Dice coefficients,used to construct a neighbor joining tree,and bootstrapped for 100 replicates in Treecon V1.3b.Principal coordinate analysis(PCO) was performed based on Dice distances using NTSYS-pc software.The AFLP technique was useful for analyzing genetic diversity in evergreen azaleas.Cluster analysis revealed that cultivars in the West and Summer groups were quite distinct from other groups in the four-group classification system and that the East and Hairy groups should be redefined.

Microbial characteristics in anaerobic membrane bioreactor treating domestic sewage:Effects of HRT and process performance

Two anaerobic membrane bioreactors(AnMBRs)equipped with different membrane pore size(0.4 or 0.05μm)were operated at 25℃and fed with domestic wastewater.The hydraulic retention time(HRT)of the reactors was shortened.The microbial communities of the two AnMBRs were investigated by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to see the effects of HRT.The predominant Archaea was an aceticlastic methanogen Methanosaeta.The composition of hydrogenotrophic methanogens changed with the HRTs:the population of Methanobacterium was higher for longer HRTs,whereas the population of unclassified Methanoregulaceae was higher for shorter HRTs.The Anaerolineae,Bacteroidia and Clostridia bacteria were dominant in both of the reactors,with a combined relative abundance of over 55%.The relative abundance of Anaerolineae was proportional to the biogas production performance.The change in the population of hydrogenotrophic methanogens or Anaerolineae can be used as an indicator for process monitoring.The sum of the relative abundance of Anaerolineae and Clostridia fluctuated slightly with changes in the HRT in both AnMBRs when the reactor was stably operated.The co-occurrence analysis revealed the relative abundance of the operational taxonomic units belonging to Anaerolineae and Clostridia was functionally equivalent during the treatment of real domestic sewage.A principal coordination analysis revealed that the changes in the microbial community in each reactor were consistent with the change of HRT.In addition,both the HRT and the stability of the process are important factors for maintaining microbial community structures.

Distribution of shrublands in relation to soil and climate in mid-subtropical China

Aims Understanding relationships between vegetation and environments is of importance for ecosystem restoration and management.However,information on how environments influence the floristic patterns of shrublands is lack,especially in the subtropical China.In this study,we explored how environments regulate species composition of shrublands at landscape scale in mid-subtropical China.Methods We investigated species composition and measured the climate and soil environments for 207 shrubland plots in mid-subtropical China(24°39′-30°08′N,108°47′-114°15′E).We applied a hierarchical cluster analysis and indicator species analysis based on the Bray-Curtis similarity index to identify the main shrubland types and employed principal coordinate analysis(PCoA)to explore the relationship between floristic composition and environment.Important Findings We identified four shrubland types occurring in different environmental conditions.Montane shrubland,dominated by species suitable for cool climates(e.g.Rhododendron simsii),were distributed in steep areas at comparatively high altitudes;foothill shrubland,dominated by mesophilous species(e.g.Loropetalum chinense),were distributed in low mountains and hills;pioneer shrubland,dominated by fast grow and short-life cycles species(e.g.Rhus chinensis),were distributed at low altitudes with dense population;and finally,limestone shrubland,dominated by calcicole plants(e.g.Coriaria nepalensis),were distributed in the extensive karst areas.Communities occurring in high pH soils were completely separated from those in low pH soils according to the hierarchical cluster analysis.PCoA ordination associated the four types with distinct edaphic and climatic gradients.Soil pH explained 63.3%of variation in PCoA,followed by soil depth and soil bulk density.