Dry Friction and Wear Characteristics of Impregnated Graphite in a Corrosive Environment

Tribological properties of impregnated graphite are greatly influenced by preparation technology and working conditions and it’s highly susceptible to corrosion environmental impacts,but the experimental research about it are few.In this paper,three kinds of impregnated graphite samples are prepared with different degree of graphitization,the tribological properties of these samples in the dry friction environment and in a corrosive environment are analyzed and contrasted.The tribo-test results show that the friction coefficient of samples is reduced and the amount of wear of samples increase when the graphitization degree of samples increases in dry friction condition.While in a corrosive environment（samples are soaked N2O4）,the friction coefficient and amount of wear are changed little if the graphitization degree of samples are low.If the degree of graphitization increase,the friction coefficient and amount of wear of samples increase too,the amount of wear is 2 to 3 times as the samples tested in the non-corrosive environment under pv value of 30MPa？m/s.The impregnated graphite,which friction coefficient is stable and graphitization degree is in mid level,such#2,is more appropriate to have a work in the corrosion conditions.In this paper,preparation and tribological properties especially in corrosive environment of the impregnated graphite is studied,the research conclusion can provide an experimental and theoretical basis for the selection and process improvement of graphite materials,and also provide some important design parameters for contact seal works in a corrosive environment.

Intercalation and Stability of Layered Semiconductive Material in Corrosive Environment

The intercalation of 4-methyl pyridine （4-picoline） into layered semiconductive material （MnPS3） and the stability of the resulting materials in corrosive environments （water, HCI and open atmosphere） were investigated. Powder X-ray diffraction （XRD） indicated that the presence of water and hydrochloric acid greatly influenced the existing form of intercalation and its orientation in the interlayer of the host. Atmospheric environment （open air） affected the guest orientation in the interlayer of the host material. Phase transformation occurred and the material was stable. The intercalated compounds could be indexed in the trigonal unit cell. The XRD patterns exhibited sharp hkl reflections of the intercalated compounds, which formed in water and HCI, confirming that the materials were well crystalline and stable in corrosive environments.

Corrosion Behavior of Ultra-high Strength Steel 300M in Different Simulated Marine Environments

Corrosion behavior of 300M in neutralcorrosion environments containing Na Clsimulated by totalimmersion（TI）,salt spraying（SS）and periodic immersion（PI）,was investigated by surface analysis techniques,corrosion weight-loss method,and electrochemicalmeasurements.In totalimmersion environment,rust on the steelconsisted of a porous outer rust layer with main constituent of γ-Fe OOH,and an inner rust layer of dense Fe_3O_4 film with network broad cracks.In salt spraying environment,outer rust with main composition of γ-Fe OOH/α-Fe OOH/Fe_3O_4 was compact,and inner rust showed dense Fe_3O_4 film.Rust formed by periodic immersion exhibited a compact outer rust layer with constituent of α-Fe OOH/γ-Fe OOH/Fe_3O_4 and an inner rust layer with composition of α-Fe OOH/α-Fe_2O_3;inner rust showed a ultra-dense film adherent to the steel.The corrosion rate showed a rule of vss（salt spraying）〉vti（totalimmersion）〉〉vpi（periodic immersion）in 0-240 h,and vss≈vti？vpiin 240-720 h.The rust formed by periodic immersion was dense and compact,with stable electrochemicalproperties,and had excellent protection on the steel.Humidity and oxygen concentration in allthe environments played major roles in rust formation.

Effect of Thermal Shock Process in Accelerated Environment Spectrum on the Fatigue Life of 7B04-T6 Aluminum Alloy

The effect of thermal shock, in an accelerated-corrosion environment spectrum, on the fatigue and corrosion behavior of 7B04-T6 aluminum alloy, was determined. The environment spectrum consists of two modules, namely： salt-spray corrosion and thermal shock. The effect of thermal shock on the mechanical properties was determined via tensile tests; SEM, DCS, and XRD were used to determine the effect of thermal shock on the corrosion products. In addition, the corrosion resistance of the products was ascertained through electrochemical testing. The results show that the mechanical properties and fatigue life of the aluminum alloy will decline with prolonged thermal shock time. The thermal shock process may result in denser surface corrosion products than those formed on the no thermal shock specimens, and transformation of some Al（OH）_3 into Al OOH. Al OOH may have resulted in improved corrosion resistance and hence a lower decrease in the fatigue life after corrosion, compared with that of the no thermal shock specimen. Repeated corrosion/thermal shock may have delayed further decease in the fatigue life. Therefore, selection of an appropriate equivalent thermal shock temperature and time was essential for designing the environmental spectrum.

Effects of inorganic ions,organic particles,blood cells,and cyclic loading on in vitro corrosion of Mg–Al alloys

Recently,magnesium(Mg)alloys have attracted extensive attention as biodegradable implant materials.However,cyclic loading and the corrosive environment of the body are significant challenges for the practical use of alloys,and there are few studies on this topic.In this study,we conducted a four-point bending fatigue test for 86,400 cycles(12 h)in simulated body fluid(SBF),plasma,and whole blood with an AZ series alloy Mg-9Al-0.5Zn-0.27Mn-0.12Ag,to examine the effects of inorganic ions,organic particles,blood cells,and cyclic loading on Mg alloy corrosion.The Mg^(2+)concentration and solution pH were measured before and after experimentation,and the sample surfaces were characterized by 3D digital microscopy,scanning electron microscopy(SEM),energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS),Fourier-transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy,Raman spectroscopy,and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).Our results showed that in the non-loading condition,a porous and weak inorganic product layer(mainly Mg/Ca phosphate and carbonate)formed on the surface of the Mg alloy sample immersed in SBF,which hardly had a protective effect on Mg alloy corrosion.For the samples immersed in plasma,the organic particles promoted the formation of an organic and more compact product layer,which protected the Mg alloy from severe corrosion.For the sample immersed in whole blood,the blood cells affected organic particle deposition on the product layer and thus interfered with the formation of an organic compact product layer,which slightly accelerated the corrosion process.Furthermore,cyclic loading damaged the layer integrity and significantly increased the corrosion rates of all the studied materials compared to the samples not subjected to cyclic loading.Nonetheless,under cyclic loading,blood cells adsorbed on the Mg alloy surfaces,and formed films,which protected the Mg alloy substrate and delayed Mg alloy corrosion.

Stress corrosion cracking behaviour of 7xxx aluminum alloys: A literature review

Stress corrosion cracking （SCC） is degradation of mechanical properties under the combined action of stress and corrosive environment of the susceptible material. Out of eight series of aluminium alloys, 2xxx, 5xxx and 7xxx aluminium alloys are susceptible to SCC. Among them, 7xxx series aluminium alloys have specific application in aerospace, military and structural industries due to superior mechanical properties. In these high strength 7xxx aluminium alloys, SCC plays a vital factor of consideration, as these failures are catastrophic during the service. The understanding of SCC behaviour possesses critical challenge for this alloy. The main aim of this review paper is to understand the effect of constituent alloying elements on the response of microstructural variation in various heat-treated conditions on SCC behavior. Further, review was made for improving the SCC resistance using thermomechanical treatments and by surface modifications of 7xxx alloys. Apart from a brief review on SCC of 7xxx alloys, this paper presents the effect of stress and pre-strain, effect of constituent alloying elements in the alloy, and the effect of environments on SCC behaviour. In addition, the SCC behaviours of weldments, 7xxx metal matrix composites and also laser surface modifications were also reviewed.

Corrosion behavior and characteristics of the product film of API X100 steel in acidic simulated soil solution

The short-term corrosion behavior of API X100 steel in an acidic simulated soil was investigated by electrochemical measurements and soaking experiments,followed by corrosion morphology observations and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses.The results show that X100 steel exhibits an obvious pitting susceptibility in an acidic soil environment.Pits nucleate after approximately 10 h of immersion.Along with the nucleation and growth of the pits,the charge-transfer resistance and open-circuit potential first increase sharply,then decrease slowly,and eventually reach a steady state.The maxima of the charge-transfer resistance and open-circuit potential are attained at approximately 10 h.The evolution of the electrochemical process is confirmed by the analysis of the product film.The product film exhibits a porous and loose structure and could not protect the substrate well.The product film is primarily composed of ferrous carbonate and ferrous hydroxide（Fe（OH）2）.The concentration of Fe（OH）2 in the product film increases from the inside to the outside layer.

Erosion–corrosion behavior of austenitic cast iron in an acidic slurry medium

A series of austenitic cast iron samples with different compositions were cast and a part of nickel in the samples was replaced by manganese for economic reason. Erosion–corrosion tests were conducted under 2wt% sulfuric acid and 15wt% quartz sand. The results show that the matrix of cast irons remains austenite after a portion of nickel is replaced with manganese.（Fe,Cr）3C is a common phase in the cast irons, and nickel is the main alloying element in high-nickel cast iron; whereas,（Fe,Mn）3C is observed with the increased manganese content in low-nickel cast iron. Under erosion–corrosion tests, the weight-loss rates of the cast irons increase with increasing time. Wear plays a more important role than corrosion in determining the weight loss. It is indicated that the processes of weight loss for the cast irons with high and low nickel contents are different. The erosion resistance of the cast iron containing 7.29wt% nickel and 6.94wt% manganese is equivalent to that of the cast iron containing 13.29wt% nickel.

Temperature effect on the corrosion and passivation characterization of Ni_(82.3)Cr_7Fe_3Si_(4.5)B_(3.2) alloy in acidic media

The effects of temperature on corrosion and the electrochemical behavior of Ni82.3Cr7Fe3Si4.5B3.2 glassy alloy in HC1,H2SO4,and H3PO4 acids were studied using AC and DC techniques.Impedance data reveal that the susceptibility to localized corrosion increases with increasing temperature.Potentiodynamic polarization curves reveal that the bulk glassy alloy is spontaneously passivated at all the investigated temperature in H2SO4 and H3PO4 solutions.A localized corrosion effect in HCl solution is clearly observed.The apparent activation energies in the regions of Tafel,active,and passive,as well as the enthalpies and entropies of the dissolution process were determined and discussed.The high apparent activation energy（Ea） value for H3PO4 solution in Tafel region is explained by the low aggressivity of PO4^3- ions.

Stress Corrosion Cracking of High-strength Drill Pipe in Sour Gas Well

In high sour gas reservoir drilling process, it happens occasionally that high-strength drill pipe suffers brittle fracture failure due to stress corrosion cracking, and poses serious hazard to drilling safety. To solve this problem, this paper studied the stress corrosion cracking mechanism and infl uencing factors of highstrength drill pipe in sour environment with hydrogen permeation experiments and tensile tests. We simulated practical conditions in laboratory and evaluated the stress corrosion cracking performance of the high-strength drill pipe under conditions of high stress level. For the problems occurring in use of high-strength drill pipe on site, the paper proposed a technical measure for slower stress corrosion cracking.

In situ IR-RAS investigation of corrosion of tin in air containing H_2O, NO_2 and SO_2 at room temperature

In order to obtain a fundamental understanding of the corrosion behavior oftin in atmosphere, in situ IR-RAS (infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy) measurements wereperformed on tin in humid air containing SO_2 and NO_2 at room temperature. Time-resolved in situ IRspectra in air of 90 percent RH (relative humidity) containing 1 X 10^(-5)-2.2 X 10^(-5) SO_2suggested that the tin oxide layers worked as a protective film and no significant corrosionoccurred. The corrosion products in air of 80 percent-90 percent RH containing 1 X 10^(-5)-2.2 X10^(-5) NO_2 were SnO_2, SnO, nitrate and hyponitrite. The synergistic effect of SO_2 and NO_2 oncorrosion of tin was not observed in air of 90 percent RH containing 0.84 X 10^(-6) SO_2 and 1.8 X10^(-6) NO_2.

Electrochemical Characteristics in Seawater for Cold Thermal Spray-Coated Al-Mg Alloy Layer

For corrosion protection of carbon steel in a marine environment,cold arc thermal spray coating was applied to the surface with Al and Al-Mg alloy wires.The surface hardness of Al and Al-Mg thermal spray coatings increased with Mg content.And the various electrochemical experiments were carried out to evaluate corrosion damage characteristics of the thermal spray coating layers.The Al and Al-Mg thermal spray coating layers presented negative potentials compared to carbon steel in corrosion potential measurements.And an anodic polarization experiment revealed a tendency of activation polarization with no passivation.Furthermore,the corrosion damage of the thermal spray coating layer in galvanostatic experiment was observed mainly at the defect area,and the Al-3Mg thermal spray coating layer presented less surface damages than others.In addition,the Al-3Mg thermal spray coating layer showed the lowest corrosion rate while having a sufficient driving voltage for cathodic corrosion protection.Therefore,it is an optimal thermal spray material for sacrificial anode.