High-resolution microendoscopy for esophageal cancer screening in China: A cost-effectiveness analysis

AIM:To study the cost-effectiveness of high-resolution microendoscopy(HRME)in an esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)screening program in China.METHODS:A decision analytic Markov model of ESCC was developed.Separate model analyses were conducted for cohorts consisting of an averagerisk population or a high-risk population in China.Hypothetical 50-year-old individuals were followed until age 80 or death.We compared three different strategies for both cohorts:(1)no screening;(2)standard endoscopic screening with Lugol’s iodine staining;and(3)endoscopic screening with Lugol’s iodine staining and an HRME.Model parameters were estimated from the literature as well as from GLOBOCAN,the Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide cancer database.Health states in the model included non-neoplasia,mild dysplasia,moderate dysplasia,high-grade dysplasia,intramucosal carcinoma,operable cancer,inoperable cancer,and death.Separate ESCC incidence transition rates were generated for the average-risk and high-risk populations.Costs in Chinese currency were converted to international dollars(I$)and were adjusted to 2012dollars using the Consumer Price Index.RESULTS:The main outcome measurements for this study were quality-adjusted life years(QALYs)and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio(ICER).For the average-risk population,the HRME screening strategy produced 0.043 more QALYs than the no screening strategy at an additional cost of I$646,resulting in an ICER of I$11808 per QALY gained.Standard endoscopic screening was weakly dominated.Among the high-risk population,when the HRME screening strategy was compared with the standard screening strategy,the ICER was I$8173 per QALY.For both the high-risk and average-risk screening populations,the HRME screening strategy appeared to be the most cost-effective strategy,producing ICERs below the willingness-topay threshold,I$23500 per QALY.One-way sensitivity analysis showed that,for the average-risk population,higher specificity of Lugol’s iodine(>40%)and lower specificity of HRME(<70%)could make Lugol’s iodine screening cost-effective.For the high-risk population,the results of the model were not substantially affected by varying the follow-up rate after Lugol’s iodine screening,Lugol’s iodine test characteristics(sensitivity and specificity),or HRME specificity.CONCLUSION:The incorporation of HRME into an ESCC screening program could be cost-effective in China.Larger studies of HRME performance are needed to confirm these findings.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of population-based screening of hepatocellular carcinoma: Comparing ultrasonography with two-stage screening

AIM: To assess the cost-effectiveness of two populationbased hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) screening programs, two-stage biomarker-ultrasound method and mass screening using abdominal ultrasonography(AUS).METHODS: In this study, we applied a Markov decision model with a societal perspective and a lifetime horizon for the general population-based cohorts in an area with high HCC incidence, such as Taiwan. The accuracy of biomarkers and ultrasonography was estimated from published meta-analyses. The costs of surveillance, diagnosis, and treatment were based on a combination of published literature, Medicare payments, and medical expenditure at the National Taiwan University Hospital. The main outcome measure was cost per lifeyear gained with a 3% annual discount rate. RESULTS: The results show that the mass screening using AUS was associated with an incremental costeffectiveness ratio of USD39825 per life-year gained, whereas two-stage screening was associated with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of USD49733 per life-year gained, as compared with no screening. Screening programs with an initial screening age of 50 years old and biennial screening interval were the most cost-effective. These findings were sensitive to the costs of screening tools and the specificity of biomarker screening.CONCLUSION: Mass screening using AUS is more cost effective than two-stage biomarker-ultrasound screening. The most optimal strategy is an initial screening age at 50 years old with a 2-year inter-screening interval.

Cost effectiveness analysis of population-based serology screening and ^(13)C-Urea breath test for Helicobacter pylori to prevent gastric cancer:A markov model

AIM:To compare the costs and effectiveness of no screening and no eradication therapy, the population- based Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) serology screening with eradication therapy and 13C-Urea breath test (UBT) with eradication therapy. METHODS:A Markov model simulation was carried out in all 237 900 Chinese males with age between 35 and 44 from the perspective of the public healthcare provider in Singapore. The main outcome measures were the costs, number of gastric cancer cases prevented, life years saved, and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) gained from screening age to death. The uncertainty surrounding the cost-effectiveness ratio was addressed by one-way sensitivity analyses. RESULTS:Compared to no screening, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was $16 166 per life year saved or $13 571 per QALY gained for the serology screening, and $38 792 per life year saved and $32 525 per QALY gained for the UBT. The ICER was $477 079 per life year saved or $390 337 per QALY gained for the UBT compared to the serology screening. The cost- effectiveness of serology screening over the UBT was robust to most parameters in the model. CONCLUSION:The population-based serologyscreening for H pylori was more cost-effective than the UBT in prevention of gastric cancer in Singapore Chinese males.

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Oral Hypoglycemics for Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus at a Tertiary Care Hospital, Nepal

An observational follow-up study on 63 newly diagnosed Type-Ⅱ diabetic patients was conducted at Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, a tertiary care centre, Kathmandu, Nepal. The aims of the study were to determine demographics, prescribing patterns, drug costs and to analyze the effectiveness of different hypoglycemic therapies. The effectiveness of glucose control was analyzed by Wilcoxon signed rank test. The majority of patients (31%) fell into the age strata of 50-60 years. A total of 63 prescriptions were screened including anti-diabetics drugs and other drugs. The average number of drugs per prescription sheet was 2.72 ± 2.23. Eighty-two percent (82%) of the patients were recommended oral hypoglycemic agents. The prescribing frequency of biguanides was more than sulphonylureas. Biguanides were prescribed more frequently than sulfonylureas. The biguanide monotherapy group (p = 0.001) and the combination of biguanide and sulfonylureas (p = 0.028) were the most effective treatment methods, and the p-value of fasting blood glucose was the lowest at follow-up. Nearly 55% of patients receiving the combination achieved glucose control. In summary, this study reflects the best treatment for patients with diabetes. Future studies of larger patient populations need to evaluate existing treatment models to ensure good practice and quality of care.

Evaluating and Improving the Effectiveness of Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance Programs: A Cost-Benefit Analysis Framework

Motor vehicle inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs are designed to identify high-emitting vehicles and mitigate their impacts on air quality and climate. I/M programs have been traditionally ranked superior among various vehicle emission control measures by the results of cost-benefit analysis, based on the assumption that these programs will achieve the targeted emission reduction outcomes. However, the actual effects of I/M programs may be greatly uncertain and when this uncertainty is taken into account, these programs may become suboptimal. This study develops a new a cost-benefit analysis framework that links various program design consideration, such as program participation rate, identification rate and effective repair rate, to the public health benefits as well as costs of the programs. This framework helps decision makers to investigate minimum implementation requirements that at least ensure the benefits are greater than the costs of implementing the programs in order to improve the overall effectiveness of the I/M programs. To illustrate the applications of the framework, it was applied to a particulate matter oriented I/M program targeting all diesel-fueled vehicles in the city of Bangkok, Thailand, a large metropolitan area that has been suffering from severe ambient PM pollution mainly attributable to its wide use of diesel-fueled vehicles and motorcycles. It was found that the health benefits achieved from the program are sensitive to several key program design elements, including participation rate and problem vehicle identification rate, fraction of effective repairs and illegal operation rate. Other variables, such as the testing cut-points and vehicle population growth rate, only have modest effects on the overall emission reduction and consequent health benefits. Overall, the performance of multiple variables associated with I/M program design needs to be improved simultaneous in order to achieve the targeted benefits of the program.

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Atezolizumab plus Pemetrexed and Platinum in First-Line Treatment of Non-Squamous Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer in China

Objective: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of atezolizumab plus pemetrexed and platinum-based (APP) in the first-line treatment of non-squamous non- small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: A partitioned survival model (PSM) was constructed based on the IMpower132 clinical trial. Total cost, quality- adjusted life years (QALY), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) were the main outputs of the model. Deterministic sensitivity analysis and probabilistic sensitivity analysis were adopted to test the uncertainty of the parameters. Results: The results of the base-case analysis illustrated that compared with PP, the incremental cost of APP was CNY 591040.94, the incremental utility was 0.46 QALY, and the ICER was CNY 1291414.83/QALY. Deterministic sensitivity analysis results illustrated that atezolizumab and other parameters have a greater impact on ICER. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis results show that no matter how each parameter changes, under the willingness to pay threshold of 3-times Chinese per capita GDP, the probability of APP has cost-effectiveness is 0. Conclusion: From the perspective of the Chinese health system, APP is not cost-effective for first-line treatment of non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer without sensitizing EGFR or ALK genetic alterations.

Modeling Anthrax with Optimal Control and Cost Effectiveness Analysis

Anthrax is an infection caused by bacteria and it affects both human and animal populations. The disease can be categorized under zoonotic diseases and humans can contract infections through contact with infected animals, ingest contaminated dairy and animal products. In this paper, we developed a mathematical model for anthrax transmission dynamics in both human and animal populations with optimal control. The qualitative solution of the model behaviour was analyzed by determining Rhv, equilibrium points and sensitivity analysis. A vaccination class was incorporated into the model with waning immunity. Local and global stability of the model’s equilibria was found to be locally asymptotically stable whenever Rhv Rhv. It was revealed that reducing animal and human interaction rate, would decrease Rhv. We extended the model to optimal control in order to find the best control strategy in reducing anthrax infections. It showed that the effective strategy in combating the anthrax epidemics is vaccination of animals and prevention of humans.

Desalination and Alternative Water-Shortage Mitigation Options in Israel: A Comparative Cost Analysis

Costs for seawater desalination have dropped significantly over the past decade due to technological advances. This has increased the attractiveness of desalination to policy-makers as a means to address water supply shortages. Israel, a country that faces chronic water scarcity, is in the process of developing wide-scale desalination capacity that is projected to supply all of the nation's domestic water use within a few years. Two issues are often neglected, however, by policy-makers pursuing desalination. The first is that seawater desalination is associated with a number of external costs, consideration of which may influence the optimal scale and timing of desalination implementation. The second is that alternative measures for managing water scarcity, including conservation techniques, are often more cost-efficient. This study estimates the full cost of desalination in Israel, including externalities, and then compares this to the costs of several alternative options for addressing water scarcity, including both demand management and supply augmentation measures. We find that desalination, despite being the primary policy option pursued by Israel, is among the least cost-efficient of all the alternatives considered, even without taking into account the externalities involved.

A cost-effectiveness study on treatment of duodenal ulcer

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Cost-effectiveness of enhanced liver fibrosis test to assess liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C virus and alcoholic liver disease patients

AIM To assess liver fibrosis(LF) in hepatitis C virus(HCV) and alcoholic liver disease(ALD), estimate health outcomes and costs of new noninvasive testing strategies METHODS A Markov model was developed to simulate LF progression in HCV and ALD for a cohort of 40-yearold men with abnormal levels of transaminases. Three different testing alternatives were studied: a single liver biopsy; annual Enhanced liver fibrosis(ELF?) followed by liver stiffness measurement(LSM) imaging as a confirmation test if the ELF test is positive; and annual ELF test without LSM. The analysis was performed from the perspective of a university hospital in Spain.Clinical data were obtained from published literature. Costs were sourced from administrative databases of the hospital. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed.RESULTS In HCV patients, annual sequential ELF test/LSM and annual ELF test alone prevented respectively 12.9 and 13.3 liver fibrosis-related deaths per 100 persons tested, compared to biopsy. The incremental costeffectiveness ratios(ICERs) were respectively €13400 and €11500 per quality-adjusted life year(QALY). In ALD, fibrosis-related deaths decreased by 11.7 and 22.1 per 100 persons tested respectively with sequential ELF test/LSM and annual ELF test alone. ICERs were €280 and €190 per QALY, respectively.CONCLUSION The use of the ELF test with or without a confirmation LSM are cost-effective options compared to a single liver biopsy for testing liver fibrosis in HCV and ALD patients in Spain.

Cost-Utility Analysis of Liraglutide in Type 2 Diabetes Patients in China after Chinese Reformation of Medical Care System

Objectives: The cost-utility analysis of Liraglutide is aimed at evaluating whether Liraglutide is cost-effective or not after Chinese reformation on medical insurance. The analysis is based on the results of clinical trial conducted in Asia. Methods: We applied a Markov model to estimate the quality-adjusted life years, medical cost and incidence of diabetes-related complications for patients receiving the Liraglutide as an add-on to the metformin treatment. Baseline characteristics were taken from a China’s study while the treatment effect is from an Asian study. The related medical cost and utility score were obtained from a local study in China. Having set 30 years’ simulations, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was calculated comparing with glimepiride treatment. The ratio would be compared with the willingness to pay for a quality-adjusted-life-year (QALY) which is three times of the GDP per capita in Beijing. Sensitivity analysis was also performed. Result: During a period of 30 years, the base-case analysis which takes discount rate at 3% shows that Liraglutide 1.8 mg results in an average incremental cost of CNY 82,671.49, an improvement in 0.12 QALYs and a reduction of incidence of diabetes-related complications comparing to glimepiride. The associated incremental cost-effectiveness ratio is CNY 688,929.08. Conclusion: Long-term project shows that taking Liraglutide as an add-on to the metformin treatment will lead to increasing quality-adjusted life years and reduction of incidence of diabetes-related complications. When the price of Liraglutide is reduced by 43 percent in China’s yuan, Liraglutide will be cost-effective in China from the healthcare system perspective taking three times of GDP per capita as our WTP threshold.

恩扎卢胺治疗转移性前列腺癌的成本-效果分析

目的从我国医疗卫生角度出发,评价恩扎卢胺在转移性前列腺癌治疗中的成本-效果。方法基于已发表的Ⅲ期临床随机对照试验(ENZAMET研究),将转移性前列腺癌的的疾病发展过程分为无进展生存期、进展生存及死亡三种状态,模型周期定义为28 d,研究时限为终生,建立Markov模型,评价恩扎卢胺与标准抗雄激素药物治疗转移性前列腺癌的成本-效果,以3倍我国2022年人均国内生产总值作为意愿支付(WTP)阈值,通过敏感性分析验证模型分析结果的稳健性。结果与标准抗雄激素治疗相比,恩扎卢胺增量效果为0.92质量调整生命年(QALYs),增量成本为311863.30元,增量成本-效果比(ICER)为338981.85元/QALY,高于WTP阈值(257094元/QALY)。单因素敏感性分析结果显示,恩扎卢胺组总成本、疾病无进展期效用值、疾病进展期状态恩扎卢胺组的成本、恩扎卢胺单价对于模型结果影响较大。概率敏感性分析结果提示,在WTP阈值范围内,恩扎卢胺治疗方案不具有经济性。结论与标准抗雄激素药物相比,恩扎卢胺治疗转移性前列腺癌不具有成本-效果优势。

Analysis of a Community-based Intervention to Reduce Heat-related Illness during Heat Waves in Licheng,China:a Quasi-experimental Study

Objective To reduce health-related threats of heat waves, interventions have been implemented in many parts of the world. However, there is a lack of higher-level evidence concerning the intervention efficacy. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of an intervention to reduce the number of heat-related illnesses. Methods A quasi-experimental design was employed by two cross-sectional surveys in the year 2024 and 2015, including 2,240 participants and 2,356 participants, respectively. Each survey was designed to include one control group and one intervention group, which conducted in Licheng, China. A representative sample was selected using a multistage sampling method. Data, collected from questionnaires about heat waves in 2014 and 2015, were analyzed using a difference-in-difference analysis and cost effectiveness analysis. Outcomes included changes in the prevalence of heat-related illnesses and cost-effectiveness variables. Results Relative to the control participants, the prevalence of heat-related illness in the intervention participants decreased to a greater extent in rural areas than in urban areas （OR=0.495 vs. OR=2.282）. Moreover, the cost-effectiveness ratio in the intervention group was tess than that in the control group （usS25.06 vs. us$25.69 per participant）. Furthermore, to avoid one additional patient, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio showed that an additional USS14.47 would be needed for the intervention compared to when no intervention was applied. Conclusion The intervention program may be considered a worthwhile investment for rural areas that are more likely to experience heat waves. Meanwhile, corresponding improving measures should be presented towards urban areas. Future research should examine whether the intervention strategies could be spread out in other domestic or international regions where heat waves are usually experienced.

日本成本-效用评估制度对我国医保目录药品准入定价的启示

日本于2019年开始正式对药品施行成本-效用评估政策,实现了不同品种的价格定量化调整。在评估品种上,日本采用分级分类手段遴选预计年销售额较大的品种,并根据预先设定的增量成本-效果比(ICER)阈值对现有价格构成中的溢价部分和利润部分进行调整,从而解决了由主观差异导致的调整标准和幅度不一致的问题;同时,该政策对部分药品进行了特殊考量,给予评估豁免或提高ICER阈值的激励措施。在价格调整机制上,日本针对药品价格加算部分和营业利润部分,结合阶梯式ICER阈值和量化公式,构建了有升有降的价格调整机制。我国在医保目录准入环节,仍存在部分药品价格形成的量化机制不够明确、价格修正措施不完善、沟通环节滞后等问题。建议我国可在医保准入阶段提高特殊人群用药的ICER阈值,量化调增、调减的标准和幅度,对提交高质量疗效证据的企业给予价格激励,前置企业沟通环节,就降价幅度过大的准入品种探索建立价格兜底机制,以进一步提升我国医保目录准入过程中药品定价的科学性和公平性。

替雷利珠单抗联合化疗一线治疗局部晚期不可切除或转移性胃或胃食管结合部腺癌的成本-效果分析

目的评价替雷利珠单抗联合化疗一线治疗局部晚期不可切除或转移性胃或胃食管结合部腺癌的经济性。方法从我国卫生体系角度出发,利用RATIONALE-305试验和相关文献数据建立分区生存模型,循环周期为3周,模拟时限为10年,贴现率为5%。以质量调整生命年(QALYs)为健康产出指标,评价替雷利珠单抗联合化疗对比安慰剂联合化疗一线治疗局部晚期不可切除或转移性胃或胃食管结合部腺癌的经济性,并进行单因素敏感性分析和概率敏感性分析。结果基础分析结果显示,与安慰剂联合化疗相比,替雷利珠单抗联合化疗方案可使患者多获得0.268QALYs,但治疗成本会增加70404.81元,增量成本-效果比(ICER)为262431.62元/QALY,低于3倍2023年我国人均国内生产总值(GDP)的意愿支付阈值(268074元/QALY)。单因素敏感性分析结果显示,无进展生存效用值和替雷利珠单抗药品成本对ICER值的影响较大。概率敏感性分析结果显示,当WTP阈值为3倍2023年我国人均GDP时,替雷利珠单抗具有经济性的概率为53.3%。结论当WTP阈值为3倍2023年我国人均GDP时,与安慰剂联合化疗方案相比,替雷利珠单抗联合化疗一线治疗局部晚期不可切除或转移性胃或胃食管结合部腺癌具有经济性。

斯鲁利单抗联合化疗一线治疗食管鳞状细胞癌的 成本-效果分析

目的ASTRUM-007的结果揭示了程序性死亡配体1(PD-L1)阳性食管鳞状细胞癌(ESCC)患者的临床获益,该研究旨在从中国卫生系统的角度,分析斯鲁利单抗联合化疗一线治疗PD-L1阳性ESCC的经济性。方法建立包括无进展生存(PFS)、疾病进展(PD)和死亡(D)的三状态分区生存模型,评估斯鲁利单抗联合化疗作为PD-L1阳性的晚期ESCC一线治疗方案的经济性。模型周期为2周,研究时限为终生,贴现率设置为5%。模型输出的主要结果包括总成本、质量调整生命年(QALY)和增量成本效果比(ICER)。采用单因素敏感性分析、概率敏感性分析(PSA)和情境分析来评估模型重要参数的改变对结果的影响。结果基础分析结果显示,斯鲁利单抗联合化疗方案的增量效果和增量成本分别为1.281 QALYs和266573.26元,ICER每QALY为208166.24元;单因素敏感性分析表明斯鲁利单抗的价格对ICER的影响最为敏感;PSA表明当意愿支付(WTP)阈值为3倍2022年人均国内生产总值(GDP)时,斯鲁利单抗联合化疗方案较安慰剂联合化疗方案具有显著的经济性;该研究对ASTRUM-007研究中亚组人群和斯鲁利单抗的慈善药物捐赠计划进行情境分析:在PD-L11≤综合阳性评分(CPS)<10的患者中,ICER每QALY为205056.83元;在PD-L1 CPS≥10患者中,ICER每QALY为218022.59元,ICER均值低于我国3倍人均GDP;在斯鲁利单抗患者援助计划的价格优惠下,总人群的ICER每QALY为59046.65元,PD-L11≤CPS<10的人群ICER每QALY为68294.42元,PD-L1 CPS≥10的人群ICER每QALY为44744.02元,ICER值均低于我国1倍人均GDP。结论斯鲁利单抗联合化疗比安慰剂联合化疗方案更具有经济性。

伏美替尼对比吉非替尼单药一线治疗表皮生长因子受体突变晚期非小细胞肺癌的成本-效果分析

目的从我国卫生体系角度出发,评价伏美替尼对比吉非替尼单药一线治疗表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)突变阳性晚期非小细胞肺癌的成本效用。方法基于Ⅲ期临床试验FURLONG研究,构建三状态的分区生存模型,并结合治疗成本、效用值、不良反应发生率、贴现率等参数,模拟得到总的增量成本效用比值(ICER),将ICER值与意愿支付值(WTP)进行比较,从而判断伏美替尼相较于吉非替尼单药一线治疗EGFR突变阳性晚期非小细胞肺癌的经济性。结果基础分析结果显示,伏美替尼组比吉非替尼组多支出成本85786元,但多获得了0.62个质量调整生命年(QALY),增量成本效用比值为138306元,小于我国3倍人均国内生产总值(GDP)。单因素敏感性分析显示,最佳支持治疗成本、无进展生存期(PFS)效用值和进展生存期(PD)效用值对ICER结果影响较大。概率敏感性分析结果显示,当WTP为3倍我国人均GDP时,伏美替尼组相比吉非替尼组具有经济性的概率为100.0%。情境分析结果验证了基础分析结果的稳健性。结论在2022年中国3倍人均GDP的意愿支付阈值下,选择伏美替尼单药用于一线治疗EGFR突变阳性晚期非小细胞肺癌相比吉非替尼更具经济性。

Outcomes and Cost Effectiveness of a Respiratory Coordinated Care Program in Patients with Severe or Very Severe COPD

Multidisciplinary community coordinated care programs are widely adopted to optimise care of chronic disease patients, but there is a need for further evaluation in the setting of COPD. This observational study evaluated 147 patients with severe or very severe COPD who were enrolled in a multidisciplinary community respiratory coordinated care program (RCCP) from 2007 to 2012. Comparison was made of hospitalisation rates and length of stay for 12 months prior to joining the program, and the first 12 months after joining the program. This data was used to inform a cost analysis. Enrolment into RCCP halved the annual hospital admission rate from 1.18 to 0.57 admissions per year (relative risk reduction 51.4%, p < 0.001), and annual total length of stay was reduced from 8.06 to 3.59 days per patient per year (p < 0.001). Hospital admissions were reduced from 5.05 days to 2.00 days (p < 0.001). Accounting for the program’s costs, these changes resulted in a $US 906.94 ($AUD 972.80) cost saving per patient per year. A RCCP program can reduce patient hospitalisation and overall costs in the COPD setting.

化疗及化疗联合免疫方案治疗小细胞肺癌的成本-效果分析

目的运用成本-效果分析评价化疗(依托泊苷联合卡铂/顺铂)、化疗联合程序性细胞死亡受体配体1(PD-L1,阿替利珠单抗/度伐利尤单抗)和化疗联合程序性细胞死亡受体1(PD-1,斯鲁利单抗)3种方案治疗小细胞肺癌的经济性。方法回顾性分析山东省立医院2020年1月—2023年4月收治的94例小细胞肺癌患者的病历资料,根据不同治疗方案分为3组,评估3组患者治疗4个周期后的临床疗效,记录不良反应,并进行成本-效果分析。结果3组客观缓解率分别为:化疗组56.25%,化疗联合PD-L1组63.33%,化疗联合PD-1组62.50%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。3组之间白细胞减少、血小板减少、肝功异常不良反应发生情况无显著差异(P>0.05),胃肠道不良反应发生率分别为:化疗组41.66%,化疗联合PD-L1组40.00%,化疗联合PD-1组6.25%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。以客观缓解率为临床疗效指标,3组治疗方案的成本-效果比分别为480.88、2026.80和1001.47;以化疗组为参照,化疗联合PD-L1组和化疗联合PD-1组的增量成本-效果比分别是14309.06和5686.81。敏感度分析与成本-效果分析的结论一致。结论广泛期小细胞肺癌的一线治疗中,单独化疗与联合免疫方案相比,ORR相似,化疗组的成本-效果比最优。

高危Ⅱ期结肠癌不同化疗决策的成本-效用分析

背景结肠癌的发病率及死亡率逐年上升.对于Ⅱ期结肠癌,目前大部分指南仅建议具有高危因素的患者进行化疗.但是治疗决策往往受到资源限制和成本的影响,因此从药物经济学角度评价化疗的受益情况至关重要.目的评估高危Ⅱ期结肠癌患者化疗的成本-效用.方法应用TreeagePro2011软件建立两个马尔科夫(Markov)模型分别代表化疗期和随访期.以质量调整生命年(quality-adjusted life years,QALYs)衡量健康结果,以增量成本-效用比(incremental cost effectiveness ratio,ICER)为治疗策略经济学效益的评价指标并对结果进行敏感性分析.结果通过建立的无病生存期(disease free survival,DFS)曲线进行生存分析,Ⅱ期结肠癌患者可以从化疗中受益(P<0.0001).亚叶酸/5-氟尿嘧啶/奥沙利铂(folinic acid/5-fluorouracil/oxaliplatin,FOLFOX)方案相比观察组的增量成本为27917.36元,增量效用为1.47 QALY,增量成本效用比为18913.88元/QALY.当WTP=216600元时,Monte Carlo模拟分析表明FOLFOX方案相比于观察组具有成本-效用的概率是100%.结论具有高危因素的Ⅱ期结肠癌患者采用FOLFOX方案化疗具有较好的成本-效用.