Evaluation of Medical Cost Lost Due to Smoking in Chinese Cities

Smoking induces substantial diseases burden on both individual and the whole society.To identify the true smoking-attributable economic loss, we introduce medical cost accounting as a means to calculate disease-speciflc medical cost, including inpatient and outpatient cost of those diseases caused by smoking. Medical cost is defined as health fesource consumption in terms of money. Cost is allocated to departrpent and services according to coeffcient of benefit and operation time. The study in 1988 indicates that total smoking-attributable medical cost is 2.32 billion RMB Yuan in China, 1.70 billion RMB Yuan for outpatient, 0.62 billion RMB Yuan for inpatient. If indirect cost is included, the cost will be greater. Chronic obstructive emphysema has the highest proportion (55.41%) in smoking attributable medical cost

An Evaluation on Smoking-induced Health Costs in China (1988-1989)

A study on smoking-attributable health economic costs in China was conducted from 1988-1992, in which three major categories of chronic diseases, diseases of cancer, diseases of circulatory system, and diseases of respiratory system were included. A prevalence-based method which estimated the cumulative effect of cigarette smoking during the past 20-30years was used. The results show that in 1989, the total smoking-attributable economic costs to health sectors in China were about 27.1 billion of Chinese Yuan, including about 7 billion Yuan in direct medical costs and 20 billion Yuan in indirect costs, which include indirect morbidity costs and indirect mortality costs. The relatively low direct costs reflected the low medical costs at hospitals in China at that time. And the high proportion of indirect costs relative to the total costs shows the high potential years of life lost due to clgarette smoking. The results also show the heavier health burden in urban areas than in rural areas, reflecting the worse situation in urban China at nowadays. But if considering that almost 80% of the Chinese are rural farmers with the higher smoking prevalence and relatively shorter history of manufactured cigarette smoking than their urban counterparts,the very frightful situation due to cigarette smoking would be for China in the next century

Understanding Corporate Costs and Sustainability

This material aspires to start to evaluate every sorts of corporate cost form the view of modem corporation. Traditionally, there are material costs together with depreciation, salary cost, personal cost, financial cost, and other cost. For managerial purposes, this paper distinguishes between standard and nonstandard cost. Special attention is devoted to responsibility costs and division of costs. In this modem age, however it is a question whether the understanding of cost should be so narrow and limited to money that a corporation spends during the course of its production, or whether it should include also the constitution of negative externalities--the damages the company causes to the environment. Therefore, the final part of this contribution part deals with function of cost and attempts to provide an evaluation of basic sorts of cost in modem corporation from a broader societal perspective.

The Economic Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Healthcare: A Literature Review

Background: This review delves into the effects of artificial intelligence (AI) on healthcare, which is a crucial aspect considering the increasing costs of healthcare worldwide. While there is potential for AI to enhance healthcare delivery and efficiency, there are still uncertainties surrounding its effectiveness, value, and broader adoption. This comprehensive literature review aims to explore and synthesize existing knowledge on the economic impact of AI in healthcare. The primary objective of this review is to understand the potential cost savings and efficiency improvements associated with the deployment of AI in healthcare settings. By highlighting the economic implications of AI, this review seeks to offer insights into the value proposition of investing in AI technologies for stakeholders such as healthcare providers, payers, and policymakers. Methods: To conduct this review, we conducted a search of literature from 2020 to 2023 across three databases: PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar. We specifically focused on studies that discuss the impacts of AI in healthcare and include cost evaluations, using combinations of keywords related to AI, economics, healthcare, and cost evaluation. The inclusion criteria were studies that conducted some form of economic evaluation related to AI in healthcare settings, while exclusion criteria were studies without a cost evaluation component. Data extraction and quality assessment using the CASP checklist were undertaken on the final set of included studies. Results: After screening studies, we identified 10 out of a total of 28 studies and reports that met our criteria of outlining any form of economic impact and evaluation of AI in healthcare settings. Based on our findings, implementing AI in healthcare could potentially lead to cost savings. Several studies suggest savings ranging from $200 billion to $360 billion in the United States alone. The use of AI in healthcare sectors such as ophthalmology, radiology and disease screening has shown positive economic impacts. Conclusion: While AI has potential for cost savings and efficiency improvements, in healthcare settings, it’s crucial to conduct detailed context specific cost evaluations to optimize the adoption and implementation strategies of AI.

Modeling and optimal control of COVID-19 with comorbidity and three-dose vaccination in Indonesia

This paper presents and examines a COVID-19 model that takes comorbidities and up to three vaccine doses into account.We analyze the stability of the equilibria,examine herd immunity,and conduct a sensitivity analysis validated by data on COVID-19 in Indonesia.The disease-free equilibrium is locally and globally asymptotically stable whenever the basic reproduction number is less than one,while an endemic equilibrium exists and is globally asymptotically stable when the number is greater than one.Subsequently,the model incorporates two effective measures,namely public education and enhanced medical care,to determine the most advantageous approach for mitigating the transmission of the disease.The optimal control model is then determined using Pontryagin’s maximum principle.The integrated control strategy is the best method for reliably safeguarding the general population against COVID-19 infection.Cost evaluations and numerical simulations corroborate this conclusion.

Performance of seven highway construction contracting methods analyzed by project size

The conventional Design-Bid-Build(DBB)construction contracting method has had various drawbacks exposed in highway construction practice, including lack of communication, inefficient design, antagonizing relationships, and increased disputes. To mitigate the negative aspects of DBB, several alternative contracting methods and alternative project delivery systems have been devised and introduced to the industry over the past30 years. Five such innovations were tested by a research team from the University of Florida under the sponsorship of the Florida Department of Transportation(FDOT). To perform a realistic assessment, this study categorized FDOT projects built between 2006 and 2015 into groups according to current contract amounts. Both absolute and relative metrics were defined and employed. For comparison purposes, a collective analysis on all gathered data was performed. Additionally, the influence of outliers on the results was examined. The results showed that analyses based on individual cost categories are more convincing because large projects tend to impose stronger influence on the analyses. In addition, outliers must be identified and screened to reach realistic and reliable conclusions. With regard to the actual performance of the contracting methods, each performs differently within different cost categories.