Competitive analysis of price online inventory problem with cost function

In this paper,a new price is given to the online decision maker at the beginning of each day.The trader must decide how many items to purchase according to the current price.We present three variants and an online algorithm based on cost function.The competitive ratio of the online algorithm is given for each variant,which is a performance measure of an online algorithm.More importantly,we show that the online algorithm is optimal.

Analysis of Cost Functions for Retrieving Sea Surface Salinity

Two kinds of Bayesian-based cost functions (i.e., the unconstrained cost function and parameter-constrained cost function) are investigated for retrieving the sea surface salinity (SSS). In low SSS regions, we have analyzed the sensitivity of the two cost functions to geophysical parameters. The results show that the unconstrained cost function is valid for retrieving several parameters (including SSS, wind speed and significant wave height), and the constrained cost function, which largely depends on the accuracy of reference values, may lead to large retrieval biases. Furthermore, as a retrieval parameter, the sea surface temperature (SST) can re-sult in the divergence of other geophysical parameters in an unconstrained cost function due to the strong sensitivity of brightness temperature to SST. By using the unconstrained cost function and the simulated brightness temperature TB with white noises, the retrieval biases of SSS are discussed with the following two procedures. Procedure a): the simulated TB values are first averaged, and then SSS is retrieved. Procedure b): the SSS is directly retrieved from the simulated TB , and then the retrieved SSS values are aver-aged. The results indicate that, for low SSS and SST distributions, the SSS retrieval by procedure a) has less biases compared with that by procedure b), while the two procedures give almost the same retrieval results for high SSS and SST sea regions.

Multi-objective optimization of rolling schedule based on cost function for tandem cold mill

In terms of tandem cold mill productivity and product quality,a multi-objective optimization model of rolling schedule based on cost function was proposed to determine the stand reductions,inter-stand tensions and rolling speeds for a specified product.The proposed schedule optimization model consists of several single cost functions,which take rolling force,motor power,inter-stand tension and stand reduction into consideration.The cost function,which can evaluate how far the rolling parameters are from the ideal values,was minimized using the Nelder-Mead simplex method.The proposed rolling schedule optimization method has been applied successfully to the 5-stand tandem cold mill in Tangsteel,and the results from a case study show that the proposed method is superior to those based on empirical formulae.

Resource Allocation Using SPA Based on Different Cost Functions in Elastic Optical Networks

Routing, modulation and spectrum allocation in elastic optical networks is a problem aiming at increasing the capacity of the network. Many algorithms such as shortest path algorithm can be used as the routing section of this problem. The efficiency of these algorithms is partly based on how the cost of each link is defined. In this study, we considered several basic metrics in cost of network links and compared their effects on the network capacity. In particular, the static costs and the dynamic costs were evaluated and compared. For dynamic scenarios, compared to static scenarios, at least one additional factor, the usage of the links, was added. We further considered a new factor that is based on probability of accommodating the signal at a given time in any given link. The results show that, among them, the shortest path algorithm provides the least blocking probability when the cost is a combination of link length and the abovementioned possibility/usage of the link.

Cost Effective Operating Strategy for Unit Commitment and Economic Dispatch of Thermal Power Plants with Cubic Cost Functions Using TLBO Algorithm

This paper deals with a Unit Commitment (UC) problem of a power plant aimed to find the optimal scheduling of the generating units involving cubic cost functions. The problem has non convex generator characteristics, which makes it very hard to handle the corresponding mathematical models. However, Teaching Learning Based Optimization (TLBO) has reached a high efficiency, in terms of solution accuracy and computing time for such non convex problems. Hence, TLBO is applied for scheduling of generators with higher order cost characteristics, and turns out to be computationally solvable. In particular, we represent a model that takes into account the accurate higher order generator cost functions along with ramp limits, and turns to be more general and efficient than those available in the literature. The behavior of the model is analyzed through proposed technique on modified IEEE-24 bus system.

Natural Monopoly and Mixed Ownership Reform--Based on Natural Experiment and Cost Function Analysis Method

Despite a multitude of theoretical discussions on China's mixed ownership reform, very few studies have addressed realistic questions concerning the implementation of the reform. The Resolutions of the Third Plenum of the 18 th CPC Central Committee and other reform strategies have outlined the reform of sectors with natural monopoly, including urban public utility sectors. The question is how mixed ownership reform should be carried out in sectors of natural monopoly, or which public utilities sectors should enjoy priority of mixed ownership reform. To answer this question, this paper employs data of large public utility enterprises in China from 1998 to 2008, and estimates the natural monopoly attribute at the industry level and corporate total factor productivity(TFP) using cost function analysis method excluding the impact of product price factor. Based on the difference-indifferences-in-differences(DDD) method of natural experiment, an empirical test is carried out for the relationship among natural monopoly, mixed ownership reform and corporate productivity. Our results suggest that:(1) Statistically, mixed ownership reform cannot significantly increase corporate TFP in sectors with natural monopoly;(2) mixed ownership reform should not be carried out indiscriminately on a nationwide basis and for all public utilities sectors. Such an attempt of reform without distinguishing natural monopoly and the level of competitiveness is fraught with policy uncertainties;(3) relative to sectors with natural monopoly, corporate productivity in competitive sectors after mixed ownership reform will improve more significantly and enjoy greater "policy dividends" of institutional reform. Therefore, mixed ownership reform should be carried out first in competitive sectors.

Composite Cost Function Based Solution to the Unit Commitment Problem

This paper presents a new approach via composite cost function to solve the unit commitment problem. The unit com-mitment problem involves determining the start-up and shut-down schedules for generating units to meet the fore-casted demand at the minimum cost. The commitment schedule must satisfy the other constraints such as the generating limits, spinning reserve, minimum up and down time, ramp level and individual units. The proposed algorithm gives the committed units and economic load dispatch for each specific hour of operation. Numerical simulations were carried out using three cases: four-generator, seven-generator, and ten-generator thermal unit power systems over a 24 h period. The produced schedule was compared with several other methods, such as Dynamic programming, Branch and bound, Ant colony system, and traditional Tabu search. The result demonstrated the accuracy of the proposed method.

Functional Sustainability of a Flight Dynamics Control System for Stable Hovering Flight of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV),such as in Agricultural Applications:Mathematical Modeling and Simulation

The simulation of a control system for the longitudinal axis of the rotary or fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs)is demonstrated in this study.The control unit includes design considerations of two controllers to provide robust stability,tracking of the proposed linear dynamics,an adequate set of proportional-integral-derivative(PID)controller gains,and a minimal cost function.The PID control and linear quadratic regulator(LQR)with or without full-state-observer were evaluated.An optimal control system is assumed to provide fast rise and settling time,minimize overshoot,and eliminate the steady-state error.The effectiveness of this approach was verified by a linear model of the UAV aircraft in the semi-dynamic simulation platform of Matlab/Simulink,in which the open-loop system was assessed in terms of flight robustness and reference tracking.The experimental results show that the proposed controllers effectively improve the configuration of the control system of the plant,maintain the sustainability of the dynamic flight model stability,and diminish the flight controller errors.The LQR provides robust stability,but it is not optimal in the transient phase of particular plant output.The PID control system can adjust the controller’s gains for optimal hovering(or stable slow flight)and is especially useful for the tracking system.Finally,comparing aircraft stability using PID and LQR controllers shows that the latter has less overshoot and a shorter settling time;in addition,all proposed controllers can be practically deployed as one UAV’s system,which can be handled as an exemplary model of the UAV flight management system.

Pancreatic function,quality of life and costs at long-term follow-up after acute pancreatitis

AIM:To evaluate long-term endocrine and exocrine pancreatic function,quality of life and health care costs after mild acute pancreatitis and severe acute pancreatitis(SAP).METHODS:Patients prospectively included in 2001-2005 were followed-up after 42(36-53)mo.Pancreatic function was evaluated with laboratory tests,the oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT),fecal elastase-1 and a questionnaire.Short Form(SF)-36,was completed.RESULTS:Fourteen patients with a history of SAP and 26 with mild acute pancreatitis were included.Plasma glucose after OGTT was higher after SAP(9.2 mmol/L vs 7.0 mmol/L,P=0.044).Diabetes mellitus or impaired glucose tolerance in fasting plasma glucose and/or 120 min plasma glucose were more common in SAP patients(11/14 vs 11/25,P=0.037).Sick leave,time until the patients could take up recreational activities and time until they had recovered were all longer after SAP(P <0.001).No significant differences in SF-36 were seen between the groups,or when comparing with age and gender matched reference groups.Total hospital costs,including primary care,follow-up and treatment of complications,were higher after SAP(median€16572 vs €5000,P<0.001).CONCLUSION:Endocrine pancreatic function was affected,especially after severe disease.SAP requires greater resource use with long recovery,but most patients regained a good quality of life.

基于改进哈里斯鹰算法的无人飞行器路径规划

针对无人飞行器三维路径规划问题,提出一种基于哈里斯鹰优化(Harris hawks optimization,HHO)算法的无人飞行器三维路径规划算法。首先根据路径规划代价指标和无人飞行器自身性能,建立路径规划模型确立代价函数和约束条件。接着针对传统HHO算法的不足,引入非线性能量因子来平衡全局搜索和局部搜索的关系,使算法避免陷入局部最小值;引入混沌映射对HHO算法进行初始化种群并对其进行局部混沌搜索,增强算法种群多样性和搜索能力。最后通过仿真实验证明,改进的哈里斯鹰优化(improvement Harris hawks optimization,IHHO)算法可以有效规划出安全的无人飞行器航线,并且能够跳出局部最小值和具备较优的收敛速度。

基于TOPSIS优化永磁同步电机预测控制成本函数

针对多目标约束条件下,为永磁同步电机预测控制算法成本函数选择适当的权重因子,提出了一种逼近理想解排序法(TOPSIS)优化成本函数的优选顺序方法改进权重因子的选择。首先,采用TOPSIS选择一个最接近理想控制动作的正解和最远离理想控制动作的负解,对成本函数中的控制变量进行优先级排序,以确保在每个采样持续时间内选择最佳控制措施。其次,根据上一时刻的最优控制状态,将预测的下一个切换时刻状态用于成本函数优化,从而减少了预测控制算法的计算持续时间。仿真和实验结果表明:与传统预测控制方法相比,基于TOPSIS的预测控制在具有较小开关频率的稳定操作下降低了电磁转矩和磁链的纹波,并且能够有效抑制电流脉动,降低算法的复杂度和计算量,提高了永磁同步电机控制系统在实际中的运行性能。

基于组合代价函数的智能汽车轨迹规划

针对智能汽车在多车道公路场景行驶中的安全性、舒适性问题,提出一种基于组合代价函数的轨迹规划方法。利用Frenet坐标系分别求解车辆的横向和纵向运动轨迹,通过五次多项式拟合生成候选轨迹集;以危险程度和轨迹偏离程度为基准,以车辆在多车道公路行驶中的安全性、舒适性为目标,设计一种新的代价函数组合,通过求解代价函数从而选择最优轨迹。仿真结果表明:该方法能够使车辆在三车道动态公路场景中实现跟车与变道。

Optimal investment with transaction costs based on exponential utility function:a parabolic double obstacle problem

This paper concerns optimal investment problem with proportional transaction costs and finite time horizon based on exponential utility function. Using a partial differential equation approach, we reveal that the problem is equivalent to a parabolic double obstacle problem involving two free boundaries that correspond to the optimal buying and selling policies. Numerical examples are obtained by the binomial method.

无转速阶次跟踪的滚动轴承故障诊断方法

机械装备轴承运行速度多变导致振动监测信号频谱模糊,一定程度影响了轴承故障诊断的准确性.目前的无转速阶次跟踪技术在转速波动较小且转频谐波不重叠时效果较好,但当轴承转频谐波重叠时则难以进行分析.针对以上问题,提出了一种基于广义解调的无转速阶次跟踪轴承故障诊断方法.首先,采用广义傅里叶变换和改进的基于成本函数脊线提取技术准确提取出轴承的转频谐波分量;同时,采用快速谱峭度算法和带通滤波器对轴承振动信号进行去噪处理;然后,通过角度重采样将去噪后的时域信号转换为角域信号;最后,通过包络谱分析得到轴承的阶次谱信息,从而识别轴承的故障类型.研究结果表明:通过数值模拟信号和实际轴承监测信号验证了提出方法的有效性,通过与传统包络谱方法对比可知,提出的方法可进行无转速信息时的滚动轴承阶次跟踪故障诊断.

育龄夫妻三孩生育意愿分析及对策研究——基于福建龙岩的实地调查

为积极落实三孩生育政策,主动适应人口和计划生育工作转型发展的新要求,调研组基于龙岩市育龄夫妻三孩生育意愿的调查问卷数据及实地调研,得出结论:三孩生育意愿的影响因素主要表现在经济成本、制度保障和生育观念三个方面。为进一步优化生育政策,提高三孩生育政策及配套支持措施的针对性、可操作性,切实减轻群众生育、养育、教育负担,助力生育友好城市建设,建议加强顶层设计提供政策支持,着力提升系统保障功能,多管齐下降低家庭养育成本,营造良好的生育氛围。

基于战术意图欺骗的无人舰艇航路规划算法

随着海战场的智能化,无人舰艇的航路意图欺骗性对作战至关重要。针对传统航路规划算法对航路意图欺骗性的考虑缺失,提出一种作战空间欺骗性能的离散表征方法,以及一种基于PID代价的DTI-A*欺骗航路规划算法。经仿真实验结果表明,该算法可以显著提高所规划航路的欺骗性,极大程度地阻碍敌方对我方战术意图的识别,大幅提升作战任务的成功率。

沿海区域综合能源生产单元随机优化调度

为实现沿海区域的海上风电场、海上采气平台和陆上热电联供燃气电厂等多种能源生产子单元的协同化运行,考虑可再生能源出力和氢负荷的随机波动,提出沿海区域综合能源生产单元(coastal integrated energy production units,CIEPU)随机优化调度模型。采用参数化代价函数近似(parametric cost function approximation,PCFA)的动态规划算法求解随机优化调度模型。通过一种基于梯度下降的求解方法--Adadelta法,获得策略函数的一阶信息,并计算梯度平方的指数衰减平均值,以更新策略函数的迭代步长;对随机优化调度模型进行策略参数逼近,从而得到近似最优的策略参数,并逐一时段求解出CIEPU的最优调度计划。最后,以某个CIEPU为例,分析计算结果表明,所提出方法获得的优化调度方案可以提高CIEPU运行的经济性并降低碳排放量,验证了所提方法的准确性和高效性。