The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between standard costing and cost control in Nigerian oil and gas industry. This was achieved through a review of extant literature and development of hypo...The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between standard costing and cost control in Nigerian oil and gas industry. This was achieved through a review of extant literature and development of hypotheses. The population for the study consisted of petroleum marketing companies listed in the Nigerian Stock Exchange Factbook of 2012. In order to generate the necessary data for this study, both primary and secondary methods of data collection were adopted. The primary data were collected through the administration of a questionnaire designed in a 5-point Likert scale, while the secondary data were sourced from the Nigerian Stock Exchange Factbook of 2011. The findings generated in this study revealed that a significant relationship exists between standard costing and cost control. It was observed that the more a firm practices standard costing, the more efficient is the firm in material, labor, and overhead costs. Based on the above findings, we recommended that oil and gas finns in Nigeria should adopt and apply standard costing in their accounting system so as to ensure the efficient use of resources for an effective control of costs.展开更多
There are numerous studies comparing different kinds of environmental taxes and standards.However,forms of environmental standards focused by former researchers are usually quantitybased limits/standards(e.g.pounds pe...There are numerous studies comparing different kinds of environmental taxes and standards.However,forms of environmental standards focused by former researchers are usually quantitybased limits/standards(e.g.pounds per day or pounds per unit of output).Concentration-based emission standard(e.g.milligrams per liter of wastewater) as one important form of environmental standard has not been given much attention.In this article,comparable estimates of their probable effect on enterprise pollution reduction will be developed for concentrationbased effluent standards,effluent taxes,and a combination of both.A linear simulation model is used to clearly and obviously compare the effects of effluent taxes and concentration-based standards within the same figure.With one detailed application to the paper industry,some enlightenment and conclusions-as well as the general applicability of these principles-are then provided:Under the same effluent tax rate,enterprises,groups,and industries that are cleaner will reduce more pollutants than those that have higher pollutant abatement costs.It is recommended that effluent taxes are set by avoiding cutting it even at one stroke and considering the feasibility of pollution-reducing technology in various industries.It is necessary to reduce MAC of enterprises to better stimulate enterprises' or industries' emission reduction by preferential measures,such as high tax rate coordinated by speeding up the depreciation of environmental protection equipment.展开更多
文摘The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between standard costing and cost control in Nigerian oil and gas industry. This was achieved through a review of extant literature and development of hypotheses. The population for the study consisted of petroleum marketing companies listed in the Nigerian Stock Exchange Factbook of 2012. In order to generate the necessary data for this study, both primary and secondary methods of data collection were adopted. The primary data were collected through the administration of a questionnaire designed in a 5-point Likert scale, while the secondary data were sourced from the Nigerian Stock Exchange Factbook of 2011. The findings generated in this study revealed that a significant relationship exists between standard costing and cost control. It was observed that the more a firm practices standard costing, the more efficient is the firm in material, labor, and overhead costs. Based on the above findings, we recommended that oil and gas finns in Nigeria should adopt and apply standard costing in their accounting system so as to ensure the efficient use of resources for an effective control of costs.
基金supported by Beijing Natural Science Foundation(9154036)"Water Pollution Control Strategy and Decision Support Platform"[grant No.2009ZX07631-02-03]"Water Pollution Accident Damage Assessment Technology Research[grant No.201309060]"
文摘There are numerous studies comparing different kinds of environmental taxes and standards.However,forms of environmental standards focused by former researchers are usually quantitybased limits/standards(e.g.pounds per day or pounds per unit of output).Concentration-based emission standard(e.g.milligrams per liter of wastewater) as one important form of environmental standard has not been given much attention.In this article,comparable estimates of their probable effect on enterprise pollution reduction will be developed for concentrationbased effluent standards,effluent taxes,and a combination of both.A linear simulation model is used to clearly and obviously compare the effects of effluent taxes and concentration-based standards within the same figure.With one detailed application to the paper industry,some enlightenment and conclusions-as well as the general applicability of these principles-are then provided:Under the same effluent tax rate,enterprises,groups,and industries that are cleaner will reduce more pollutants than those that have higher pollutant abatement costs.It is recommended that effluent taxes are set by avoiding cutting it even at one stroke and considering the feasibility of pollution-reducing technology in various industries.It is necessary to reduce MAC of enterprises to better stimulate enterprises' or industries' emission reduction by preferential measures,such as high tax rate coordinated by speeding up the depreciation of environmental protection equipment.
