Study of Cotton Seeds as a Processing Material

The purpose of this research is to improve the qualitative and quantitative indicators of fiber, lint and seeds by improving the technology of preparing cotton seeds for processing. The state of the seeds after the gin was studied and their division into fractions according to the degree of pubescence was recommended, the probabilities of the seeds emerging from the gin with varying degrees of pubescence were investigated, the geometric sizes and shapes of cotton seeds were studied. It has been established that when seeds come out of gin, they have different pubescence. The conditional movement of seeds without separation from the surface has been determined;found a formula describing the movement of seeds without detaching from the surface;the movement of seeds in a micro-flight is determined;the sizes of the cells of the mesh surface were determined as a function of d_c, α and on the speed of seed movement. The aim of the research work is to increase the yield of cotton fiber by improving the processing technology of germinated seeds, to improve the quality indicators of seeds and lint. In order to achieve this goal, a mesh surface device was created to sort the seeds into fractions. Sorting technology was developed on this device and operating modes were determined. In addition, the law of surface distribution of the fractions separated from the cotton stream moving along the surface of the net was determined, and based on the results of practical and theoretical research, a mode of sorting of cotton seeds was developed.

Study on Cotton Nursery Substrate Using Cotton Seed Hulls Residue after Producing Edible Mushroom

In order to discuss the localization application technology of cotton seedling using substrate, the author used cotton seed hulls after the production of edible fungi residue, river sand and peat in different proportion formula using in field and laboratory cotton seedling test. The results showed that： dry mass per plant and leaf area per plant of formula 3 were higher than Jiangxi cotton seedling nurs- ery substrate.the higher proportion were 48.4% and 73.5%; the rate of forming plantlets, survival rate of transplant and the unginned cotton yield had no obvious difference with the other matrix seedling and transplanting; nursery substrate was returned using as fertilizer, reduced environment pollution, achieved comprehensive utilization and cyclic utilization. Cotton seed hulls after the production of edible fungi residue was a cotton seedling substrate material of saving work,reducing cost and protecting environment and would have a good application prospect.

Improvements of Fiber Yield and Fiber Fineness by Expressing the iaaM Gene in Cotton Seed Coat

Cotton,the most important natural fiber crop in the world,is a mainstay in China's economy.However,for over two decades,cotton yields both in China and U.S.have been at a plateau.

Exploring the Efficiency of Experimental Construction of Sorting Ginned Cotton Seed Machine

In this paper, research has been conducted to increase the quantity of fiber produced in the enterprise by creating a sorting device for spun seeds, dividing them into fractions by geometric dimensions, and by re-ginning, separating those with long fibers. A new model was developed for geometric sorting of cotton seeds in the harvest, and experiments determined its effectiveness and the optimal values of the factors affecting the efficiency using mathematical modeling. Based on the results of the study, graphs of the influence of factors on device performance and on device efficiency were constructed.

Co-liquefaction of Cotton Seed and Flos Populi in Sub-critical Water/Ethanol Solvent for Bio-oil with Medical Stone Based Additives

The co-liquefaction behaviors of cotton seed(CS)and flos populi(FP)were investigated in the sub-critical water/ethanol mixed solvent using the medical stone(MS)based additives.Oil products were characterized using FTIR,GC-MS,1HNMR,and 13CNMR techniques.The test results showed that the synergistic effect of co-liquefaction was obvious when the ratio of cotton seed and flospopuli was 1:1 without additives.The additives,such as 12-phosphotungstic acid(PW12),HZSM-5,PW12/HZSM-5 and modified medical stone(MS),PW12/MS,Ni/MS,Co/MS,Mo/MS and Co-Mo/MS,could increase the bio-oil yield;and the modified MS resulted in higher liquefied oil yield than that achieved by MS.Furthermore,additives such as Ni/MS,Mo/MS,and Co-Mo/MS also could increase the yield of aliphatic hydrocarbons in liquefied oil.The addition of Co-Mo/MS could lead to a highest liquefied oil yield of 28.8%,while the additive of PW12/HZSM-5 could result in a highest total conversion of 81.6%.Results also revealed that additives,such as PW12/MS,PW12,PW12/HZSM-5,Ni/MS,Co/MS,Mo/MS,and Co-Mo/MS,could increase the H2 production and decrease the CO2 production in gas products.

Investigation of the Properties of Fibrous Cotton Seeds, for Sorting on a Mesh Surface

In the article the research of cotton seeds for the purpose of increasing the fiber in the enterprise is investigated, separated from the mass of the derivatives of ginning of fibrous seeds by means of effective cleaning and sorting on the mesh surface.

The Theoretical Studies of the Cultivation of Three Cotton Seeds along the Plain

As it is known, the main purpose of production of cotton fiber in the technological processes is to produce high quality cotton fiber. Lots of processes in the enterprise have a loss of cotton fiber, which is a valuable raw material for the textile industry.

Theoretical Study of Seed Movement in Cotton Seeds Selection Device

The aim of the research work is to increase the yield of cotton fiber by improving the processing technology of germinated seeds, to improve the quality indicators of seeds and lint. In order to achieve this goal, a mesh surface device was created to sort the seeds into fractions. Sorting technology was developed on this device and operating modes were determined. In addition, the law of surface distribution of the fractions separated from the cotton stream moving along the surface of the net was determined, and based on the results of practical and theoretical research, a mode of sorting of cotton seeds was developed. As a result, differential equations of the law of oscillation of seeds on parallel bases, taking into account the angle of inclination for the movement of cotton seeds on the sorting surface, were constructed and programmed on a computer to construct the trajectory of seeds. On the basis of the laws of motion, the optimal value of the angle of inclination on the horizontal, which gives the state of sorting of seeds, as well as the values of the amplitude and frequency of vibrations, was determined.

Evaluation of a Metabolic Cotton Seedling Emergence Model

A model for cotton seedling emergence (MaGi) based on malate synthase kinetics was evaluated. Cotton seeds were planted through the early spring and into typical planting times for the areas. Soil temperatures at seed depth were used as inputs into MaGi and a commonly used seedling emergence model based on heat unit accumulation (DD60). Time to 50% emergence was calculated and compared with predicted emergence using MaGi and DD60. MaGi yielded predictive capability without the need to resort to lengthy experimentation required by traditional methods. The results suggest that a physiological or semi-empirical approach incorporating both enzyme kinetics and whole plant temperature responses would be useful for rapidly constructing seedling emergence models.

Effects of treatment methods on the nutritional value of cotton seed cake for laying hens

The effects of treatment methods on the nutritive value of cotton seed cake (CSC) for laying hens were examined. Olympia laying hens (n = 96) were assigned randomly to a 2 × 3 factorial combination of fermented or unfermented CSC supplemented with enzyme, Vitamin E and ferrous sulphate over a 4-week feeding period. CSC was incorporated at 15% in the diets. Results showed no significant differences (P > 0.05) in feed intake, body weight gain and egg weight due to treatments. However, hen-day egg production was significantly reduced (P 0.05). Serum concentration of total protein among dietary treatments was lower (P 0.05) for all treatments. Generally, activities of alanine and aspartate aminotransferases increased (P < 0.05) among CSC dietary treatments compared with the control diet. The interaction between CSC form and additives had no significant effect on any of the parameters. The results of this study indicate that the treatment methods employed for CSC could not significantly improve its nutritive value for egg production at 15% level in the diet of laying hen.

Theoretical Study of the Movement of Cotton Seed Flow along the Contour of the Rib

Improving the efficiency of the process of separating fiber from cotton seeds by improving the working chamber of the gin is one of the important issues. The main way to increase the efficiency of sawn gin is to increase the fiber content in the mass of seeds in the working chamber with a uniform decrease in its density. This can be achieved by using grates with a concave working surface, which serves to move the seeds away from the rotating saws and accelerate the release of bare seeds from the working chamber. The article discusses the movement of seeds on the concave surface of the grate and determines the rational parameters of their working part. The article explores the proposed grate model, consisting of four geometric shapes, provides an analytical analysis of the geometric types. The dependence of the location of the last rectilinear part of the general contour on the shape of its convexity and concavity is determined. Cotton seeds move along the contour in the form of a stream. We assume that the thickness of the flow along the contour is constant and equal. We compose a unique equation of the flow in each section of the circuit. To determine the state of the flow, we denote its velocity, density and pressure in each section, respectively. Let us determine the flow motion along the contour with respect to the arc.

A novel nondestructive detection approach for seed cotton lint percentage using deep learning

Background The lint percentage of seed cotton is one of the most important parameters for evaluating seed cotton quality and affects its price.The traditional measuring method of lint percentage is labor-intensive and time-consuming;thus,an efficient and accurate measurement method is needed.In recent years,classification-based deep learning and computer vision have shown promise in solving various classification tasks.Results In this study,we propose a new approach for detecting the lint percentage using MobileNetV2 and transfer learning.The model is deployed on a lint percentage detection instrument,which can rapidly and accurately determine the lint percentage of seed cotton.We evaluated the performance of the proposed approach using a dataset comprising 66924 seed cotton images from different regions of China.The results of the experiments showed that the model with transfer learning achieved an average classification accuracy of 98.43%,with an average precision of 94.97%,an average recall of 95.26%,and an average F1-score of 95.20%.Furthermore,the proposed classification model achieved an average accuracy of 97.22%in calculating the lint percentage,showing no significant difference from the performance of experts(independent-sample t-test,t=0.019,P=0.860).Conclusion This study demonstrated the effectiveness of the MobileNetV2 model and transfer learning in calculating the lint percentage of seed cotton.The proposed approach is a promising alternative to traditional methods,providing a rapid and accurate solution for the industry.

Combining ability of Egyptian cotton(Gossypium barbadense L.)reveals genetic potential for improved yield and fiber quality

Background As the most widely cultivated fiber crop,cotton production depends on hybridization to unlock the yield potential of current varieties.A deep understanding of genetic dissection is crucial for the cultivation of enhanced hybrid plants with desired traits,such as high yield and fine fiber quality.In this study,the general combining ability(GCA)and specific combining ability(SCA)of yield and fiber quality of nine cotton parents(six lines and three testers)and eighteen F1 crosses produced using a line×tester mating design were analyzed.Results The results revealed significant effects of genotypes,parents,crosses,and interactions between parents and crosses for most of the studied traits.Moreover,the effects of both additive and non-additive gene actions played a notably significant role in the inheritance of most of the yield and fiber quality attributes.The F1 hybrids of(Giza 90×Aust)×Giza 86,Uzbekistan 1×Giza 97,and Giza 96×Giza 97 demonstrated superior performance due to their favorable integration of high yield attributes and premium fiber quality characteristics.Path analysis revealed that lint yield has the highest positive direct effect on seed cotton yield,while lint percentage showed the highest negative direct effect on seed cotton yield.Principal component analysis identified specific parents and hybrids associated with higher cotton yield,fiber quality,and other agronomic traits.Conclusion This study provides insights into identifying potential single-and three-way cross hybrids with superior cotton yield and fiber quality characteristics,laying a foundation for future research on improving fiber quality in cotton.

A method to refine crude cottonseed oil using non-toxic polyamine-based cationic polymers

The traditional method to refine crude cottonseed oil is time-consuming and expensive.This study evaluates the effectiveness of coagulation–flocculation–sedimentation process using quaternary polyamine-based polymers in refining crude cottonseed oil.Flocculated by four commercial polyamine-based cationic polymers(SL2700,SL3000,SL4500 and SL5000)with varied molecular weight(MW)and charge density(CD)and followed by coagulation with sodium hydroxide,crude cottonseed oil can be effectively purified.Free fatty acids,gossypol,pigments and trace elements are all effectively and sufficiently removed by the four polymers in a MW-and CDdependent manner.Our results suggest that the use of polyamine-based cationic polymers may offer an effective and feasible alternative to the traditional method for crude cottonseed oil refining.

A new flavonol glycoside from glandless cotton seeds

A new flavonol glycoside,namely quercetin 3-O-[a-D-apiofuranosyl(1–5)-b-D-apiofuranosyl(1–2)]-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1–6)-b-D-glucopyranoside(1),was isolated from glandless cotton seeds together with the known compounds quercetin 3-O-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1–2)-[a-Lrhamnopyranosyl(1–6)]-b-D-glucopyranoside(manghaslin,2),kaempferol 3-O-b-D-apiofruranosyl(1–2)-b-D-glucopyranoside(3)and kaempferol 3-O-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1–6)-b-D-glucopyranoside(4).It is interesting that the tetrasaccharide fragment of 1 contained both a b-apiosyl and an unusual a-apiosyl group.

Physiological traits and anatomic structures of the seed for two short cotton season genotypes(Gossypium hirsutum L.) under water stress

Cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.) is utilized commercially in the production of textile, clothing, and household goods. Its growth is affected by various environmental conditions such as soil, climate, and water supply. Irrigation is one of the most important factors for crop management. This research was designed with the aim of studying the biochemical and anatomical features of two genotypes of cottonseed(Latif and Golestan) in order to determine optimum irrigation. Protein, starch, gossypol gland, total soluble protein, starch content, and the anatomical structure of the cotton seeds were investigated. The data were analyzed using the SAS Software. The results showed that when rainfed, Golestan genotype seeds had a larger number of secretory cavities, soluble protein, and starch compared to Latif seeds. There was also a noticeable difference in the size of the seeds. Cellulosic cell walls and protein particles were also observed in the seed structure under induced water stress conditions. It can therefore be concluded that in response to water shortage, there was a noticeable change in the morphometric, anatomic, and biochemical features of the cottonseeds. It can be concluded that when rainfed, the Golestan genotype of cottonseed has more compatibility than the Latif genotype. In general, the application of different levels of irrigation showed that at moderate levels of irrigation, anatomical features appeared more normal. The observations indicate that at high levels of irrigation, some cells begin to dehisce due to osmotic stress, which results in a lack of accurate formation of tissue structures. The Golestan genotype is therefore the best suited for dryland farming.

Cottonseed Protein, Oil, and Mineral Nutrition in Near-Isogenic <i>Gossypium hirsutum</i>Cotton Lines Expressing Leaf Color Phenotypes under Field Conditions

Information about the effects of phenotype traits on cottonseed protein, oil, and nutrients is scarce. The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of leaf color trait on seed nutrition in near-isogenic Gossypium hirsutum cotton expressing green (G) and yellow (Y) leaf color phenotypes. Our hypothesis was that leaf color can influence the accumulation of nutrients in seeds. Sets of isogenic lines were: DES 119 (G) and DES 119 (Y);DP 5690 (G) and DP 5690 (Y);MD 51ne (G) and MD 51ne (Y);SG 747 (G) and SG 747 (Y). Each NIL set is 98.44 % identical. Parent line SA 30 (P) was used as the control. The experiment was repeated for two years (2014 and 2015). The results showed that, in 2014, seed oil in DES 119 (G) and SG 747 (G) were significantly higher than their equivalent yellow lines. Green lines showed higher content of phosphorus compared with yellow lines. Higher levels of Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn were recorded in DES 119 (G) and MD 51ne (G). In 2015, seed protein, oil, C, N, P, B, Cu, and Fe were higher in green lines than in yellow lines. There was a significant correlation between protein and nutrients, and between oil and nutrients in 2015, but not in 2014 as the temperature was warmer in 2015 than in 2014. This research demonstrated that leaf color can alter seed composition and mineral nutrition under certain environmental growing conditions such as temperature.

Growth, yield and fiber quality characteristics of Bt and non-Bt cotton cultivars in response to boron nutrition

Background Boron(B)deficiency is an important factor for poor seed cotton yield and fiber quality.However,it is often missing in the plant nutrition program,particularly in developing countries.The current study investigated B’s effect on growth,yield,and fiber quality of Bt(CIM-663)and non-Bt(Cyto-124)cotton cultivars.The experimental plan consisted of twelve treatments:Control(CK);B at 1 mg·kg^(−1) soil application(SB1);2 mg·kg^(−1) B(SB2);3 mg·kg^(−1) B(SB3);0.2%B foliar spray(FB1);0.4%B foliar spray(FB2);1 mg·kg^(−1) B+0.2%B foliar spray(SB1+FB1);1 mg·kg^(−1) B+0.4%B foliar spray(SB1+FB2);2 mg·kg^(−1) B+0.2%B foliar spray(SB2+FB1);2 mg·kg^(−1) B+0.4%B foliar spray(SB2+FB2);3 mg·kg^(−1) B+0.2%B foliar spray(SB3+FB1);3 mg·kg^(−1) B+0.4%B foliar spray(SB3+FB2).Each treat-ment has three replications,one pot having two plants per replication.Results B nutrition at all levels and methods of application significantly(P≤0.05)affected the growth,physiological,yield,and fiber quality characteristics of both cotton cultivars.However,SB2 either alone or in combination with foliar spray showed superiority over others,particularly in the non-Bt cultivar which responded better to B nutrition.Maxi-mum improvement in monopodial branches(345%),sympodial branches(143%),chlorophyll-a(177%),chlorophyll-b(194%),photosynthesis(169%),and ginning out turn(579%)in the non-Bt cultivar was found with SB2 compared with CK.In Bt cultivar,although no consistent trend was found but integrated use of SB3 with foliar spray performed relatively better for improving cotton growth compared with other treatments.Fiber quality characteristics in both cultivars were improved markedly but variably with different B treatments.Conclusion B nutrition with SB2 either alone or in combination with foliar spray was found optimum for improving cotton’s growth and yield characteristics.

Evaluation of Weed Control Efficacy and Seed Cotton Yield in Glyphosate Tolerant Transgenic Cotton

Cotton is one of the important crops that have been genetically altered to address challenges with weed and insect control. The research was conducted with glyphosate resistant cotton hybrids during winter irrigated season of 2009-10 and 2010-11 at the experimental site of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, with the objective, to find out the weed control efficacy and yield of transgenic cotton hybrid with the application of glyphosate. Glyphosate was applied as post-emergence application on 25 and 65 DAS at 900, 1350, 1800, 2700, 3600 and 5400 g a.e./ha in MRC 7347 BG-II RRF test hybrid. These treatments were compared with hand weeding on 15 and 30 DAS and unweeded control. In both sprays, post-emergence application of glyphosate 2700, 3600 and 5400 g a.e./ha registered lower weed density and higher weed control efficiency in transgenic cotton hybrid compared with other treatments. Seed cotton yield (3195 and 3092 kg·ha-1 during 2009-10 and 2010-11 respectively) was significantly higher in post-emergence application of glyphosate at 2700 g a.e./ha. Increased use of transgenic cotton with herbicide and pest resistance has resulted in more efficient insect and weed management practices.

Improvement of the Process of Separation of Cotton Fiber from Seeds

The differential equation, obtained as a result of the theoretical study of the movement of the bare seed on the surface of the grate of the saw gin, made it possible to determine the trajectory of the movement of the seed. The rib is one of the main working bodies of the saw gin. It serves for the free passage of the saw blades through it into the working chamber, for the withdrawal of the fiber caught on the saw teeth after separating it from the seed. A number of studies have been carried out to improve the working elements of the saw gin. The purpose of the research is to create the possibility of timely withdrawal of bare seeds from the working chamber of the saw gin by creating a concavity on the working surface of the grate. The use of the Euler equation for the movement of bare cotton seed along the grate contour, taking into account its speed V, density ρ, pressure P, made it possible to obtain a graph of seed distribution along the grate contour. An experimental 30-saw gin was developed and manufactured, the research carried out on it allowed to determine the rational parameters of new grates, which are recommended for introduction into production. The dependence of the location of the rectilinear part of the general contour on the shape of its convexity and concavity is determined. Based on the above equations, using separate functions, we present the view of the grate profile in the coordinate system modeled on the MAPLE-17 program.