基于Coulomb强度准则的重力坝岩石地基抗滑稳定系数的推演与教学设计

文章结合为本科学生开设的《岩石力学》课程中岩石地基抗滑稳定性分析的教学内容,以重力坝岩石地基抗滑稳定性分析为例,对基于Coulomb强度准则的重力坝岩石地基深层双斜滑移面、深层单斜滑移面和浅层水平滑移面的抗滑稳定系数计算方法进行了理论推演,依据稳定系数计算表达式探讨了提高重力坝岩石地基抗滑稳定系数的工程措施,给出了易于本科学生理解和掌握的岩石地基抗滑稳定性分析的教学组织和设计。通过将所设计的重力坝岩石地基抗滑稳定系数计算方法在本科生中的教学实践,可实现预期的教学目标。In combination with the instructional contents of anti-slip stability analysis for rock foundation in the course entitled Rock Mechanics provided for undergraduates, the method for calculating the anti-slip stability factor of deep double oblique sliding planes, single oblique sliding plane in rock foundation of gravity dam, as well as shallow horizontal sliding plane in rock foundation of gravity dam is derived based on Coulomb strength criterion by taking rock foundation of gravity dam as an example. The technical engineering measures to enhance the anti-slip stability factor for rock foundation of gravity dam are also discussed based on the formula to calculate the stability factor of gravity dam rock foundation. Both the instructional planning and organization for analyzing the anti-slip stability for rock foundation of gravity dam in the course, which are easy for undergraduate students to understand and master, are still proposed in this paper. Through practice on teaching the proposed method for calculating the anti-slip stability factor for rock foundation of gravity dam to undergraduate students, the expected teaching objectives can be achieved.

基于Coulomb-ETAS混合模型的强余震时空发生率预测及效能评估

为考察震后早期阶段混合模型的优势及实际预测效能,提升震后早期强余震时空预测的准确性,构建可操作的地震预测研究工作模型基础,选择能够较好反映震后空间应力分布的库仑应力变化和反映余震序列衰减且拟合效果较好的ETAS模型,构建Coulomb-ETAS混合模型。此模型依据强余震大多发生在应力加载区的实际情况,利用混合模型学习期间加载区事件的发生比例,将预测率从抑制区重新分配到加载区。以2021—2022年发生的云南漾濞6.5级、青海玛多7.4级、青海门源6.9级和四川泸定6.8级4次6.0级以上强震为例,对构建的混合模型进行检验和评估,并与单一的ETAS模型、C-RS模型进行对比。研究结果表明,3个模型在震后早期阶段对强余震均表现出相对较好的预测效果,呈现出与实际结果类似的衰减特性,仅有较少的预测失效现象。在频次滑动预测上,ETAS和Coulomb-ETAS模型优于C-RS模型,统计模型优势相对比较显著;在空间发生率预测上,Coulomb-ETAS模型优于ETAS模型,认为库仑应力分布的混合模型能够降低虚报率,进而提高空间预测的准确性。因此,从4次震例上看,该混合模型优于单一的统计模型和物理模型,能够较好地适用于主震后的强余震时空预测,也可为开展多个模型混合及强余震预测之外的地震预测业务应用场景提供参考。

岩石卸荷的Mogi-Coulomb强度准则适用性研究

大量工程实践表明:岩石在卸荷条件下的强度特性与加载条件下相比,存在本质上的不同。结合岩石卸荷的破坏特征和强度特性,建立了岩桥贯通力计算模型,并基于应力强度因子叠加减原理,推导了岩石卸荷条件下的岩桥贯通力计算公式,从而探究Mogi-Coulomb强度准则对于岩石卸荷强度的适用性。将岩桥贯通力作为表征岩石卸荷破坏的强度参数,并与Mogi-Coulomb强度准则的核心参数——八面体剪应力进行对比,发现二者的量值具有极高相似性,这一发现可以间接证明Mogi-Coulomb强度准则适用于岩石卸荷强度方面的相关研究。本文揭示了岩石卸荷破坏时其岩桥贯通与八面体剪应力之间存在的紧密联系,可为岩石卸荷破坏的研究提供借鉴与参考。

修正Mohr-Coulomb准则下倾斜基岩中桩端极限承载力研究

为计算倾斜岩面浅嵌岩桩极限承载力,本文基于修正Mohr-Coulomb强度准则提出了倾斜岩面浅嵌岩桩桩端承载力计算方法。采用特征线法构建了桩端面以下塑性发展区,考虑岩面倾斜角几何关系,推导了倾斜岩面位移滑移场;进一步通过黎曼不变量控制方程,求解了倾斜岩面浅嵌岩桩基极限承载力公式。分析了倾斜岩面坡角、岩体完整性参数以及岩体内摩擦角等因素对桩端承载力的影响。结果表明:浅嵌岩桩基嵌入深度达到极限嵌入比时,桩基达到极限承载力;当嵌入比大于极限嵌入比时,桩端承载力系数不受倾斜坡角和嵌入比影响,此时可按平地桩基进行分析计算;极限嵌入比随倾斜坡角的增大呈幂函数增大,且在岩石完整性较差时,极限嵌入比随岩体内摩擦角的增大而显著增大;当嵌入比小于极限嵌入比时,桩端承载力系数随倾斜坡角的增大近似线性减小,需考虑岩面倾角对桩基承载力的影响。

Mg-doped,carbon-coated,and prelithiated SiO_(x) as anode materials with improved initial Coulombic efficiency for lithium-ion batteries

Silicon suboxide(SiO_(x),x≈1)is promising in serving as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries with high capacity,but it has a low initial Coulombic efficiency(ICE)due to the irreversible formation of lithium silicates during the first cycle.In this work,we modify SiO_(x) by solid-phase Mg doping reaction using low-cost Mg powder as a reducing agent.We show that Mg reduces SiO_(2) in SiO_(x) to Si and forms MgSiO_(3) or Mg_(2)SiO_(4).The MgSiO_(3) or Mg_(2)SiO_(4) are mainly distributed on the surface of SiO_(x),which suppresses the irreversible lithium-ion loss and enhances the ICE of SiO_(x).However,the formation of MgSiO_(3) or Mg_(2)SiO_(4) also sacrifices the capacity of SiO_(x).Therefore,by controlling the reaction process between Mg and SiO_(x),we can tune the phase composition,proportion,and morphology of the Mg-doped SiO_(x) and manipulate the performance.We obtain samples with a capacity of 1226 mAh g^(–1) and an ICE of 84.12%,which show significant improvement over carbon-coated SiO_(x) without Mg doping.By the synergistical modification of both Mg doping and prelithiation,the capacity of SiO_(x) is further increased to 1477 mAh g^(–1) with a minimal compromise in the ICE(83.77%).

Effect of multiple coulomb scattering on the beam tests of silicon pixel detectors

In the research and development of new silicon pixel detectors,a collimated monoenergetic charged-particle test beam equipped with a high-resolution pixel-beam telescope is crucial for prototype verification and performance evaluation.When the beam energy is low,the effect of multiple Coulomb scattering on the measured resolution of the Device Under Test(DUT)must be considered to accurately evaluate the performance of the pixel chips and detectors.This study aimed to investigate the effect of multiple Coulomb scattering on the measured resolution,particularly at low beam energies.Simulations were conducted using Allpix^(2) to study the effects of multiple Coulomb scattering under different beam energies,material budgets,and telescope layouts.The simulations also provided the minimum energy at which the effect of multiple Coulomb scattering could be ignored.Compared with the results of a five-layer detector system tested with an electron beam at DESY,the simulation results were consistent with the beam test results,confirming the reliability of the simulations.

Entangling two levitated charged nanospheres through Coulomb interaction

Limited by the thermal environment, the entanglement of a massive object is extremely difficult to generate. Based on a coherent scattering mechanism, we propose a scheme to generate the entanglement of two optically levitated nanospheres through the Coulomb interaction. Two nanospheres are charged and coupled to each other through the Coulomb interaction.In this manner, the entanglement of two nanospheres is induced either under a weak/strong optomechanical coupling regime or under an ultra-strong optomechanical coupling regime. The charges, radius and distance of the two nanospheres are taken into consideration to enhance the Coulomb interaction, thereby achieving a higher degree of entanglement in the absence of ground-state cooling. The corresponding maximum entanglement can be attained as the dynamics of the system approaches the boundary between the steady and the unsteady regimes. This provides a useful resource for both quantum-enhanced sensing and quantum information processing, as well as a new platform for studying many-body physics.

Near resonance vibration isolation on a levered-dual response(LEDAR)Coulomb-damped system by differential preloads/offsets in linear springs

The levered-dual response(LEDAR)Coulomb-damped system attains near resonant vibration isolation by differential preloads/offsets in linear springs.It takes the advantages of both the preloads/offsets in linear springs and the guiderail friction for realizing different levels of vibration isolation.The isolation capacities are investigated on the strategies with both the horizontal and vertical guiderails,with the horizontal rail only,and without guiderails.The compressive preloads generally result in the consumption of most of the initial excitation energy so as to overcome the potential threshold.The isolation onsets at the frequency ratio of 1∓0.095 on the left-hand side(LHS)and the right-hand side(RHS)of the lever are relative to the load plate connector.The observed near resonant isolation thus makes the LEDAR system a candidate for the isolation of the mechanical systems about resonance while opening a path for simultaneous harvesterisolation functions and passive functions at extreme frequencies.

Coseismic Coulomb stress changes induced by a 2020-2021 M_(W)>7.0 Alaska earthquake sequence in and around the Shumagin gap and its influence on the Alaska-Aleutian subduction interface

Three M_(W)>7.0 earthquakes in 2020-2021 occurred in the Shumagin seismic gap and its adjacent area of the Alaska-Aleutian subduction zone,including the Mw7.8 Simeonof thrust earthquake on July 22,2020,the M_(W)7.6 Sand Point strike-slip earthquake on October 19,2020,and the M_(W)8.2 Chignik thrust earthquake on July 29,2021.The spatial and temporal proximity of these three earthquakes prompts us to probe stress-triggering effects among them.Here we examine the coseismic Coulomb stress change imparted by the three earthquakes and their influence on the subduction interface.Our results show that:(1)The Simeonof earthquake has strong loading effects on the subsequent Sand Point and Chignik earthquakes,with the Coulomb stress changes of 3.95 bars and 2.89 bars,respectively.The Coulomb stress change caused by the Sand Point earthquake at the hypocenter of the Chignik earthquake is merely around 0.01 bars,suggesting the negligible triggering effect on the latter earthquake;(2)The triggering effects of the Simeonof,Sand Point,and Chignik earthquakes on aftershocks within three months are not well pronounced because of the triggering rates of 38%,14%,and 43%respectively.Other factors may have played an important role in promoting the occurrence of these aftershocks,such as the roughness of the subduction interface,the complicated velocity structure of the lithosphere,and the heterogeneous prestress therein;(3)The three earthquakes caused remarkable coseismic Coulomb stress changes at the subduction interface nearby these mainshocks,with an average Coulomb stress change of 3.2 bars in the shallow region directly inwards the trench.

基于Mohr-Coulomb准则隧道围岩-支护体系协同作用下支护强度分析

确定围岩-支护结构体系动态协同变形关系是地下工程支护需要解决的关键问题之一。运用Mohr-Coulomb准则推导隧道开挖支护后围岩径向变形与支护结构径向变形的协同方程,探讨Ⅳ级围岩塑性半径、围岩位移及支护刚度随支护强度的变化关系;并运用FLAC3D数值模拟验证协同变形方程的合理性和有效性。结果表明,围岩-支护结构体系协同变形方程能很好地反映围岩位移和塑性区半径随支护强度变化的关系,且相互关系是非线性的。支护强度为0.75 MPa时,理论计算拱顶沉降为18.9 mm,数值模拟拱顶沉降为21.6 mm;支护强度为1.5 MPa时,理论计算拱顶沉降为11.2 mm,数值模拟拱顶沉降为11.1 mm,表明围岩-支护结构动态协同变形方程的有效性。针对Ⅳ级围岩在采用超前支护和交叉中隔壁法(cross diaphragm,CRD)施工时,建议支护强度设计为0.75~1.5 MPa,支护刚度设计为59.8~375.0 kN/mm。

高静水压力下Mohr–Coulomb准则的拓展研究

深部开采时极端环境下的岩体高应力和高地压是影响工程安全的主要因素。本文指出了Mohr–Coulomb准则(简称M–C准则)在高静水压力下无法判断岩石材料发生屈服破坏的问题,开展了岩样在高应力下的三轴压缩实验,观察了高静水压力下岩石材料的破坏现象,推导了高静水压力条件下M–C准则的拓展方程。研究结果显示,与现有M–C准则不同的是,材料剪切强度随轴压和围压之差增大到某一峰值时将逐渐减小,岩样在高静水压力下也可发生屈服破坏,M–C准则拓展方程与实验结果基本吻合。同时,本文探讨了低静水压力下M–C屈服面的下限和高静水压力下M–C屈服面的上限。研究成果可为深部工程的安全高效开展提供理论参考。

基于非线性Mohr–Coulomb破坏准则的浅埋倾斜条形锚板抗拔承载力预测

针对浅埋倾斜布置条形锚板抗拔承载力预测问题,本文采用非线性Mohr–Coulomb破坏准则,提出了极限上拔荷载作用下锚板上方土体的非对称曲线型破坏机制,并利用极限分析上限法与虚功率原理,导出了浅埋倾斜条形锚板极限抗拔力和土体破裂曲线的理论解析解。在此基础上,分析得到了埋深比、布设倾角、非线性系数、初始黏聚力、土体重度和地面超载等参数对锚板极限抗拔力和土体破裂范围的影响规律。研究结果显示:锚板极限抗拔力随布设倾角、埋深比、土体初始黏聚力、重度与地面超载增加而增大,但随非线性系数增加而减小;土体破裂范围随非线性系数和土体重度增加而减小,随初始黏聚力和地面超载增加而增大;锚板倾角、埋深比、土体黏聚力与非线性系数对倾斜条形锚板极限抗拔力和土体破裂范围影响较为显著,在工程设计及施工中应予以重视。将本文结果和现有研究工作进行对比分析,本文方法计算求得的锚板极限抗拔力及土体破裂范围与已有研究方法成果具有较好的吻合特性,进一步验证了本文方法的有效性。本文研究工作可为条形锚板设计及施工提供一定理论参考。

Adapted Metrics for a Modified Coulomb/Newton’s Potential

Modified Theories of Gravity include spin dependence in General Relativity, to account for additional sources of gravity instead of dark matter/energy approach. The spin-spin interaction is already included in the effective nuclear force potential, and theoretical considerations and experimental evidence hint to the hypothesis that Gravity originates from such an interaction, under an averaging process over spin directions. This invites to continue the line of theory initiated by Einstein and Cartan, based on tetrads and spin effects modeled by connections with torsion. As a first step in this direction, the article considers a new modified Coulomb/Newton Law accounting for the spin-spin interaction. The physical potential is geometrized through specific affine connections and specific semi-Riemannian metrics, canonically associated to it, acting on a manifold or at the level of its tangent bundle. Freely falling particles in these “toy Universes” are determined, showing an interesting behavior and unexpected patterns.

基于动态空腔膨胀模型的土壤Mohr-Coulomb参数反演方法

为实现土壤原位力学参数的精准、快速解译,定量评估军事装备机动性,本文利用冲击贯入过程中测得的阻力-速度曲线、加速度时程曲线、速度时程曲线以及贯入深度-初速度关系,基于动态空腔膨胀模型建立了土壤Mohr-Coulomb参数的反演方法。本文分析表明准确拟合贯入阻力系数是反演Mohr-Coulomb参数的关键,而利用冲击贯入过程中的速度时程曲线进行拟合能够对Mohr-Coulomb参数进行准确的反演。针对Forrestal等人报道的实验结果,利用本文方法对土壤内聚力进行反演的相对误差为2.14%,对土壤内摩擦角反演的相对误差为9.77%。本文进一步给出了动态空腔膨胀模型下Mohr-Coulomb参数反演的可解域,讨论了参数敏感性。本文提出的反演方法突破了传统半经验解译方法中物理图像不清晰、经验参数依赖性强的问题,可为复杂地质环境下土壤Mohr-Coulomb参数快速确定及土壤承载力评估提供一个新的方法和途径。

Recent advances in hard carbon anodes with high initial Coulombic efficiency for sodium-ion batteries

Initial Coulombic efficiency(ICE)has been widely adopted in battery research as a quantifiable indicator for the lifespan,energy density and rate performance of batteries.Hard carbon materials have been accepted as a promising anode family for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)owing to their outstanding performance.However,the booming application of hard carbon anodes has been significantly slowed by the low ICE,leading to a reduced energy density at the cell level.This offers a challenge to develop high ICE hard carbon anodes to meet the applications of high-performance SIBs.Here,we discuss the definition and factors of ICE and describe several typical strategies to improve the ICE of hard carbon anodes.The strategies for boosting the ICE of such anodes are also systematically categorized into several aspects including structure design,surface engineering,electrolyte optimization and pre-sodiation.The key challenges and perspectives in the development of high ICE hard carbon anodes are also outlined.

基于Mohr-Coulomb准则和二阶锥规划技术的轴对称自适应下限有限元法

轴对称Mohr-Coulomb准则屈服面的角点问题导致其在数值计算中存在困难,如何高效处理该屈服准则一直是极限分析下限有限元法的重要内容。首先,引入完全塑性假定将轴对称Mohr-Coulomb准则转化为1组不等式约束和3个线性等式约束;然后,将不等式约束直接转化为二阶锥约束,避免了对角点进行光滑近似处理;最后,将基于Mohr-Coulomb准则的轴对称极限分析下限有限元计算模型转化为具有较高计算效率的二阶锥规划数学优化模型。极限分析下限有限元法采用的线性应力单元难以精确模拟破坏区域的应力变化,单元的分布形式对计算精度存在较大影响。因此提出一种基于单元应力的网格自适应加密策略,通过判断单元内节点应力接近屈服的程度,自动识别破坏区域待加密的单元,实现对破坏区域应力分布的精确模拟,进而能够以较少单元获得高精度下限解。通过分析圆形基础承载力及竖向锚板极限抗拔力等典型轴对称岩土工程稳定性问题,表明了所提方法具有较高计算效率及计算精度,具有一定的理论价值和应用前景。

Boosting high initial coulombic efficiency of hard carbon by in-situ electrochemical presodiation

Hard carbon(HC)is a promising anode material for sodium ion batteries(SIBs),whereas inferior initial coulombic efficiency(ICE)severely limits its practical application.In the present work,we propose an in situ electrochemical presodiation approach to improve ICE by mixing sodium biphenyl(Na-Bp)dimethoxyethane(DME)solution with DME-based ether electrolyte.A solid electrolyte interface(SEI)could be formed beforehand on the HC electrode and Na^(+)was absorbed to nanopores and graphene stacks,compensating for the sodium loss and preventing electrolyte decomposition during the initial charge and discharge cycle.By this way,the ICE of half-cells was increased to nearly 100%and that of full-cells from 45%to 96%with energy density from 132.9 to 230.5 W h kg^(-1).Our work provides an efficient and facile method for improving ICE,which can potentially promote the practical application of HCbased materials.

Evolution of Coulomb failure stress in Sulaiman Lobe,Pakistan,and its implications for seismic hazard assessment

In this research work,we present the evolution of Coulomb failure stress(CFS)in the Sulaiman Lobe and its implications for seismic hazard assessment.The Chaman transform fault,~1,000 km long,is the major active fault that marks the western boundary between Pakistan and Afghanistan on the Indian Plate.To date,few studies have been conducted to unveil the interactions among earthquakes and the implications of these interactions for seismic hazard assessment in the region.We thoroughly investigated the published and online catalog to construct a sequence of major earthquakes that occurred in this region during the past.The final earthquake sequence was composed of 15 earthquakes of M_(w)≥6.0,beginning with the 1888 earthquake.We used the stress-triggering theory to numerically simulate the evolution of CFS caused by these earthquakes.The numerical results revealed that 8 out of 15earthquakes were triggered by the preceding earthquakes.The earthquakes in 1908,1910,1935,1966,and 1997 were rather independent earthquakes in this sequence.Although the epicenters of the 1975a and 1975b earthquakes were in the stress shadow zone,the partial rupture segments of both these earthquakes were in high-CFS regions.The CFS induced by the 1935 earthquake was notable,as it later triggered the 2008 doublet.Moreover,our results revealed that the northern segment of the Chaman Fault,the southern segment of the Ghazaband Fault,and the northwestern segment of the Urghargai Fault demonstrated a high change in CFS that could trigger seismicity in these regions.The necessary arrangements must therefore be made to mitigate any possible seismic hazards in the region.

Controlled crossover of electron transport in graphene nanoconstriction:From Coulomb blockade to electron interference

The ability to control transport behaviors in nanostructure is crucial for usage as a fundamental research platform as well as a practical device.In this study,we report a gate-controlled crossover of electron transport behaviors using graphene nanoconstrictions as a platform.The observed transport properties span from Coulomb blockade-dominated single electron transmission to electron-wave interference-dominated quantum behavior.Such drastic modulation is achieved by utilizing a single back gate on a graphene nanoconstriction structure,where the size of nanostructure in the constriction and coupling strength of it to the electrodes can be tuned electrically.Our results indicate that electrostatic field by gate voltage upon the confined nanostructure defines both the size of the nanoconstriction as well as its interaction to electrodes.Increasing gate voltage raises Fermi level to cross the energy profile in the nanoconstriction,resulting in decreased energy barriers which affect the size of nanoconstriction and transmissivity of electrons.The gate-tunable nanoconstriction device can therefore become a potential platform to study quantum critical behaviors and enrich electronic and spintronic devices.

Enhancing Li cycling coulombic efficiency while mitigating “shuttle effect” of Li-S battery through sustained release of LiNO_(3)

In practical lithium-sulfur batteries(LSBs),the shuttle effect and Li cycling coulombic efficiency(CE) are strongly affected by the physicochemical properties of solid electrolyte interphase(SEI).LiNO_(3) is widely used as an additive in electrolytes to build a high-quality SEI,but its self-sacrificial nature limits the ability to mitigate the shuttle effect and stabilize Li anode during long-term cycling.To counteract LiNO_(3) consumption during long-term cycling without using a high initial concentration,inspired by sustainedrelease drugs,we encapsulated LiNO_(3) in lithiated Nafion polymer and added an electrolyte co-solvent(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethylene 2,2,2-trifluoromethyl ether) with poor LiNO_(3) solubility to construct highquality and durable F-and N-rich SEI.Theoretical calculations,experiments,multiphysics simulations,and in-situ observations confirmed that the F-and N-rich SEI can modulate lithium deposition behavior and allow persistent repair of SEI during prolonged cycling.Hence,the F-and N-rich SEI improves the Li anode cycling CE to 99.63% and alleviates the shuttle effect during long-term cycling.The lithium anode with sustainable F-and N-rich SEI shows a stable Li plating/stripping over 2000 h at 1 mA cm^(-2).As expected,Li‖S full cells with this SEI achieved a long lifespan of 250 cycles,far exceeding cells with a routine SEI.The Li‖S pouch cell based on F-and N-rich SEI also can achieve a high energy density of about300 Wh kg^(-1) at initial cycles.This strategy provides a novel design for high-quality and durable SEls in LSBs and may also be extendable to other alkali metal batteries.