The Research on Development and Causes of Chinese Quadrangle Courtyards

After the illustration of the development of quadrangle courtyards,the paper has analyzed the emergence of square architectural form and the formation of axial symmetrical pattern with the hall in the front and room at the back and with wing rooms on the left and right side.It has analyzed the formation,development,climax,damage and inheritance of quadrangle courtyard,and considered that it could manifest Chinese traditional humanistic idea and aesthetic idea,and is in possession of profound cultural connotation and regional feature.On this basis,causes for quadrangle courtyards have been studied.The primary cause at the initial stage lies in human body structure theory and the perfection of quadrangle courtyards at later stage depends on ethic order theory.

Plane Layout Features of Residential Courtyards in Henan

The traditional houses with various forms in Henan province experienced thousands of years.Its courtyard appearance which changes greatly can be summarized into four types:quadrangle,three-section compound,kiln housing and mountainous housing.In this paper,the courtyard of the showing width of 1-2 rooms are called the narrow-type courtyard,with 2-3 rooms are called the wide-type courtyard,with less one room is called very narrow-type courtyard,and with over three rooms are called very wide-type courtyard.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF COURTYARDS-A REVIEW AND COMPARISON OF RESIDENTIAL COURTYARD BUILDINGS IN DIFFERENT CLIMATES

Purpose-This paper tries to clarify the environmental impacts of a traditional building form which was developed more than 5000 years ago,under the force of harsh hot climates:courtyard building.A courtyard is an outdoor space which is entirely surrounded by buildings or walls.The main purpose is to show if this building form can reduce the energy demand of low-rise residential buildings in order to reduce CO_(2) emission which generally considered is the main root of climate change.Methodology-From a literature review on courtyard buildings several climatic aspects of this building form can be extracted.In this step,the paper focuses on the climatic impact(s)in the context of hot-arid,snow,temperate and tropical climates.Findings-Results for different configuration of courtyard building,natural elements used in it,and the situation of openings in different facades are the most important findings of this review paper.Research limitations-The research is limited to considering residential courtyard buildings in four climates;hot-arid,snow,temperate,and tropical(based on Koppen-Geiger climate classification).Practical implications-The results of the paper are general climatic characteristics of courtyard buildings.These characteristics can be used for designing new courtyard dwellings.Innovation-Although the background information of the paper is based on literature,the innovation is the comprehensive consideration and comparison of environmental characteristics in different climates which has never been done before.

Jin-merchants Grand Courtyards Witness the Rise and Decline of Jin-merchants

There are two types of typical traditional Chinese residential buildings:one is the dwellings in Anhui Province in South China,and the other is of course the merchants’grand courtyards in Shanxi Province in North China.The grand courtyards in Shanxi Province are famous as they are deep and sumptuous,represented by those of Jin-Merchants(Jin,is short for Shanxi Province,and Jin-merchants refer to these businessmen in Shanxi Province.

Greening Patterns of Tibetan Courtyards in Linzhi City

Through investigating Tibetan courtyard landscapes in Linzhi City, Tibet, it was found that Tibetan courtyards attached more importance to flower plants and garden crops, focused on natural style and easy maintenance, but not pruning; Tibetan courtyard landscaping valued shape, color, flower season and visual aesthetics of fl owers, tried to build "gardens" with fl ower confi guration as the major content, similar aesthetic concepts and landscaping style with European gardens; moreover, it paid more attention to plants, but not waterscape design; in Tibetan gardens, lawns occupied a secondary position next to fl owering plants, fruit trees and garden crops.

Cooperative Housing and Cohousing in Canada——The Pursuit of Happiness in the Common Courtyards

This paper investigates residents living experience in the common courtyards of cooperative housing and cohousing in Canada,and their sense of happiness associated with it.Cooperative housing as a form of social housing established in Toronto,Ontario,Canada as early as the 1910s.Cohousing as its subsequent name has evolved into a global movement since the 1960s,to promote residents sharing and caring for one another through active participation in community lives and cooperative management.A key feature of this housing is the inclusion of shared spaces,such as common courtyards.This research explored what make residents happy and/or unhappy in the common courtyards,and how to improve their living experience in the common courtyards.Semistructured interviews were conducted with 20 residents in three cooperative housing in Toronto and three cohousing across Canada.The findings suggest that the Courtyard is a central component to promote social happiness of residents.The paper contributes to the topic of Housing and Happiness that is rarely studied.It finally proposes a courtyard garden housing scheme that can be a template for universal application.The main conclusion is that there is a need for more courtyard configuration in contemporary Canadian urban planning and architectural design to promote community development.

Thermal Impacts of the Internal Courtyards in Compound Houses:The Case of Tamale Metropolis

The research seeks to understand the effects of internal courtyards on thermal comfort conditions in compound houses in Ghana’s Tamale Metropolitan area.Internal courtyards are an integral part of the design of compound houses in this location.Their inclusion in building designs is largely as a point of domestic activity such as cooking and cleaning and also for social interaction.However,a lot of interchanges in thermal conditions between structures and the outdoors take place within these internal courtyards.Various design details of the building will engender different thermal responses of the internal courtyard.This paper assesses thermal comfort in compound houses as against bungalow type houses in the Tamale Metropolis,Ghana by the application of the Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied Persons(PPD)and Predicted Mean Votes(PMV)model.This prototype compares with the International Standards Organization(ISO)7730 and American Society of Heating,Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers(ASHRAE)Standard 55(estimated values between 23℃-26℃seen as the allowable temperatures).Ambient indoor conditions(dry bulb temperature and relative humidity)of five(5)buildings each from the two building typologies from were recorded over a period of ten calendar months.These ambient conditions were analyzed,consequently generating the Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied Persons(PPD)and Predicted Mean Votes(PMV)recordings.The investigations uncovered relatively high PPD-PMV recordings relating to the Bungalow type buildings while the compound houses attune to the comfort zone.The Actual Mean Votes(AMV)of residents suggests the two building typologies are all rated comfortable however;the compound houses are rated above the bungalow type houses.

Identification of rural courtyards’utilization status using deep learning and machine learning methods on unmanned aerial vehicle images in north China

The issue of unoccupied or abandoned homesteads(courtyards)in China emerges given the increasing aging population,rapid urbanization and massive rural-urban migration.From the aspect of rural vitalization,land-use planning,and policy making,determining the number of unoccupied courtyards is important.Field and questionnaire-based surveys were currently the main approaches,but these traditional methods were often expensive and laborious.A new workflow is explored using deep learning and machine learning algorithms on unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)images.Initially,features of the built environment were extracted using deep learning to evaluate the courtyard management,including extracting complete or collapsed farmhouses by Alexnet,detecting solar water heaters by YOLOv5s,calculating green looking ratio(GLR)by FCN.Their precisions exceeded 98%.Then,seven machine learning algorithms(Adaboost,binomial logistic regression,neural network,random forest,support vector machine,decision trees,and XGBoost algorithms)were applied to identify the rural courtyards’utilization status.The Adaboost algorithm showed the best performance with the comprehensive consideration of most metrics(Accuracy:0.933,Precision:0.932,Recall:0.984,F1-score:0.957).Results showed that identifying the courtyards’utilization statuses based on the courtyard built environment is feasible.It is transferable and cost-effective for large-scale village surveys,and may contribute to the intensive and sustainable approach to rural land use.

Narratives of a lost space:A semiotic analysis of central courtyards in Iranian cinema

Most constructions in Iranian cities today neglect the traditional principles of design,particularly the rules on spatial hierarchy.This interdisciplinary study deploys cinematic analysis to understand the multidimensional aspects of architectural spaces and to investigate the different functions of the"central courtyard,"an important space in traditional Iranian architecture.In addition,this study demonstrates how films provide a perspective for architects to improve their understanding of the dynamics of space.A semiotic analysis of two films,namely,"The Deer"(1974)and"Mum's Guest"(2004),reveals that the central courtyard creates a sequence between public and private realms and,as a semi-private space,provides time and opportunities for residents to react to outside events.Spatial fluidity and connectivity,collaborative activities,and empathy can be the other outcomes of this space,in which residents become familiar with one another's lives.

Variety Selection and Green Cultivation Technology of Courtyard Ornamental and Edible Peppers

In order to comply with the development trend of the multifunctional use of peppers,we conducted an investigation into the characteristics and features of varieties,potting management techniques,and the methods of extending the fruit ornamental period and other aspects of courtyard ornamental and edible peppers.A set of cultivation techniques suitable for courtyard ornamental and edible peppers has been developed,including timely sowing and seedling,nutrient soil preparation,water and fertilizer management,trimming and pruning,preservation of flowers and fruits,green prevention and control of diseases and pests,harvesting,and so on.

Study on Evolution of Courtyard Landscape Form of Traditional Rural Settlement in Guanzhong Area

By taking Sanyi Village in Guanzhong Area of Shaanxi Province for example,the paper analyzed evolution of morphological structure of courtyard landscape,and tried to analyze its happening condition,so as to search for inherent law of development and evolution of courtyard landscape structure of rural settlement,explore the formation worth keeping and regaining during evolution process.Based on protection of original courtyard landscape morphological structure of traditional rural settlement,it made an attempt to establish a new method to guide the construction of settlement landscape at new period,realizing sustainable and virtuous cycle development mode.

Analysis of the Composition of Waterfront Architectural Space——A Case Study of Integrated Architectural Design of Library, Archive and Science and Technology Museum in Fuqing City of China

After the understanding of the concept and characteristics of waterfront architectural space, by taking library, archive, and science and technology museum in Fuqing City for example, the paper had pointed out design techniques and features of their natural geological space, planning structure space, traditional courtyard space and architectural indoor space. It had illustrated their structure of "one center and three axes" in detail. Environmental factor had been regarded in plane planning layout. Semi-enclosed space of "cultural square", sequential space of "open courtyard", and well-spaced space of "vertical ecological courtyard" had been created. Based on these spaces, courtyard and garden environments for reading, rest, leisure and communication had been constructed. It was hoped to inspire design idea of waterfront architectures, so as to create waterfront architectures with times spirit and national feature.

Perspective of Aesthetic Connotation of Residential Courtyard Space in Jiaodong

Through analysis on courtyard space in Jiaodong and based on existing residences,field study was conducted,so as to explore pervasive and primitive aesthetic value,practical significance and sustainability of traditional residences,and provide theoretical and practical basis for design of new residences with ecological value.

Rationality Research on Micro-evolution of Rural Courtyard Landscapes in Guanzhong Area of China

In response to the needs of landscape construction in the new countryside of west China,this paper takes Sanyi Village in Guanzhong area for example,from the combined perspective of modern landscape and traditional local culture,explores micro-evolution laws of rural courtyard landscapes in Guanzhong Area.By finding out the reasonable aspects as land use,layout and decoration,and the unreasonable aspects as material,texture and green cultivation,in the landscape micro-evolution of rural settlement courtyard,it tries to guide the landscape planning,provide some brief construction methods,focus on the"step by step"safeguarding and introductory development mode,explore tangible and intangible elements of landscape culture in rural settlements,and play the potentials of rural dwellings in courtyard landscape construction,so as to solve the conflict between conservation and development in rural settlements.

The Survey and Assessment on Afforestation Status quo of Danfu Courtyard in Chaozhou City

Danfu Courtyard is a national AAAA-class scenic area integrating relics collection, culture exchange and sightseeing in Chaozhou City. However, there are some problems on afforestation. The research conducted a field survey on status quo of afforestation there to analyze the advantages and disadvantages and proposed suggestions on enriching plant diversity, phytocoenosium and scenic spot characters in order to advance coordinated development of cultural and natural land- scapes in the scenic spot.

Design Research of New Rural Architecture and Courtyard Landscape in North Jiangsu Plain

In the research, buildings and landscapes in new countryside in northern Suzhou plain were explored and courtyard construction and landscape characteristics in Xuzhou were introduced and analyzed. Based on existing problems, some solu- tions were presented with consideration of natural resources and climates. Under guidance of sustainable development, a change is facilitated on the design thoughts to seek something new in design and practice, and some optimized schemes about building and landscapes were proposed as well.

Comprehensive evaluation of rural courtyard utilization efficiency:A case study in Shandong Province,Eastern China

China is implementing the strategy of Rural Revitalization.Revitalizing idle and inefficient utilization courtyards is an important measure for rural revitalization.The evaluation of courtyard utilization efficiency is the basis of determining the idle and inefficient utilization courtyards in order to revitalizing it.This study provided a reference for the optimal use of rural courtyard utilization and revitalization through the quantitative comprehensive evaluation of courtyard utilization efficiency and the classification of courtyard utilization types.Taking Shandong Province in Eastern China as study area,we selected eight surveyed villages by stratified sampling method.According to the scale of the villages,full survey and sample survey were used,while middleaged men who familiar with the courtyards were selected as the respondents.Through a household questionnaire survey and face-to-face interviews from2017 to 2018,578 questionnaires of rural courtyardsin eight villages were obtained.Then based on the functions of rural courtyard and land resource conditions,16 comprehensive factors were formulated,involving land conditions,construction conditions and economic benefits,to build the comprehensive evaluation index system of rural courtyard utilization efficiency.Next the index weight was determined by analytic hierarchy process,and the linear weighted regression model was used to evaluate the utilization efficiency of rural courtyard.Finally,the K-means clustering analysis was used to classify the utilization efficiency of courtyards.The results showed that among the eight villages,the average utilization efficiency of courtyards was moderate(one village was low,five were moderate,and two were high).The proportions of both idle and inefficiently utilized courtyards were high.There were three vital factors leading to the idle and low efficiency of rural courtyards.They were declining rural industries,limited arable land per capita,and more farmer workers.In this case,the utilization efficiency of courtyards should be improved by transferring rural land,developing secondary and tertiary industries,evaluating the development potential of villages,classifying and optimizing courtyard utilization,so as to make full use of idle and inefficient courtyards,increase the income of farmers and collectives and promote the revitalization of rural areas.

Plant Landscape Design of Residential Court

Courtyard is a signifi cant component of architectural design because it is an important living place that plays a positive role in improving the living environment. This paper reviewed basic principles of small courtyard landscape design, and analyzed the way of integrating plants and other landscape elements in small courtyards.

Merging Traditional Dwelling Form into Modern Neighborhood—— A Holiday Villa District's Planning and Design in Shanghai

Taking a holiday villa district for example, this paper explored the ways of merging traditional dwelling form into modern neighborhood, in the planning and design of this villa district, external space designs of traditional villages were borrowed to stress the construction of traditional spaces, and the layout of road traffi c. It was elaborated that in the design of Chinese residential buildings, not only should Chinese style be applied in the facade design of dwellings, but also traditional dwelling forms should be merged with modern life, so the essence of traditional resident culture can be demonstrated in modern residential areas.

The Design of Courtyard-Style Elderly Care Buildings in Cold Regions

Different climatic zones should consider different architectural spatial organization forms when designing buildings. In this paper, the design scheme of Half Courtyard located in the Guanzhong Plain of Shaanxi is selected for research to explore how to construct ecological elderly care buildings in cold regions. The design scheme has been proven to increase solar energy efficiency, add natural ventilation, improve the insulation performance of building envelopes, and create a comfortable indoor climate.