Jin-merchants Grand Courtyards Witness the Rise and Decline of Jin-merchants

There are two types of typical traditional Chinese residential buildings:one is the dwellings in Anhui Province in South China,and the other is of course the merchants’grand courtyards in Shanxi Province in North China.The grand courtyards in Shanxi Province are famous as they are deep and sumptuous,represented by those of Jin-Merchants(Jin,is short for Shanxi Province,and Jin-merchants refer to these businessmen in Shanxi Province.

Greening Patterns of Tibetan Courtyards in Linzhi City

Through investigating Tibetan courtyard landscapes in Linzhi City, Tibet, it was found that Tibetan courtyards attached more importance to flower plants and garden crops, focused on natural style and easy maintenance, but not pruning; Tibetan courtyard landscaping valued shape, color, flower season and visual aesthetics of fl owers, tried to build "gardens" with fl ower confi guration as the major content, similar aesthetic concepts and landscaping style with European gardens; moreover, it paid more attention to plants, but not waterscape design; in Tibetan gardens, lawns occupied a secondary position next to fl owering plants, fruit trees and garden crops.

Cooperative Housing and Cohousing in Canada——The Pursuit of Happiness in the Common Courtyards

This paper investigates residents living experience in the common courtyards of cooperative housing and cohousing in Canada,and their sense of happiness associated with it.Cooperative housing as a form of social housing established in Toronto,Ontario,Canada as early as the 1910s.Cohousing as its subsequent name has evolved into a global movement since the 1960s,to promote residents sharing and caring for one another through active participation in community lives and cooperative management.A key feature of this housing is the inclusion of shared spaces,such as common courtyards.This research explored what make residents happy and/or unhappy in the common courtyards,and how to improve their living experience in the common courtyards.Semistructured interviews were conducted with 20 residents in three cooperative housing in Toronto and three cohousing across Canada.The findings suggest that the Courtyard is a central component to promote social happiness of residents.The paper contributes to the topic of Housing and Happiness that is rarely studied.It finally proposes a courtyard garden housing scheme that can be a template for universal application.The main conclusion is that there is a need for more courtyard configuration in contemporary Canadian urban planning and architectural design to promote community development.

Thermal Impacts of the Internal Courtyards in Compound Houses:The Case of Tamale Metropolis

The research seeks to understand the effects of internal courtyards on thermal comfort conditions in compound houses in Ghana’s Tamale Metropolitan area.Internal courtyards are an integral part of the design of compound houses in this location.Their inclusion in building designs is largely as a point of domestic activity such as cooking and cleaning and also for social interaction.However,a lot of interchanges in thermal conditions between structures and the outdoors take place within these internal courtyards.Various design details of the building will engender different thermal responses of the internal courtyard.This paper assesses thermal comfort in compound houses as against bungalow type houses in the Tamale Metropolis,Ghana by the application of the Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied Persons(PPD)and Predicted Mean Votes(PMV)model.This prototype compares with the International Standards Organization(ISO)7730 and American Society of Heating,Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers(ASHRAE)Standard 55(estimated values between 23℃-26℃seen as the allowable temperatures).Ambient indoor conditions(dry bulb temperature and relative humidity)of five(5)buildings each from the two building typologies from were recorded over a period of ten calendar months.These ambient conditions were analyzed,consequently generating the Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied Persons(PPD)and Predicted Mean Votes(PMV)recordings.The investigations uncovered relatively high PPD-PMV recordings relating to the Bungalow type buildings while the compound houses attune to the comfort zone.The Actual Mean Votes(AMV)of residents suggests the two building typologies are all rated comfortable however;the compound houses are rated above the bungalow type houses.

Variety Selection and Green Cultivation Technology of Courtyard Ornamental and Edible Peppers

In order to comply with the development trend of the multifunctional use of peppers,we conducted an investigation into the characteristics and features of varieties,potting management techniques,and the methods of extending the fruit ornamental period and other aspects of courtyard ornamental and edible peppers.A set of cultivation techniques suitable for courtyard ornamental and edible peppers has been developed,including timely sowing and seedling,nutrient soil preparation,water and fertilizer management,trimming and pruning,preservation of flowers and fruits,green prevention and control of diseases and pests,harvesting,and so on.

Narratives of a lost space:A semiotic analysis of central courtyards in Iranian cinema

Most constructions in Iranian cities today neglect the traditional principles of design,particularly the rules on spatial hierarchy.This interdisciplinary study deploys cinematic analysis to understand the multidimensional aspects of architectural spaces and to investigate the different functions of the"central courtyard,"an important space in traditional Iranian architecture.In addition,this study demonstrates how films provide a perspective for architects to improve their understanding of the dynamics of space.A semiotic analysis of two films,namely,"The Deer"(1974)and"Mum's Guest"(2004),reveals that the central courtyard creates a sequence between public and private realms and,as a semi-private space,provides time and opportunities for residents to react to outside events.Spatial fluidity and connectivity,collaborative activities,and empathy can be the other outcomes of this space,in which residents become familiar with one another's lives.

Chinese Unit Neighborhood Planning Strategies: A Case Study of Beijing

Chinese unit residential buildings can be understood as a flexible urban element, and theintroduction of its concept changed the urban structure of China. In this study, starting from the constraintsof contemporary planning contexts by Chinese historical units, the categories of historical Chinese unitresidential buildings were analyzed, and how spatial order and social ties has made Chinese units becomea common framework within which collective living takes place, how does the political strategy of theChinese government creates and constructs a particular form of spatial order in each example of Chineseunit residential buildings, and the impact on the daily life of the urban population were studied. Finally,how social relations, politics, and economic strategies confront and interact within Chinese unit residentialbuildings was explored.

我国四合院的发展历程及成因探析(英文)

After the illustration of the development of quadrangle courtyards,the paper has analyzed the emergence of square architectural form and the formation of axial symmetrical pattern with the hall in the front and room at the back and with wing rooms on the left and right side.It has analyzed the formation,development,climax,damage and inheritance of quadrangle courtyard,and considered that it could manifest Chinese traditional humanistic idea and aesthetic idea,and is in possession of profound cultural connotation and regional feature.On this basis,causes for quadrangle courtyards have been studied.The primary cause at the initial stage lies in human body structure theory and the perfection of quadrangle courtyards at later stage depends on ethic order theory.

关中传统乡村聚落院落景观形态演变探析(英文)

By taking Sanyi Village in Guanzhong Area of Shaanxi Province for example,the paper analyzed evolution of morphological structure of courtyard landscape,and tried to analyze its happening condition,so as to search for inherent law of development and evolution of courtyard landscape structure of rural settlement,explore the formation worth keeping and regaining during evolution process.Based on protection of original courtyard landscape morphological structure of traditional rural settlement,it made an attempt to establish a new method to guide the construction of settlement landscape at new period,realizing sustainable and virtuous cycle development mode.

河南民居院落平面布局特征

由于河南南北方向跨越北亚热带和暖温带2个气候带,东西跨越我国第2阶梯向第3阶梯过渡的区域,地形地貌复杂,从而使联系民居的院落布局也复杂多变。另外,院落的布局又呈现多元化的特点。1院落平面基本形式及其功能1.1基本形式河南民居院落的平面布置形式呈现多样化的特点,但大致可归纳为4种基本形式,即四合院、三合院。

滨水区建筑空间构成探析——以福清市图书馆、档案馆、科技馆综合体建筑设计为例(英文)

After the understanding of the concept and characteristics of waterfront architectural space, by taking library, archive, and science and technology museum in Fuqing City for example, the paper had pointed out design techniques and features of their natural geological space, planning structure space, traditional courtyard space and architectural indoor space. It had illustrated their structure of "one center and three axes" in detail. Environmental factor had been regarded in plane planning layout. Semi-enclosed space of "cultural square", sequential space of "open courtyard", and well-spaced space of "vertical ecological courtyard" had been created. Based on these spaces, courtyard and garden environments for reading, rest, leisure and communication had been constructed. It was hoped to inspire design idea of waterfront architectures, so as to create waterfront architectures with times spirit and national feature.

Identification of rural courtyards’utilization status using deep learning and machine learning methods on unmanned aerial vehicle images in north China

The issue of unoccupied or abandoned homesteads(courtyards)in China emerges given the increasing aging population,rapid urbanization and massive rural-urban migration.From the aspect of rural vitalization,land-use planning,and policy making,determining the number of unoccupied courtyards is important.Field and questionnaire-based surveys were currently the main approaches,but these traditional methods were often expensive and laborious.A new workflow is explored using deep learning and machine learning algorithms on unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)images.Initially,features of the built environment were extracted using deep learning to evaluate the courtyard management,including extracting complete or collapsed farmhouses by Alexnet,detecting solar water heaters by YOLOv5s,calculating green looking ratio(GLR)by FCN.Their precisions exceeded 98%.Then,seven machine learning algorithms(Adaboost,binomial logistic regression,neural network,random forest,support vector machine,decision trees,and XGBoost algorithms)were applied to identify the rural courtyards’utilization status.The Adaboost algorithm showed the best performance with the comprehensive consideration of most metrics(Accuracy:0.933,Precision:0.932,Recall:0.984,F1-score:0.957).Results showed that identifying the courtyards’utilization statuses based on the courtyard built environment is feasible.It is transferable and cost-effective for large-scale village surveys,and may contribute to the intensive and sustainable approach to rural land use.

透视胶东民居庭院空间的审美内涵(英文)

Through analysis on courtyard space in Jiaodong and based on existing residences,field study was conducted,so as to explore pervasive and primitive aesthetic value,practical significance and sustainability of traditional residences,and provide theoretical and practical basis for design of new residences with ecological value.

关中乡村院落景观微演变合理性研究(英文)

In response to the needs of landscape construction in the new countryside of west China,this paper takes Sanyi Village in Guanzhong area for example,from the combined perspective of modern landscape and traditional local culture,explores micro-evolution laws of rural courtyard landscapes in Guanzhong Area.By finding out the reasonable aspects as land use,layout and decoration,and the unreasonable aspects as material,texture and green cultivation,in the landscape micro-evolution of rural settlement courtyard,it tries to guide the landscape planning,provide some brief construction methods,focus on the"step by step"safeguarding and introductory development mode,explore tangible and intangible elements of landscape culture in rural settlements,and play the potentials of rural dwellings in courtyard landscape construction,so as to solve the conflict between conservation and development in rural settlements.

Comprehensive evaluation of rural courtyard utilization efficiency:A case study in Shandong Province,Eastern China

China is implementing the strategy of Rural Revitalization.Revitalizing idle and inefficient utilization courtyards is an important measure for rural revitalization.The evaluation of courtyard utilization efficiency is the basis of determining the idle and inefficient utilization courtyards in order to revitalizing it.This study provided a reference for the optimal use of rural courtyard utilization and revitalization through the quantitative comprehensive evaluation of courtyard utilization efficiency and the classification of courtyard utilization types.Taking Shandong Province in Eastern China as study area,we selected eight surveyed villages by stratified sampling method.According to the scale of the villages,full survey and sample survey were used,while middleaged men who familiar with the courtyards were selected as the respondents.Through a household questionnaire survey and face-to-face interviews from2017 to 2018,578 questionnaires of rural courtyardsin eight villages were obtained.Then based on the functions of rural courtyard and land resource conditions,16 comprehensive factors were formulated,involving land conditions,construction conditions and economic benefits,to build the comprehensive evaluation index system of rural courtyard utilization efficiency.Next the index weight was determined by analytic hierarchy process,and the linear weighted regression model was used to evaluate the utilization efficiency of rural courtyard.Finally,the K-means clustering analysis was used to classify the utilization efficiency of courtyards.The results showed that among the eight villages,the average utilization efficiency of courtyards was moderate(one village was low,five were moderate,and two were high).The proportions of both idle and inefficiently utilized courtyards were high.There were three vital factors leading to the idle and low efficiency of rural courtyards.They were declining rural industries,limited arable land per capita,and more farmer workers.In this case,the utilization efficiency of courtyards should be improved by transferring rural land,developing secondary and tertiary industries,evaluating the development potential of villages,classifying and optimizing courtyard utilization,so as to make full use of idle and inefficient courtyards,increase the income of farmers and collectives and promote the revitalization of rural areas.

Plant Landscape Design of Residential Court

Courtyard is a signifi cant component of architectural design because it is an important living place that plays a positive role in improving the living environment. This paper reviewed basic principles of small courtyard landscape design, and analyzed the way of integrating plants and other landscape elements in small courtyards.

Merging Traditional Dwelling Form into Modern Neighborhood—— A Holiday Villa District's Planning and Design in Shanghai

Taking a holiday villa district for example, this paper explored the ways of merging traditional dwelling form into modern neighborhood, in the planning and design of this villa district, external space designs of traditional villages were borrowed to stress the construction of traditional spaces, and the layout of road traffi c. It was elaborated that in the design of Chinese residential buildings, not only should Chinese style be applied in the facade design of dwellings, but also traditional dwelling forms should be merged with modern life, so the essence of traditional resident culture can be demonstrated in modern residential areas.

The Design of Courtyard-Style Elderly Care Buildings in Cold Regions

Different climatic zones should consider different architectural spatial organization forms when designing buildings. In this paper, the design scheme of Half Courtyard located in the Guanzhong Plain of Shaanxi is selected for research to explore how to construct ecological elderly care buildings in cold regions. The design scheme has been proven to increase solar energy efficiency, add natural ventilation, improve the insulation performance of building envelopes, and create a comfortable indoor climate.

An Experimental Study of the Thermal Behavior of the Courtyard Style Cave Dwelling

The effect of the courtyard on moderating the hush climate and improving the thermal environment of the courtyard style cave dwelling, and the interaction amongst the ambient, the courtyard and its surrounding cave rooms were investigated. A field measurement was carried out in such a typical dwelling in the winter. The results presented in this paper prove the ability of this dwelling to transform an extreme winter environment outside cave rooms into a better outdoor community space and will be helpful for modern architects to seek a low cost housing solution with concern for sustainable development.

Modern Courtyard Design against Chinese and Western Cultural Background

Characteristics and differences of Chinese and westerners in cultural background,lifestyle,and psychological needs were analyzed,on the basis of which gardening arts in both regions explored,and trend of modern courtyard design summarized.Taking Hollister House Garden(Connecticut)and Taihe"Yard by Canal"(Beijing)for example,differences of modern Chinese and western yard designs were compared.