Coxsackievirus B_(3m)与T-2毒素对小鼠脂质过氧化物代谢的影响

目的探讨Ｔ－２毒素与ＣｏｘｓａｃｋｉｅｖｉｒｕｓＢ３ｍ的双重作用对小鼠肝脏脂质过氧化物的影响。方法实验采用析因设计，ＢＡＬＢ／Ｃ小鼠随机分成４组，Ｉ正常对照组；Ⅱ病毒组；ⅢＴ－２毒素组；Ⅳ病毒＋毒素组。病毒组常规腹腔接种０．１ｍｌ内含１０００ＴＣＩＤ５０的１６４０营养液；毒素组隔日按１．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ体重Ｔ－２毒素灌胃，直至实验结束；病毒＋毒素组先Ｔ－２灌胃，３周后腹腔接种同稀释度病毒。各组鼠于病毒接种后第７天，１４天，２１天，３０天，５０天分批处死测定肝脏脂质过氧化物（ＬＰＯ）含量。结果显示病毒和Ｔ－２毒素均可非常明显（Ｐ＜０．０１）引起小鼠肝脏ＬＰＯ含量升高。两者双重作用更为明显，但两者之间没有交互作用。结论ＣｏｘｓａｃｋｉｅｖｉｒｕｓＢ３ｍ和Ｔ－２毒素作用于生物体可导致机体脂质过氧化损伤。

Coxsackievirus B3 Infection Triggers Autophagy through 3 Pathways of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress

Objective Autophagy is a highly conserved intracellular degradation pathway. Many picornaviruses induce autophagy to benefit viral replication, but an understanding of how autophagy occurs remains incomplete. In this study, we explored whether coxsackievirus B3(CVB3) infection induced autophagy through endoplasmic reticulum(ER) stress. Methods In CVB3-infected HeLa cells, the specific molecules of ER stress and autophagy were detected using Western blotting, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR), and confocal microscopy. Then PKR-like ER protein kinase(PERK) inhibitor, inositol-requiring protein-1(IRE1) inhibitor, or activating transcription factor-6(ATF6) inhibitor worked on CVB3-infected cells, their effect on autophagy was assessed by Western blotting for detecting microtubule-associated protein light chain 3(LC3). Results CVB3 infection induced ER stress, and ER stress sensors PERK/eIF2α, IRE1/XBP1, and ATF6 were activated. CVB3 infection increased the accumulation of green fluorescent protein(GFP)-LC3 punctuation and induced the conversion from LC3-Ⅰ to phosphatidylethanolamine-conjugated LC3-1(LC3-Ⅱ). CVB3 infection still decreased the expression of mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR) and p-mTOR. Inhibition of PERK, IRE1, or ATF6 significantly decreased the ratio of LC3-Ⅱ to LC3-Ⅰ in CVB3-infected HeLa cells. Conclusion CVB3 infection induced autophagy through ER stress in HeL a cells, and PERK, IRE1, and ATF6 a pathways participated in the regulation of autophagy. Our data suggested that ER stress may inhibit mTOR signaling pathway to induce autophagy during CVB3 infection.

柯萨奇病毒B3(CVB3)通过激活NADK2促进小鼠巨噬细胞NLRP3的活化

目的研究在柯萨奇病毒B3(CVB3)刺激下,小鼠巨噬细胞中含pyrin结构域NOD样受体家族蛋白3(NLRP3)表达的变化及机制。方法CVB3刺激RAW264.7细胞、小鼠原代(骨髓来源或腹腔)巨噬细胞以及感染NLRP3短发夹RNA(shRNA-NLRP3)慢病毒的RAW264.7细胞,实时荧光定量PCR检测NLRP3和白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)表达水平;ELISA检测细胞上清中IL-1β的含量;Western blot法检测NLRP3蛋白的变化,免疫共沉淀(Co-IP)法检测NLRP3相互作用蛋白的表达。结果CVB3刺激RAW264.7细胞、骨髓来源或腹腔巨噬细胞后,NLRP3和IL-1β表达明显升高;下调NLRP3后,IL-1β分泌明显减少;NLRP3抗体Co-IP所得复合物银染,组间差异蛋白经质谱分析鉴定为烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸激酶2(NADK2),证明CVB3诱导NADK2与NLRP3相互作用。结论CVB3通过激活NADK2促进巨噬细胞NLRP3活化,增加炎症因子IL-1β表达和释放。

Bioinformatic Analysis of Non-VP1 Capsid Protein of Coxsackievirus A6

This study bioinformatically analyzed the non-VP1 capsid proteins（VP2-VP4） of Coxasckievirus A6（CVA6）, with an attempt to predict their basic physicochemical properties, structural/functional features and linear B cell eiptopes. The online tools Sub Loc, Target P and the others from Ex PASy Bioinformatics Resource Portal, and SWISS-MODEL（an online protein structure modeling server）, were utilized to analyze the amino acid（AA） sequences of VP2-VP4 proteins of CVA6. Our results showed that the VP proteins of CVA6 were all of hydrophilic nature, contained phosphorylation and glycosylation sites and harbored no signal peptide sequences and acetylation sites. Except VP3, the other proteins did not have transmembrane helix structure and nuclear localization signal sequences. Random coils were the major conformation of the secondary structure of the capsid proteins. Analysis of the linear B cell epitopes by employing Bepipred showed that the average antigenic indices（AI） of individual VP proteins were all greater than 0 and the average AI of VP4 was substantially higher than that of VP2 and VP3. The VP proteins all contained a number of potential B cell epitopes and some eiptopes were located at the internal side of the viral capsid or were buried. We successfully predicted the fundamental physicochemical properties, structural/functional features and the linear B cell eiptopes and found that different VP proteins share some common features and each has its unique attributes. These findings will help us understand the pathogenicity of CVA6 and develop related vaccines and immunodiagnostic reagents.

Molecular Epidemiology of Coxsackievirus B1-5 Associated with HFMD in Fujian Province, China, 2011-2016

Hand,foot and mouth disease(HFMD)is a common infectious disease that usually affects children less than 5 years of age.HFMD is caused by human enteroviruses(HEVs).HEVs,members of the Enterovirus genus of the Picornaviridae(small RNA virus)family.

Coxsackievirus B3-induced apoptosis and Caspase-3

Cell death can be classified into two categories: apoptosis and necrosis. Apoptotic pathway can beeither caspase-dependent or caspase-independent. Caspase-independent cytopathic effect (CPE) has beendescribed. In order to evaluate the pattern of HeLa cell death induced by Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)and whether apoptosis involves caspase activation, we co-cultivated HeLa cells with CVB3 and detectedthe cytopathic changes, the alteration of mRNA and protein expression of caspase-3 gene plus caspase-3activity, as well as analyzing DNA fragmentation before and after caspase-3 activity inhibition. Accordingto the results, we propose that CVB3 may induce apoptosis and necrosis in HeLa cells, the latter appearingmuch earlier. Caspase-3 is activated at the levels of both transcription and translation, and procaspase-3 isproteolytically cleaved, thus leading to the continuous increasing of both caspase-3 precursor protein and itssubunit. However, besides CPE, apoptosis induced by CVB3 is not a direct consequence of the activationof caspase-3, or caspase-3 is not the only effector molecule in apoptotic cell death, for caspase-3 inhibitorcan not decrease DNA fragmentation. Some other biochemical mechanisms may participate in the process,whose role weakens the effect of inhibiting caspase-3 activity.

Murine model of acute myocarditis and cerebral cortical neuron edema induced by coxsackievirus B4

Globally, coxsackievirus B4 （CV-B4） has been continuously isolated and evidence suggests an association with the development of pancreatitis and type I diabetes. In addition, CV-B4 is also associated with myocarditis and severe central nervous system （CNS） complications, which remain poorly studied and understood. In the present study, we established an institute for Cancer Research （ICR） mouse model of CV-B4 infection and examined whether CV-B4 infection resulted in a predisposition to myocarditis and CNS infection. We found high survival in both the treatment and control group, with no significant differences in clinical outcomes observed. However, pathological lesions were evident in both brain and heart tissue of the CV-B4-infected mice. in addition, high viral loads were found in the neural and cardiac tissues as early as 2 days post infection. Expressions of IFN-y and IL-6 in sera were significantly higher in CV-B4-infected mice compared to uninfected negative controls, suggesting the involvement of these cytokines in the development of histopathological lesions. Our murine model successfully reproduced the acute myocarditis and cerebral cortical neuron edema induced by CV-B4, and may be useful for the evaluation of vaccine candidates and potential antivirals against CV-B4 infection.

Molecular Characterisation of Two Coxsackievirus B6 Strains from the Tibet Autonomous Region of China

Enteroviruses (EVs) are members of the genus Enteroviruswithin the orderPicornavirales, family Picornaviridae, and consist of 12 species, including EV-A, EV-B, EV-C, and EV-D, which are associated with human infections. Coxsackievirus B6 (CV-B6)belongs to the species EV-B, which currently consists of 63 serotypes, including echovirus (serotypes 1–7,9, 11–21, 24–27, 29–33), coxsackievirus group A (CVA9), coxsackievirus group B (CV-B, serotypes 1–6),the newly identified EVs (serotypes EV-B69, B73–75,B77–88, B93, B97–98, B100–101, B106–107, and B110–113), and the simian enterovirus SA5.

In vitro anti-coxsackievirus B_3 effect of ethyl acetate extract of Tian-hua-fen

AIM: To investigation the anti-coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3m)effect of the ethyl acetate extract of Tian-hua-fen on HeLacells infected with CVB3m.METHODS: HeLa cells were infected with CVB3m and thecytopathic effects (CPE) were observed through light microscope and crystal violet staining on 96-well plate and A600 was detected using spectrophotometer. The protective effect of the extract to HeLa cells and the mechanism of the effect were also evaluated through the change of CPE and value of A600.RESULTS: The extract had some toxicity to HeLa cells at a higher concentration while had a marked inhibitory effect on cell pathological changes at a lower concentration.Consistent results were got through these two methods.We also investigated the mechanism of its anti-CVB3m effectand the results indicated that the extract represented an inhibitory effect through all the processes of CVB3m attachment, entry, biosynthesis and assemble in cells.CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate that the ethyl acetate extract of Tian-hua-fen has a significantprotectiveeffect on HeLa cells infected with CVB3m in a dose-dependent manner and this effect exists through the process of CVB3mattachment, entry, biosynthesis and assemble in cells,suggesting that the ethyl acetate extract of Tian-hua-fen can be developed as an anti-virus agent.

The effects of coxsackievirus B3 infection on induction of ICAM-1 in cardiac myocytes and on Iymphocyte-myocyte adhesion

objective:To observe the effects of coxsackievirus B3(CoxB3) infection on-induction of intercellu lar adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in cardiac myocytes and on lymphocyte-myocyte adhesion. Metkods: ICAM 1 expression on cultured neonatal rat cardiac myocytes infected by CoxB3 was determined through enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis. Lymphocyte-myocyte adhesion was observed with adherence assay and monoclonal antibodies to adhesion molecule inhibition. Results:ICAM-1 expression on cardiac my ocytes was markedly induced after exposure to CoxB3 100 or 200 TCID50/ml infectious dose for 24~48 h (P<0. 05). Adhesion of rat activated lymphocytes to myocytes was stimulated by CoxB3 infection,and the effects of CoxB3 infection on adherence was significantly inhibited by anti-lymphocyte function antigen-1 (LFA-12)monoclonal antibodies (inhibition rate 40. 6% and 26. 45 % respectively). Couclusion:CoxB3 infec tion promotes lymphocyte-myocyte adhesion through inducing ICAAM-1 expression on cardiac myocytes.

STUDY ON PERSISTENT INFECTION OF COXSACKIEVIRUSGROUP B IN MURINE MODEL OF CHRONICVIRAL MYOCARDITIS

Objective To investigate the dynamic change of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) in murine model ofchronic myocarditis and revel the molecular mechanism of the persistent infection of the tirus.Methods Strand - specific RT- PCR(ssRT- PCR), quantitative RT- PCR (qRT - PCR) and multiplexRT- PCR(mRT- PCR). Results The positive strand of CVB3 RNA existed in heart tissue up to 3 monthsalthough its amount decreased by 103～4 folds from acute to chronic phase. The negative strand RNA for virusreplication kept its amount on la moleculars per gram heart tissue. Some conserved areas of virus RNA 5’NTRand 3’NTR were lost in chronic phase. Conclusion The virus kept replication during the whole phase ofmyocarditis and speeded down on chronic period in the status of persistent infection. That may be due to theterminal lose of CVB RNA.

EFFECT OF COXSACKIEVIRUS B3 ON ION CHANNEL CURRENTS IN RAT VENTRICULAR MYOCYTES

To investigate the effects of coxsackievirus B 3(CVB 3) on ion channel currents in rat ventricular myocytes. Methods.Rat hearts were isolated with collagenase to acquire single ventricular myocytes, L type voltage dependent calcium channel(VDCC)current (I Ca ),Na + current (I Na ), outward potassium current (I out ), inwardly rectifying potassium current(I KI ) were recorded using whole cell patch clamp techniques. ResultsCVB 3 infection increased I Ca and I out , while decreased I KI ; but it had no obvious effect on I Na . Conclusion.The effects of CVB 3 on I Ca 、 I out 、 I KI may be one of the mechanisms of myocytes damage and the occurrence of abnormal electroactivities induced by CVB 3 infection.

Evaluation of Antibodies Induced by the Injection of Single Capsid Protein or Purified Virus Particle of Coxsackievirus B3 in Mice

Four capsid proteins (VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4) of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) were expressed as recombinant proteins in an Escherichia coli expression system and used as antigens for subunit vaccines against CVB3 in ICR mice. Antigens were expressed as thioredoxin-histidine (TrxHis)-tagged protein and purified before immunization. Although all VPs other than VP4 induced anti-CVB3 specific antibodies in mice (detected by ELISA and western blotting), they did not neutralize the infectious CVB3 in a virus neutralization assay. Meanwhile, 2 virus strains were purified from CVB3 virus stock on the basis of their plaque size on HeLa cells. ICR mice were infected with the 2 purified virus strains (S-strain and L-strain) and unpurified virus stock (wild type) to analyze the difference in antibody responses against infections of purified and unpurified virus strains. The reactivity of antisera against each virus strain was tested by ELISA, and the results showed that the inoculation of purified virus strain induced a strong antibody response against the inoculated strain. As a result, the antibody response against wild-type and other virus strains was suppressed. These results suggest using unpurified virus stock as an antigen is advantageous for inducing a broad antibody response in inoculated animals.

ROLE OF COXSACKIEVIRUS AND ADENOVIRUS RECEPTOR (CAR)IN CARDIOTOXICITY INFECTED BY COXSACKIEVIRUS B3

Objective To explore the role of coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor（CAR） in cardiotoxicity infected by coxsackieviras B3. Methods A toxic cellular model was established in vitro by adding myocarditic coxsackievirus B3 （CVB3m） into the culture of neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes. 48 h later, the cardiomyocytes were divided into control, CVB3m, and CAR antibody ＋ CVB3m groups. CVB3m-mediated myocytopathic effect of above three groups was observed after further culturing for 48h. At the same time, the cardiomyocytes＇ viability of above three groups was assessed by MTT assay. Results The degree of cytopathic effect（CPE） of CAR antibody ＋ CVB3m group was significantly lower than CVB3m group （ P 〈 0. 01 ） and there was a significant increase in cell viability in CAR antibody ＋ CVB3m group compared with CVB3m group（ P 〈 0. 01 ）. No significant difference was found between CAR antibody ＋ CVB3m group and control group. Conclusion CAR antibody possesses a protective effect on CVB3m infected cardiomyoctyes, which indicates that CAR may play an important role in mediating cardiotoxicity infected by CVB3m.

PROTECTIVE ROLE OF SOPHOCARPINE IN COXSACKIEVIRUS B3 INFECTION IN CULTURED RAT CARDIOMYOCYTES

Objective To observe the anti-CVB3 （ Coxsackievirus B3 ） effect of sophocarpine （SC） extracted from Sophora flavescens, a traditional Chinese herb in vitro. Methods Cardiomyocytes from the neonatal rat were cultured to establish the viral myocarditis model The cells were divided into four groups： infected group （ infected by CVB3 ） , SC treated group （ added SC 100 μg/mL after viral infection ）, SC control group （ added SC 100 μg/mL only）, and normal control group. The cytopathic effect （CPE） and the beating frequency of the myocardial cells were observed and the LDH levels in the supernatant were measured at day 2,3, and 5. The cultured myocytes were added different concentrations of SC （ 12. 5 -400 μg/mL ） after infection with CVB3, the CPE was observed and the concentrations of LDH were measured and compared at day 2, 3, and 5. Results In the SC treated group （ 100 μg/mL ） , the cytopathic effect was lighter and the LDH level was lower than the infected group. SC in a concentration of 12. 5 - 300 μg/mL could relieve the CPE and lower the LDH level, while in a higher concentration （400 μ/m ） , it exacerbated the CPE caused by the virus, and the LDH levels were higher than the infected cells. Conclusion SC in certain concentration could protect the cultured rat cardiomyocytes from CVB3 infection.

IL-15基因真核表达质粒的构建及其对CVB3 VP1基因疫苗的免疫增强作用

目的探讨人白细胞介素 15 (humaninterleukin 15 ,hIL 15 )基因佐剂对柯萨奇B3病毒 (CoxsackievirusB3 ,CVB3 )VP1基因疫苗的免疫增强效果。方法从人胚肺二倍体细胞提取hIL 15的mRNA ,用逆转录 聚合酶链反应 (reversetranscriptase polymerasechainreaction ,RT PCR)扩增出cDNA ,构建成真核表达克隆 pcDNA3 IL 15。将pcDNA3 VP1、pcDNA3 VP1+ pcDNA3 IL 15、pcDNA3 IL 15、pcDNA3和盐水分别肌内注射Balb/c小鼠 ,每次免疫后 6天取血清用微量中和试验测CVB3中和抗体 ,3次免疫后用 80 0TCID5 0CVB3感染小鼠 ,观察小鼠的生存率。结果 pcDNA3 IL 15重组质粒的目的基因与hIL 15基因序列相同 ;pcDNA3 VP1和pcDNA3 VP1+ pcDNA3 IL 15能诱导小鼠产生中和抗体 ,抗体滴度随免疫次数增加而提高 ;pcDNA3 VP1+ pcDNA3 IL 15组抗体滴度和生存率均高于 pcDNA3 VP1组。结论本研究成功构建了hIL 15重组质粒 ,该质粒对真核表达重组质粒 pcDNA3

柴胡 黄芩 炙甘草对小鼠CVB3心肌炎治疗作用的研究

目的 探讨单剂柴胡、黄芩、炙甘草对柯萨奇病毒B3(CVB3)感染的病毒性心肌炎小鼠的治疗作用。方法 用CVB3感染Balb/C小鼠造成病毒性心肌炎模型 ,分别用生理盐水、柴胡、黄芩、炙甘草灌胃治疗 ,观察病毒感染后不同时间点的心肌组织病理变化。结果 柴胡组小鼠在感染后第 5 ,7,10天心肌病理积分为 1.33±0 .82 ,1.6 0± 0 .6 3和 1.87± 0 .74 ,明显低于对照组 (2 .2 2± 1.37,3.2 7± 0 .96 ,2 .6 0± 1.0 6 ) (P <0 .0 5或 0 .0 1)。炙甘草组小鼠在感染后第 5 ,7天心肌病理积分为 1.2 6± 0 .88和 1.80± 0 .6 8,明显低于相应对照组 (P <0 .0 5或0 .0 1)。黄芩组小鼠在感染第 14 ,2 1天后心肌病理积分 (1.5 3± 0 .74 ,0 .80± 0 .5 6 )与对照组 (2 .33± 0 .98,1.4 0±0 .83)比较差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 单剂柴胡、黄芩。

低硒、氧化应激及CVB感染在克山病发病机制中的作用

目的 研究低硒、氧化应激和柯萨奇B组病毒 (CoxsackievirusB ,CVB)感染在克山病发病中的作用。方法 检测了陕西省黄陵县 30例潜在型、慢型克山病患者血清CVB IgM抗体、硒水平、总抗氧化能力以及脂质过氧化物 (LipidPeroxide,LPO)。健康对照选自黄陵县克山病病区和非病区西安市。结果 ①克山病患者组CVB IgM阳性率显著高于病区和非病区健康组 ,分别为 43.3%vs 1 5 %和 43.3%vs 1 0 % ,P <0 .0 1 ;②克山病患者和病区健康居民血清硒水平和总抗氧化能力显著低于非病区西安人群 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,但克山病患者血清LPO水平显著高于两健康组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;③克山病患者CVB IgM( + )者血清Se水平、总抗氧化能力显著低于CVB IgM( - )患者和病区健康组CVB IgM ( + )和CVB IgM ( - )者 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;克山病患者CVB IgM( + )血清LPO水平显著高于其他各组 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 低硒。

新生鼠呼吸道感染CVB_3致气道炎症的病理学观察

目的 :观察病毒感染对气道炎症、肺形态学的影响以及持续的气道反应性增高 ,探讨病毒感染与哮喘的关系。方法 :建立新生大鼠病毒感染模型 ,出生 5 d新生鼠超声雾化吸入柯萨奇病毒 B3(CVB3) ,接种后 10 d取血查 CVB3- Ig M;接种后 10d、30 d分别观察湿肺质量与鼠体质量比值 (L W/ BW)、气道肺病理学改变。 结果 :病毒组新生鼠血清中 CVB3- Ig M的 D值均在对照组 x+2 s以上接种后 10 d L W/ BW比值病毒组明显高于对照组 (P<0 .0 1)。病理学检查 :急性期炎症改变显著 ;接种后30 d仍有持续的形态学及细胞学改变。 结论 :新生鼠吸入 CVB3模型成立 ,并有持续的气道炎症及肺形态学改变。

抗柯萨奇B病毒性心肌炎胶囊复方新制剂抗CVB_3作用

目的通过体内外实验观察抗柯萨奇B病毒性心肌炎胶囊K-CoXB-JN复方新制剂对柯萨奇B3(CVB3)病毒感染的心肌细胞和病毒性心肌炎(VMC)小鼠的保护作用。方法体外实验用1000 TCID50的CVB3感染心肌细胞后,分别加入不同浓度的K-CoXB-JN复方新制剂和利巴韦林,并设定正常对照组和模型对照组,当细胞病变达到75%后,测定细胞上清液中肌酸激酶(CK)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性;体内实验用CVB3感染Balb/c小鼠造成病毒性心肌炎模型,分别予K-CoXB-JN复方新制剂高、中、低剂量,利巴韦林和纯水连续灌胃14 d,记录小鼠死亡数,观察药物对小鼠的死亡保护情况。结果 K-CoXB-JN复方新制剂可降低CVB3感染的心肌细胞培养上清液中CK、AST、LDH含量,降低病毒性心肌炎小鼠的死亡率,给药组和模型对照组相比较P<0.05。结论 K-CoXB-JN复方新制剂对CVB3感染的心肌细胞和病毒性心肌炎小鼠具有保护作用。