Oblique Y-groove cracking test of the welding cold cracking susceptibility of domestic X-70 pipeline steel

Gas Transmitting From West to East Project' is significant. It should ensure the welding quality and safety of pipeline. The task is very arduous to guarantee the quality of the project in the condition of long line, complex weather and geology features. In this paper, the welding cold cracking susceptibility of domestic X 70 pipeline steel adopted by the project, which is one of the most interesting questions of welding quality about petrol pipeline, was studied by means of oblique Y groove cracking test. The crack ratio of surface and section was tested under the conditions of different welding materials and preheat temperature .The thickness of plate steel was 14.7 mm and 10.3 mm . The results reveal that X 70 pipeline steel has good crack resistance. The research has important value for the construction of large scale pipeline engineering and the application of domestic X 70 pipeline steel.

Detection of Damage and Crack in Railhead by Using Eddy Current Testing

Eddy current testing is a nondestructive testing method, which is used to detect discontinuities and defects in conductive materials. Using this technique, two different types of artificial defects in a railhead were evaluated in order to analyze the relationship between different types of defects and eddy current signals, and to obtain data on the size of the rail surface defects and crack location. The actually used rail sample was also studied. Surface cracks and defects were clearly observed as amplitude and phase changes of detected signals. This study succeeds in quantitatively analyzing and discriminating the damage types.

Numerical simulation of plate rigid restraint cracking tests based on cohesive element model

Cohesive element is developed from the Dugdal-Barenblatt model in the field of fracture mechanics. The mechanical constitutive relation of cohesive element can be artificially assumed depending on the specific applications. It has been successfully applied in the study of crystal plasticity/brittle fracture process and decohesion between delaminations. In this paper, tensile experiments of large steel plate with different length of pre-existing cracks are conducted. Based on commercial software ABAQUS, cohesive element is adopted to simulate the tensile tests, and appropriate parameter values are obtained by fitting displacement-force curves. Using these parameters, a numerical method is presented by applying cohesive element to thermo-elastic-plastic finite element method （TEP-FEM） to simulate plate rigid restraint cracking （PRRC） tests. By changing constitutive relation of cohesive element, dimensions of the model and welding conditions, the influence of welding restraint intensity and welding conditions on the crack propagation are discussed, respectively. Three types of welding cold cracking are simulated. Significant influence of welding cold cracking on resistant stress in welding line is captured by this numerical method.

Study on hydrogen assisted cracking susceptibility of HSLA steel by implant test

DMR-249 A is an indigenously developed high strength low alloy steel for Indian ship building industry for making ship-hull and is extensively used in the construction of war ships and submarines. Welding electrodes conforming to SFA 5.5 AWS E8018 C1 has been indigenously developed for welding of this steel using shielded metal arc welding process. In the present study, susceptibility to hydrogen assisted cracking of DMR-249 A steel welds made using this electrode has been assessed using implant test. Implant tests were conducted using this electrode at two different levels of diffusible hydrogen, measured using gas chromatography technique. It is observed that both the steel and the welding consumable are not susceptible to hydrogen assisted cracking even with a high diffusible hydrogen level of 9 m L/100 g of weld metal. In implant tests, specimen did not fracture even after loading to stress levels higher than the yield strength of the base metal. The good resistance of this steel and the welding consumable, even with high levels of diffusible hydrogen, is attributed to absence of a susceptible microstructure in both the weld metal and heat affected zone. Hence, this study shows that, in the absence of a susceptible microstructure, hydrogen assisted cracking is unlikely to occur even if hydrogen level is high. It also confirms that in welding of DMR-249 A with indigenously developed E8018 C1 electrode, hydrogen assisted cracking is not a concern and no preheating is required to avoid it during welding.

Fractal characteristics of cracks and fragments generated in unloading rockburst tests

True triaxial rockburst experiments with four different unloading rates were performed on four prism specimens of granite sampled from Beishan, China. The damage evolution in the rockburst test was investigated from two aspects including fracture surface crack and fragment characteristics. The scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the micro crack information on fragment surface. Combing binarization and box counting dimensions, the fractal dimensions of cracks were obtained. Meanwhile,the fragments were collected and a sieving experiment was conducted. We weighed the fragments qualities, counted the amount of fragments and measured the fragments length, width and thickness.Utilizing four methods to calculate damage fractal dimensions of fragments, the trend of fractal value changing with unloading rates can be roughly described. It can be concluded from these experiments that the fractal dimension either for crack or for fragment holds a decreasing trend with the decreasing unloading rate, indicating a reduction of damage level.

Edge crack growth of mortar plate specimens under uniaxial loading tests

In this paper, a compression-to-tension conversion technique is developed by applying predominant mode I loading test, using a servo-controlled compression system. The technique is applied to thin mortar plate specimens of different widths that include a prefabricated crack on either a single side to facilitate unilateral crack propagation, or prefabricated cracks positioned on both sides asymmetrically with respect to the specimen midpoint to facilitate bilateral crack propagation under direct tensile stress with a loading rate of 0.001 mm/s. The results show that the main pathways of unilateral crack propagation governing specimen failure are fluctuated locally, but present an approximately straight line overall in the absence of pre-existing internal defects. However, the pathways of bilateral crack propagation are relatively complex, although they present similar characteristics. Analysis results suggest that bilateral crack propagation can be basically divided into three stages, i.e. a stage of linear propagation, a stage representing deviation from the other crack, and a stage where one crack approaches either the other crack or approaches the opposite edge of the specimen, and thereby forming a continuous crack through the specimen. In addition, the stressestrain curves of bilateral crack specimens do not vary significantly around the point of peak stress prior to specimen failure, which means that the specimens do not fail instantaneously.

Test of subcritical crack growth and fracture toughness under water-rock interaction in three types of rocks

The subcritical crack growth and fracture toughness in peridotite, lherzolite and amphibolite were investigated with double torsion test. The results show that water-rock interaction has a significant influence on subcritical crack growth. With water-rock interaction, the crack velocity increases, while the stress intensity factor declines, which illustrates that water-rock interaction can decrease the strength of rocks and accelerate the subcritical crack growth. Based on Charlse theory and Hilling & Charlse theory, the test data were analyzed by regression and the correlation coefficients were all higher than 0.7, which shows the correlation is significant. This illustrates that both theories can explain the results of tests very well. Therefore, it is believed that the subcritical crack growth attributes to the breaking of chemical bond, which is caused by the combined effect of the tensile stress and the chemical reaction between the material at crack tip and the corrosive agent. Meanwhile, water-rock interaction has a vital effect on fracture toughness. The fracture toughness of samples under atmospheric environment is higher than that of samples immersed in water. And water-rock interaction has larger influence on fracture toughness in amphibolite than that in peridotite and lherzolite.

On the Bump Tests of Cracked Shafts Using Acoustic Emission Techniques

An investigation about the application of Acoustic Emission (AE) techniques to analyze the dynamic response of different cracked shafts rendered in bump tests is presented in this work. The experimental apparatus devised for this work complies of six shafts with different transverse crack sizes and a high-frequency data acquisition system. The AE signals generated in the bump tests performed on the different cracked shafts are captured by a wideband AE transducer. Those signals are treated by using statistical moments, wavelet transforms, and frequency- and time-domain procedures. A transverse crack of predetermined depth is etched into each shaft. The experimental results show that the values of kurtosis and skewness estimated for the AE signals can be used to identify the crack size.

新型Bell实验法环境应力开裂测试装置

自主设计并搭建了自动刻痕装置和压弯装置,提高了刻痕质量和测试结果的可重复性,同时采用改进的Bell实验方法对高密度聚乙烯材料的环境应力开裂行为进行了系统实验研究。结果表明,试剂浓度、刻痕偏移量、刻痕倾斜角度、刻痕刀片厚度的改变均会对环境应力开裂时间产生较大的影响;裂纹起裂位置既不在试样弯曲变形最大的中间位置,也不在刻痕边缘,而是在距离刻痕边缘约6.38 mm的位置。

T23/P23钢高强匹配焊缝金属接头再热裂纹表征

综述了T23/P23钢高强匹配焊缝金属接头再热裂纹的特征。结果表明,T23/P23耐热钢高强匹配接头再热裂纹倾向明显,焊后状态高强匹配接头具有较高的强度和可以接受的塑性和韧性。接头显微组织中的HAZ粗晶区碳化物析出、晶界的滑移及晶界的脆化是再热裂纹产生的必要条件;影响HAZ组织的主要因素是母材中碳化物形成元素和残留元素的种类及含量。随接头拘束应力增大,再热温度升高时再热裂纹倾向增大。T23/P23钢接头中氢的行为是产生再热裂纹不可忽视的影响因素。生产中常用低应力化和低氢化综合工艺及参数,以及新型专用焊接材料等措施,使接头中的应力水平降低,氢含量最小化,控制再热裂纹形成条件,并获得了较满意的效果。

积石山M6.2地震诱发秦阴村黄土震陷灾害研究

2023年12月18日在甘肃省临夏州积石山县发生的M6.2地震诱发了多处黄土震陷灾害。通过对积石山县石塬镇秦阴村黄土震陷灾害进行现场调查,得出灾害的主要特征;利用原状黄土开展室内试验,研究秦阴村黄土的物性参数特征、微结构特征和震陷性,结合现场调查结果分析震陷灾害产生的主要原因。研究结果表明:秦阴村震陷区内土体酥裂,裂缝发育,边缘土体坍落或产生滑坡;土层呈反倾台阶状震裂破坏,最大沉降量57 cm,裂缝最大长度约300 m,宽度约83 cm。震陷区黄土土质疏松、含水率较高、架空孔隙发育、颗粒胶结较弱,具备产生震陷的土性条件。震陷区黄土层厚度较大,地震的等效动应力大于土体产生震陷的临界动应力,且地震动持续时间较长、卓越周期较大,使得场地产生了严重的震陷破坏。

基于数字图像相关的地聚物混凝土轨枕的力学性能分析

随着混凝土轨枕在我国的广泛应用,混凝土的生产带来大量的能源消耗和碳排放。地聚物作为一种新型低碳材料,能在节能减碳的同时消耗矿渣和粉煤灰等固废。目前,针对地聚物应用于铁路轨枕的相关研究,如混合使用水泥与粉煤灰、矿渣的地聚物混凝土轨枕及其裂缝扩展特性的研究还比较有限。本文设计2种配合比的地聚物混凝土并制造成轨枕,使用数字图像相关(Digital Image Correlation)技术,在轨下截面的三点弯曲实验下分析2种配合比下轨枕挠度、裂缝扩展特性及裂缝宽度发展规律。研究结果表明,2种配合比地聚物混凝土轨枕的抗弯承载力均高于普通混凝土轨枕。相比于普通混凝土轨枕,地聚物混凝土轨枕在较低的静荷载作用下挠度较大,但随着荷载的增加轨枕挠度的增长速度较慢,刚度损失较小,弹性阶段延续的荷载区间更长,这种特征在配合比为Geo50的地聚物混凝土轨枕上更为显著。2种配合比的轨枕微裂纹萌生的荷载相近,分别为130 kN和120 kN。在较低荷载下2种轨枕裂缝扩展相差不大,在较高荷载下配合比为Geo100的地聚物轨枕的裂缝发展加快,裂缝宽度值和增长速度都大于Geo50。配合比为Geo100的地聚物混凝土轨枕主要表现为受弯正截面破坏,配合比为Geo50的地聚物混凝土轨枕主要表现为受剪斜拉破坏。掺入部分水泥代替矿渣和粉煤灰的地聚物能使所制成轨枕在较高的荷载下保持更高刚度和更缓慢的裂缝扩展速度,该方案有助于推动地聚物应用于混凝土轨枕,促进铁路双碳战略贯彻与实施。

隧道衬砌裂缝特征对承载力的影响分析

为明确松动荷载作用下,衬砌裂缝特征对结构承载性能的影响,通过1∶10模型试验和数值分析研究了带裂缝结构的受力变形特征、破坏模式和极限承载能力。结果表明:对于预制裂缝长度不超过L/3(试件纵向长度)、深度不超过0.7 H(试件厚度)的试件,裂缝发展存在阶段性特征,试件破坏由拱腰失效引起,属于延性破坏。对于预制裂缝长度不低于2 L/3或深度不低于0.9 H的试件,裂缝发展过程不存在阶段性特征,试件破坏由拱顶失效引起,属于脆性破坏;随裂缝长度和深度增加,结构极限承载力降低。当预制裂缝长度为L/3且深度为0.3 H、0.7 H、0.9 H,以及长度为2 L/3且深度为0.3 H、0.7 H时,试件极限承载力依次为完整试件的86.96%、78.26%、73.91%、69.57%、60.87%。相比于裂缝深度,纵向长度对结构承载性能影响更明显,可作为裂缝评价的重要指标;提出了基于裂缝特征的衬砌承载力预测公式,可明确带裂衬砌的极限承载力,为结构性能评估、加固时机及加固参数的选取提供依据。

铝合金气瓶泄漏原因

在对某铝合金气瓶进行循环压力试验时,气瓶发生泄漏事故。采用宏观观察、化学成分分析、力学性能测试、扫描电镜及能谱分析、金相检验等方法对气瓶泄漏的原因进行分析。结果表明:铝合金气瓶内壁接触了腐蚀性介质,在气瓶内壁产生了点腐蚀坑,在循环压力试验过程中,点腐蚀坑作为疲劳源,使气瓶内壁发生疲劳开裂,裂纹不断扩展并穿透壁厚,最终导致铝合金气瓶发生泄漏。

Q460C钢缺口板的疲劳裂纹萌生寿命计算模型和总疲劳寿命计算

基于位错随循环加载次数的增加加速移动、聚合形成疲劳裂纹的试验事实,假设疲劳裂纹萌生速率是循环加载次数的单调递增幂函数,通过积分推导出疲劳裂纹萌生寿命计算模型。Q460C钢缺口板的疲劳试验结果显示,疲劳裂纹萌生寿命、扩展寿命和总疲劳寿命均随应力幅和名义最大应力的降低而增加,疲劳裂纹形成寿命与总疲劳寿命的比值为0.82~0.90。我国《钢结构设计标准》建议的总疲劳寿命计算式的计算误差为-17.0%~+84.9%。以椭球面断裂模型作为裂尖开裂判据,对Q460C钢缺口板的疲劳裂纹扩展进行了理论计算和数值模拟。以疲劳裂纹萌生处应变溢出时裂纹长度0.05 mm作为疲劳裂纹萌生临界尺寸,标定的Q460C钢缺口板的疲劳裂纹萌生寿命计算式、扩展寿命计算式和总疲劳寿命计算式的计算误差分别为-15.0%~-1.2%、-12.4%~+2.8%和-12.1%~-1.4%。

公路隧道箱型预制仰拱变形破坏的模型试验研究

基于自主设计的新型箱型预制仰拱结构,采用室内物理模型试验,结合数字照相量测技术,研究该箱型预制仰拱的力学特性及破坏模式,通过数值模拟研究实际工况中衬砌与仰拱共同作用的受力规律.结果表明:竖向荷载作用下产生的拉张效应是预制仰拱裂纹产生及发展的主要原因,水平压力对预制仰拱的裂纹发展作用不明显.预制块接缝处以及各个预制块中柱转角处是预制仰拱结构的最薄弱部位,接缝处和转角处影响预制仰拱结构的安全.预制仰拱位移变化关于中轴部位呈对称分布,位移由大到小依次为中间预制块、左1预制块、左2预制块、左3预制块.箱型预制仰拱破坏可以分为加载压密、弹塑性变形和塑性破坏3个阶段.当仰拱与衬砌共同作用时,仰拱的上部主要承受拉应力,仰拱的下部主要承受压应力.试验结果表明,所设计仰拱结构具有良好的受力性能.

组合梁栓钉对高性能混凝土约束收缩效应研究

为探究高性能混凝土在栓钉约束作用下的收缩特征及开裂行为,制作了钢-混凝土组合构件,通过试验研究了不同栓钉因素对高性能混凝土约束收缩应变、约束度及开裂风险的影响规律,运用正交试验方法研究了栓钉直径、间距、高度对高性能混凝土约束收缩的影响,得到了主要敏感因素。结果表明:高性能混凝土较普通混凝土的约束收缩应变发展趋势更为平滑;各栓钉因素对约束收缩的敏感性影响的主次顺序依次为直径、间距、高度;混凝土收缩在组合梁高度方向上呈现出一定的收缩梯度,混凝土约束收缩应变随高度增加而增大,但栓钉高度在30 mm处、间距在75 mm处、直径在150 mm处对高性能混凝土约束收缩几乎没有影响;栓钉对混凝土的约束作用可定义为3个阶段,即约束增强阶段、约束下降阶段和约束稳定阶段;组合梁构件最大开裂风险发生在栓钉的根部,当栓钉间距由150 mm减少到75 mm,直径由13 mm增加到22 mm时,最大开裂风险分别增加了20.03%和36.05%,栓钉高度的改变对最大开裂风险没有影响;采用高性能混凝土以及直径小、高度高的栓钉布置方式可以有效减小混凝土的收缩及开裂风险。

高水头抽水蓄能电站地应力综合测试及抗劈裂分析

抽水蓄能电站建设处于加速期,合理布置地应力试验和精准获取地应力数据对高水头抽水蓄能电站意义重大。以某高水头抽水蓄能电站为案例,针对高水头抽水蓄能电站地形特点及地应力特征,在不同勘察阶段进行综合地应力测量,同时联合地应力场反演,获取空间三维地应力场分布规律并对围岩进行抗劈裂分析。综合实测结果表明:二维地表深孔结果随埋深梯度有变化,中浅部有应力集中现象,符合高水头抽水蓄能电站的地应力分布特征。三孔交汇法及孔壁应变法的地应力量值及方向吻合,地下厂房和高压岔管部位岩体的最大实测主应力为20.9 MPa,最小主应力为7.0 MPa;岩体以水平应力为主。最大主应力方向集中为NEE向。有利用综合实测结果加强模型精细化进行初始地应力场反演,能较好地反映此类工程的地应力场特征,利于围岩的抗劈裂分析及后续衬砌方案的选择。综合地应力测试对于高水头抽水蓄能的地应力获取具有可行性。可供高水头抽水蓄能电站工程的地应力勘察参考。

考虑残余应力影响的典型钢结构对接焊缝缺陷定位研究

对接焊缝为典型的钢结构焊缝形式,其位置处的裂纹和气孔型缺陷的准确检测对于钢结构维护有着重要的意义,使用磁记忆检测技术对焊缝裂纹和气孔型缺陷进行定位时,传统的零点极值理论由于焊接残余应力的影响,难以区分残余应力、焊接裂纹和气孔型缺陷所产生的磁信号,从而在实际检测中造成缺陷定位的误判和漏判,因此,从焊接裂纹和气孔型缺陷和残余应力所在区域磁信号产生机理的不同入手,开展考虑残余应力影响下的焊接裂纹和气孔型缺陷定位检测研究。首先对焊接残余应力与裂纹和气孔型缺陷产生磁信号的机理进行分析,提出采用三维磁模量梯度极值判定方式来区分残余应力与裂纹和气孔型缺陷产生的磁信号;其次再进行焊接缺陷有限元COMSOL模拟,将所得磁信号代入梯度极值特征公式中进行表征判断;最后为了验证模拟表征判断的准确性,人工制作焊接钢板,提取三维磁信号进行分析。研究结果表明,理论分析、数值模拟与试验结果相互吻合,三维磁模量梯度极值能定位焊接缺陷并定量表征缺陷的长度,且裂纹和气孔型的三维磁模量梯度值远远高于无缺陷残余应力区域的梯度值。