Certification and Conversion Mode of Learning Achievement Based on Credit Bank under the Background of Higher Vocational Enrollment Expansion

Credit bank system is a very important management mode in current higher vocational education,and it is also an important means for the Ministry of Education to promote China's modern education reform.This paper combines the specific background of higher vocational enrollment expansion,expounds the practical significance of the credit bank system in the training of the expanded enrollment talents,and explores the methods and rules of the authentication and transformation of the learning achievement of the expanded enrollment students under the system.In order to achieve convergence of different types of learning results,smooth talent growth channel,a useful exploration is carried out.

A Probe into the Talent Training Mode of Vocational Colleges with"l+X"Certificate System based on Credit Bank

Based on credit bank,the"1+X"certificate system is a"flyover"for learners to interchange between the academic and vocational education.It is a significant innovation to promote high-quality vocational education development and enhance the influence of national vocational education.Vocational colleges can implement"1+X"certificate system via the credit bank and in turn,the popularization of the"1+X"certificate system would enrich and improve the former.China's development of the credit bank and the existing research on the"1+X"certificate system are analyzed to look for a way in the collaboration of credit bank and the T+X"certificate system.The firm collaboration as well as the connection and optimization between government,schools,and enterprises as one body form a new talent training mode with the"1+X"certificate system that integrates academy and certificates as well as involving both,schools and enterprises according to China's credit bank concept.

Airtime Credit Banking: From Two Applications to One Application

This paper proposes how airtime credit could be used for banking purposes. The aim is to provide a means of converting airtime credit of any network service provider to a credit alert for a particular bank account user. This paper shows a simple implementation of the proposed system. The advantage of the proposed system is that it allows customers the right to convert their purchased airtime credit to a credit alert at anytime when they no longer wish to use the airtime credit again. Furthermore, it explains the limitations of the proposed system considering regulations in different countries of deployment. This approach could be extended to cover other vouchers for banking applications as well.

Application of the Credit Metrics in the Credit Risk Management of Commercial Banks

Credit risk is one of the main risks the commercial banks faces all over the world,especially in the risk structure of the banks of China.In order to control credit risk more scientifically,we shall connect the qualitative analysis and the quantitative analysis.Put forward by J.P.Morgan Credit Metrics model is the application of the VaR in the field of credit risk,showing great advantage in quantitative bonds and credit risk of loan.This paper studies the Credit Metrics model and analyzes the hypothesis and framework of this model,attempting to explore the application of the model in China in order to promote the realization of the risk quantification of the commercial banks of China.

Bank Credit and Agricultural Output in Bangladesh: An Econometric Analysis

In this study,the authors tried to identify the relationship between bank credit and agricultural output in Bangladesh.Simultaneously impact assessment of bank credit on agricultural output is also investigated.Different econometric techniques are used to determine the nature of the relationship between bank credit and agricultural output and the impact of bank credit.A total of 40 years(1981-2020)of annual time series data were collected from the Annual Reports of the Bangladesh Bank and World Bank’s world development indicators.Stationarity and cointegration tests were performed initially and then analyzed with Vector Error Correction Model,confirming a long-run relationship between bank credit and agricultural output.Additionally,univariate and multivariate OLS models are performed to identify the magnitude of bank credit’s impact on agricultural output.Both models revealed that bank credit positively and significantly affects agricultural production in Bangladesh.Based on these findings,the authors recommend additional fund allocation to the agricultural production system by the banks in Bangladesh.

Issues concerning Development of Consumer Credit Business in China's Agricultural Bank

This article introduces the status quo of consumer credit business in China's agricultural bank,indicating that the scale of China's consumer credit business is expanded year by year;the growth of consumer credit business slows down;housing loans grow rapidly.We analyze issues concerning development of consumer credit business in agricultural bank as follows:single variety of consumer credit business makes the operating scope narrow;the formality of consumer credit business is trivial,abating consumers' will to borrow;consumers' consumer attitudes are stale,yet to be further changed;the loan interest of consumer credit is beyond the majority of consumers' actual ability to pay;the existing regulations and systems are not sound;the risk prevention mechanism is not perfect.Based on this,we put forward the following countermeasures and proposals for further improving consumer credit business in China's agricultural bank:first,formulate reasonable marketing strategy of consumer credit business;second,establish and improve the internal management mechanism;third,establish and improve risk assessment system;fourth,improve consumer credit legal system.

培养创新创业能力的职业教育模式研究

如何更加高效地培养学生创新创业能力,探索出既不烦琐又可操作且广泛适用的职业教育模式,是现阶段各大高职院校亟须解决的重要课题。为进一步促进高职院校培养创新创业能力的职业教育模式改革与发展,对现有高职创新创业教育模式存在的弊端进行分析,提出“厚植学生创新创业观、完善高职院校创新创业教育体系、优化高职院校创新创业实践体系、建立健全创新创业能力培养评价机制”等策略,助力职业教育高质量发展,培养出理念先进、技术扎实、素养过硬的新时代复合型人才。

“双元制”下职业教育学分银行的现实困境、发展方向与改进路径

职业教育学分银行建设是强化职业教育类型属性、推动技能型社会建设、打造国家资历框架的综合性项目,也是推动职普融通、产教融合、科教融汇的系统性工程。在职业教育与学术教育“双元制”育人范式下,职业教育学分银行还存在框架制度不完善、功能结构不健全、管理运行有滞碍、评估评价尚待改进等制约性因素,外部应用还存在机制、跨界、管理的时度效等制度性障碍。当前,必须明确学分银行未来建设发展的方向,致力打造成为教育与技术协同互动的桥梁纽带、职业教育高质量发展的统筹抓手、职业教育系统化改革的重要内容。因此,要以“双元制”范式为指引,建立学分银行的组织框架,健全学分银行的功能属性,创新学分银行管理模式,规范学分银行评价体系,真正推动职业教育学分银行赋能、提质、增效。

基于学习成果应用的学分银行建设探索——以上海市终身教育学分银行为例

学习成果的应用是学分银行存在和发展的基石。学分银行中学习成果应用价值发挥有利于促进学习者终身学习,为构建服务全民终身学习的教育体系赋能助力。当前学分银行面临学习成果“只存不用”的困境,上海市终身教育学分银行在探索学习成果应用价值层面建构了学习成果应用共同体、搭建了学习成果应用平台,创新了学习成果应用模式,为攻克学习成果应用困境提供了经验参考。未来学分银行可从激发学习成果高频应用主体需求、内外联动建立全纳的学习成果应用数据库和基于多维数据分析开拓学习成果新应用等拓宽学习成果应用路径,为实现学分银行内生发展开拓新势能。

基于区块链技术的国家学分银行系统研究与设计

区块链作为一种新兴技术,具有去中心化和不可篡改等特征,它能为学分银行建设提供技术支持。突破以往从理论上论证区块链技术服务于学分银行建设的可行性,以国家开放大学推进学分银行建设实践为依托,系统介绍了区块链+学分银行的应用案例。同时,对基于区块链技术的国家学分银行系统可能存在的技术风险进行分析,并提出应对方案。

高职农产品加工与质量检测专业学分银行模式下学分认定与转换细则研究

学分银行是当前高等职业教育中十分重要的管理模式,如何进行学习成果认证及学分转换是学分银行建设中需要解决的重点问题。本研究旨在探讨学分银行模式下学生课外学习成果的认证和转换问题,通过查阅国家专业标准和行业标准、实地走访企业等多种方式进行研究,制定了黑龙江省农产品加工与质量检测专业专科学分认定和转换细则,为学分银行在高职农产品加工与质量检测专业中的应用实践奠定了基础。

国家审计与商业银行信贷行为

采用2008—2020年中国商业银行非平衡面板数据,考察国家审计对银行信贷行为的影响。研究发现,国家审计可以促使银行提供更为宽松的信贷,且这种效应具有延续性。机制分析结果表明,国家审计可以通过提高管理效率、减少违规行为、加快经济增长三条渠道促进银行扩充信贷。异质性分析发现,国家审计对内部治理较好、东部地区、外部法律环境较好的银行信贷行为的正向影响更加显著。调节效应研究发现,社会审计增强了国家审计对银行信贷的促进作用,媒体监督削弱了国家审计的促进效应,而公众监督的调节效应不显著。进一步研究发现,虽然国家审计推动了银行信贷投放,但对贷款集中度产生了抑制作用,且相较于商业贷款和非农户贷款,国家审计提升了消费贷款和农户贷款,国家审计与银行信贷的关系在降低不良贷款率的同时提升了银行财务业绩,说明国家审计可以助推银行信贷业务的高质量发展。

从资产负债表机理看信用货币创造的内在逻辑

“存款创造贷款、贷款创造存款”是主流货币理论的重要基础。英国学者乔西·瑞安-柯林斯等人和中国学者孙国峰等人认为,“存款创造贷款”的原理存在根本性错误,用于存款的货币均为贷款的产物,因此,不是“存款创造贷款”而是“贷款创造存款”,银行可以无限地凭空创造贷款。本文对这一认识寻根溯源,指出其中的偏颇之处。“贷款创造存款”的认识,从麦克鲁德算起已有140多年的历史,但它并不符合信用货币创造和资产负债表复式记账的内在机理。商业银行贷款以有款可贷为前提;在无款可贷条件下,贷款合同只是一纸空文。在实施贷款行为中,资金应从商业银行在央行的存款账户划到客户在商业银行的存款账户。从资金流程角度看,这是“存款创造存款”过程。从央行资产负债表看,不论是“发行货币”还是收取“存准”、吸收超额存款准备金都是资金来源的重要渠道,有了资金来源,才能有效地开展贷款、贴现、公开市场操作等“资金使用”,这一切操作都建立在真实资金的基础上,并非无中生有的“贷款创造存款”。“存款创造贷款”与“贷款创造存款”之争在理论逻辑中无解,要解开这一死结,需要回到历史起点。人民币最初入市是与边币和旧币的兑换,初始信用货币并非来自贷款;银行券的问世建立在贵金属货币准备的基础上,并非来自贷款。如果银行可以凭空创造贷款,则不存在美国硅谷银行破产事件,也不存在2008年美国金融危机,同时,利率理论、商业银行经营管理理论、资产负债表理论、货币政策理论、汇率理论等均将失效。