Calculation of Mass Concrete Temperature and Creep Stress under the Influence of Local Air Heat Transfer

Temperature-induced cracking during the construction of mass concrete is a significant concern.Numerical simulations of concrete temperature have primarily assumed that the concrete is placed in an open environment.The problem of heat transfer between the air and concrete has been simplified to the concrete’s heat dissipation boundary.However,in the case of tubular concrete structures,where air inlet and outlet are relatively limited,the internal air temperature does not dissipate promptly to the external environment as it rises.To accurately simulate the temperature and creep stress in tubular concrete structures with enclosed air spaces during construction,we establish an air–concrete coupled heat transfer model according to the principles of conjugate heat transfer,and the accuracy of the model is verified through experiments.Furthermore,we conduct a case study to analyze the impact of airflow within the ship lock corridor on concrete temperature and creep stress.The results demonstrate that enhancing airflow within the corridor can significantly reduce the maximum concrete temperature.Compared with cases in which airflow within the corridor is neglected,the maximum concrete temperature and maximum tensile stress can be reduced by 12.5°C and 0.7 MPa,respectively,under a wind speed of 4 m/s.The results of the traditional calculation method are relatively close to those obtained at a wind speed of 1 m/s.However,the temperature reduction process in the traditional method is faster,and the method yields greater tensile stress values for the corridor location.

Experimental research on creep behaviors of sandstone under uniaxial compressive and tensile stresses

The consideration of time dependence is essential for the study of deformation and fracturing processes of rock materials, especially for those subjected to strong compressive and tensile stresses. In this paper, the self-developed direct tension device and creep testing machine RLW-2000M are used to conduct the creep tests on red sandstone under uniaxial compressive and tensile stresses. The short-term and long-term creep behaviors of rocks under compressive and tensile stresses are investigated, as well as the long-term strength of rocks. It is shown that, under low-stress levels, the creep curve of sandstone consists of decay and steady creep stages; while under high-stress levels, it presents the accelerated creep stage and creep fracture presents characteristics of brittle materials. The relationship between tensile stress and time under uniaxial tension is also put forward. Finally, a nonlinear viscoelastoplastic creep model is used to describe the creep behaviors of rocks under uniaxial compressive and tensile stresses.

Influence of stress on the creep behavior of Cu particle enhancement SnPb based composite solder joints

Lap joints with a 1 mm^2 cross-sectional area were fabricated using Cu particle enhancemem 63Sn37Pb based composite solder and 63Sn37Pb eutectic solder to examine the influence of stress on the creep behavior of the solder joints. The results indicate that the creep resistance of the composite solder joints is generally superior to that of the conventional 63Sn37Pb solder joints. At the same time, the creep rupture life of the composite solder joints is declined with increasing stress and drops faster than that of the 63Sn37Pb eutectic solder joints.

Uniqueness of rate-dependency, creep and stress relaxation behaviors for soft clays

This work focuses on the uniqueness of rate-dependency, creep and stress relaxation behaviors for soft clays under one-dimensional condition. An elasto-viscoplastic model is briefly introduced based on the rate-dependency of preconsolidation pressure. By comparing the rate-dependency formulation with the creep based formulation, the relationship between rate-dependency and creep behaviors is firstly described. The rate-dependency based formulation is then extended to derive an analytical solution for the stress relaxation behavior with defining a stress relaxation coefficient. Based on this, the relationship between the rate-dependency coefficient and the stress relaxation coefficient is derived. Therefore, the uniqueness between behaviors of rate-dependency, creep and stress relaxation with their key parameters is obtained. The uniqueness is finally validated by comparing the simulated rate-dependency of preconsolidation pressure, the estimated values of secondary compression coefficient and simulations of stress relaxation tests with test results on both reconstituted Illite and Berthierville clay.

Interaction of fatigue and creep of GH33 under multi-axial stress at high temperature

Low-cycle fatigue experiments of tension-compression, torsion andtension-torsion with holding time were performed. The interaction law of creep and fatigue undermultiaxial stress at high temperature was investigated, and the micro-mechanism of equilibriumdiagrams was analyzed. A united equation of fatigue life under multiaxial stress was proposed.

Effects of stress and physical ageing on nonlinear creep behavior of poly(methyl methacrylate)

The effects of stress,ageing time and ageing temperature on creep behavior of poly(methyl methacrylate) were studied.After annealing above its glass transition temperature for a period of time to eliminate the stress and thermal history,the specimens were quenched and aged at various ageing temperatures for different ageing time,and then the short-term creep tests under different stress levels were carried out at room temperature.The creep strains were modeled by means of time-ageing time equivalence and time-stress equivalence,and the master creep curves were constructed via ageing time shift factors and stress shift factors.The results indicate that the creep rate increases with stress,while decreases with ageing time,and the ageing temperature history obviously affects the creep rate.For linear viscoelastic material,the ageing shift rate is independent on imposed stress,while for nonlinear viscoelastic material,the ageing shift rate decreases with increasing stress.The unified master creep curve up to 540 d at reference state was constructed by shifting the creep curves horizontally along the logarithmic time axis to overlap each other.It is demonstrated that the time-stress equivalence,united with the time-ageing time equivalence,provides an effective accelerated characterization technique in the laboratory to evaluate the long-term creep behavior of physical ageing polymers.

EFFECTS OF TENSILE STRESS AND IMPURITIES ON CREEP ACTIVATION ENERGY OF PLATINUM

The effect of tensile stress and trace amounts of impurities on the creep activation energyof platinum was studied and the creep mechanism was disscussed.

Stress Relaxation and Creep of Straw Bales

Loading ability of straw bales was tested by using an Electronical Testing Machine. Linear regression models were proposed to describe the loading ability as a function of failure density and compressing energy. Based on an exponent model, the testing compression coefficients of straw bales were estimated by using the Levenberg-Marquardt Method. Results showed that the relation among failure density, loading ability and compressing energy was linear in the phase of high density, Loading ability of straw bales could meet the requirement for building bills .

Measurements of Creep Internal Stress Based on Constant Strain Rate and Its Application to Engineering

This research is carried out on the basis of Constant Strain Rate （CSR） to measure creep internal stress. Measurements of creep internal stress are conducted on the material test machine by using the CSR method. A mathematical model of creep internal stress is also proposed and its application is presented in this paper.

Relations of complete creep processes and triaxial stress-strain curves of rock

Based on the results of triaxial compressive creep tests for five kinds of rock under the different stress loading,unloading and cycle-loading-unloading conditions,the creep deformation is not only a function of stress and time,but also it has the corresponding relations to the triaxial stress-strain curves of rock.The deformation properties of soften-strain,harden-strain and ideal plasticity presented by conventional triaxial compressive test curves under the different stress states were utilized,and the creep characteristics,the creep starting stress and the different entire creep process curves of rock were studied systematically according to creep experiment results,and the relations of the triaxial stress-strain curves to the creeping starting stress,the terminating curve,the different creep processes,and the different creep fracture properties were established.The relations presented in this paper were verified partially by the creep experiment results of five types of rock.

Experimental Study on Stress Relaxation and Creep Properties of Human Thoracolumbar Vertebral Bodies and Intervertebral Discs

Objective:Underwater shock can produce extremely high accelerations, resulting in severe human injuries on shipboard, and human thoraco lumbar spines are prone to suffer from injuries by ship shock motion. To observe the viscoelasticity of thoracolumbar of young fresh cadavers, and to provide biomechanical parameters for both research and clinical practice. Materials and Methods:5 fresh young male cadavers (aged 22 to 31 years) were provided, and 15 thoracolumbar spinal anatomies of 5 samples were harvested within 1 hour of death. WE-10A universal testing machine was used for creep and relaxation tests.Results:Stress relaxation and creep deformation equations are derived from the biomechanics model and the measured and simulated curves are compared. The creep in vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs exhibited significantly changes in the first 5 min and 10 min, respectively. The stress rapidly decreased in the first 2 min, and then gradually went balance during the relaxation process. Conclusion:The change in creep rate is significant at early stage,and gradually slows down.This indicates that the differences between internal pressure and local pressure are decreased until balance. The simulated curve derived from equation coincides with the experimental data to a large degree, which states that the equation is rational and reliable.

不同初始应力的Kapton薄膜的蠕变性能研究

聚酰亚胺薄膜(Kapton薄膜)作为一种航天膜材,其蠕变效应对结构的影响至关重要。为研究其蠕变力学性能,首先选用厚度为25μm的Kapton薄膜,在极限抗拉强度的35%、50%、65%、80%4组应力水平下,进行单轴蠕变拉伸试验。其次根据得到的蠕变力学曲线分析不同初始应力下薄膜蠕变的变化规律,结合蠕变伸长率描述薄膜随初始应力的蠕变特性并探讨其内在机理。最后采用经典Kelvin、经典Maxwell、四元件Burgers、三参数广义Kelvin、五参数广义Kelvin 5种蠕变本构模型对试验数据进行拟合,并对比分析各模型的拟合效果。结果表明:Kapton膜材具有明显的粘弹性性能,在设计中应予以考虑;初始应力对Kapton膜材的蠕变性能影响显著,初始应力越大,蠕变初期应变越大,稳态蠕变阶段应变保持值越高,粘弹性越明显;不同方向上的拉伸断裂应力水平导致蠕变性能的差异性,各应力状态下总应变TD(机器展开方向)大于MD(垂直方向);随着初始应力的增大,薄膜的蠕变伸长率先增大后减小,这是因为初始应力对薄膜内部的应力状态和位错运动的影响是复杂的,并且存在一个平衡点。本研究采用的五参数广义Kelvin模型能够较好地预测Kapton膜材的蠕变性能,拟合结果的可决系数均超过0.99,Burgers模型次之;经典Kelvin、三参数广义Kelvin以及经典Maxwell模型拟合可决系数在0.71~0.86之间,其拟合结果满足实际工程的需要。

纤维加筋膨胀土的蠕变规律及模型预测

膨胀土是具有流变性质的灾害性土,其蠕变行为直接影响到工程结构的稳定性和安全性。为探究剑麻纤维加筋膨胀土的蠕变特性及应力-应变数学模型,采用室内固结排水三轴蠕变试验,分别进行了不同含水率、不同围压和不同偏应力条件下素膨胀土和剑麻纤维加筋膨胀土的蠕变特性研究,根据蠕变特征曲线提出了基于Mesri蠕变经验模型的剑麻纤维加筋膨胀土的修正蠕变模型。结果表明:相同条件下,剑麻纤维加筋土的蠕变变形量明显小于素土的蠕变变形量,说明掺入剑麻纤维可有效提高膨胀土的结构性能和抗变形能力;素土和剑麻纤维加筋土的蠕变变形量随含水率增大而增大,而随围压的增大呈减小趋势;素土和剑麻纤维加筋土在受到偏应力时均会产生瞬时应变量和蠕变变形量,其蠕变变形量随偏应力的增大而增大;素土和加筋土的蠕变曲线分4个阶段,分别为弹性变形阶段、稳态蠕变阶段、衰减蠕变阶段和加速蠕变阶段;高偏应力下,基于传统Mesri蠕变经验模型的剑麻纤维加筋土蠕变预测误差高达37.95%,对Mesri蠕变经验模型进行修正后预测误差降至1.5%内,说明修正模型能较好地描述剑麻纤维加筋土的蠕变特性。此研究结果可为膨胀土工程提供理论参考。

高地应力-化学侵蚀耦合作用下炭质板岩蠕变试验及非线性蠕变损伤模型

为克服高程障碍并降低施工风险,可采用长大隧道穿越崇山峻岭,但这些隧道往往处于深埋高地应力环境,并受到化学侵蚀影响。为了解决此问题,以丽江—香格里拉炭质板岩大变形隧道为研究对象,采用室内试验和理论推导,研究深埋炭质板岩隧道受化学侵蚀作用下的围岩变形特性。在Poyting-Thomson体蠕变体的基础上,根据模型元件的力学特性,叠加了损伤元件、化学损伤元件和非线性元件,提出高地应力-化学侵蚀耦合作用下炭质板岩非线性蠕变损伤本构关系。研究结果表明:1)炭质板岩试样受化学侵蚀影响显著,侵蚀90 d试样所产生的轴向蠕变应变为侵蚀0 d试样的2.02倍,侵蚀60 d试样所产生的径向蠕变为侵蚀0 d试样的1.85倍;2)受侵蚀的炭质板岩试样在三轴压缩状态下破裂以斜向贯通裂隙为主,并产生一定的滑移错动裂隙,且沿轴线的拉伸劈裂破坏受围压作用抑制明显,未产生竖向贯通裂隙。

高模低缩型聚酯工业丝凝聚态结构与应用特性的关联机制

高模低缩(HMLS)型聚酯工业丝的凝聚态结构对其在特定应力和受热条件下应用特性的影响尚不明确。对3种HMLS聚酯工业丝的蠕变、应力松弛、热收缩等性能进行测试,通过广角X射线衍射等方法对其凝聚态结构进行研究,分析结晶度、晶区和非晶区取向以及晶粒尺寸等参数与HMLS聚酯工业丝应用特性的关联性。结果表明,结晶度和非晶区取向度的协同作用对HMLS聚酯工业丝的蠕变、应力松弛和热收缩性能有重要影响。HMLS2的高结晶度抑制了应力作用和热收缩过程中分子链的滑移,适中的非晶区取向度减少了分子链的收缩解取向。HMLS2在60%的平均断裂载荷作用下蠕变回复率高达83.98%,60 s的应力松弛率为14.65%,195℃热处理后强度损失仅为8%,抗蠕变和热稳定性均较好。

考虑黏土蠕变特性的大埋深盾构复推总推力增量解析解研究

由于黏土存在蠕变效应,黏土地层中盾构长时间停机会诱发盾构复推总推力增量过大、盾构姿态难以控制、管片易破损等次生风险等问题,将黏土地层视为Burgers黏弹性体,构建考虑地层应力和蠕变特性的大埋深圆截面隧洞简化力学模型,根据黏弹性理论推导盾壳-地层径向接触应力的黏弹性解,进而通过积分和分段计算求解复推总推力增量与停机时间的理论关系式。结合水工盾构隧洞停机实例,对比复推总推力增量实际值与理论值。研究结果表明:复推总推力增量实际值与理论值平均相对误差为13.81%,验证了该解析解的可靠性;隧洞埋深越大,复推总推力增量越大,表明大埋深段停机需更关注复推推力控制;盾壳-地层界面摩阻力随超挖间隙增大而减小,而复推总推力增量随之增大;此外,总推力增量随着盾壳-地层界面摩擦因数减小而显著减小。因此,设置合适的超挖间隙和长时间停机时采取往盾壳外注入膨润土等润滑减阻措施能有效预防大埋深段停机的次生风险。

应力状态对三点弯曲小试样蠕变性能评价的影响

针对大部分小试样技术没有规范化的标准,试样在尺寸上的变化往往会引起所受应力状态的变化,进而影响蠕变参数反演的准确性的问题,采用有限元法,基于三点弯小试样梁弯曲本构模型和Norton蠕变方程,分析试样在不同横截面宽厚比下的应力状态,及其对三点弯小试样蠕变性能的影响。研究结果表明,当横截面宽厚比b:2h<1:2时,试样趋向于平面应力状态;当b:2h>2:1时,试样趋向于平面应变状态;当1:2≤b:2h≤2:1时,试样介于两种应力状态之间。对于加载点稳态位移速率、蠕变应力、转换系数、蠕变参数反演结果,平面应力状态的影响明显大于平面应变状态;与单轴蠕变试验数据的对比结果表明,将试样横截面宽厚比控制在1:1≤b:2h≤2:1范围之内,能够提高蠕变参数反演结果的准确性。研究结果为三点弯小试样试验方法的合理应用提供依据。

EDTA对重金属胁迫下匍匐翦股颖种子萌发的影响

【目的】研究外源EDTA对重金属胁迫下匍匐翦股颖(Agrostis stolonifera)种子萌发的影响。【方法】以匍匐翦股颖品种潘威为试验材料,对不同浓度Cu、Cd、Pb胁迫下的匍匐剪股颖进行EDTA处理,并测定匍匐翦股颖种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、幼苗叶片及根系相关指标。【结果】匍匐翦股颖对Pb的耐受能力最强,Cu次之,Cd最差。施加3 mmol/L EDTA对中、重度重金属胁迫下匍匐翦股颖的发芽指标、叶片指标和根系指标均较优,其中,中度Cu、轻度Cd、中度Pb胁迫下施用3 mmol/L EDTA的匍匐翦股颖种子的发芽率分别较对照增加了16.67%、3.36%、8.72%,叶片长度分别增加了30.99%、30.60%、1.63%,根系长度分别增加了35.93%、0.37%、29.80%。【结论】通过隶属函数法对各处理进行综合排序,发现施用3 mmol/L EDTA匍匐翦股颖对重金属胁迫的缓解效果最优,对3种重金属的缓解效果排序为Pb>Cu>Cd。

协同Orowan绕过和攀移机制的镍基高温合金蠕变新模型

提出一种用于准确便捷预测析出相增强镍基高温合金稳态蠕变速率的蠕变新模型。基于析出相的空间分布,采用概率依赖的方法将位错-析出相交互作用中Orowan绕过和位错攀移机制的协同模式耦合到新的蠕变模型中。结果表明,新模型预测的稳态蠕变速率与实验数据吻合很好。此外,当前模型不再依赖于可调参数;同时,确定了阈值应力与温度的定量关系。这项工作为蠕变变形过程中位错-析出相交互作用提供新思路,并为设计具有更优异蠕变性能的析出强化合金提供有效模型。