Comprehensive Utilization Policies of Crop Straw at Home and Abroad and Its Implications for Xinjiang

This paper summarizes crop straw utilization policies at abroad from the aspects of investment support policies,tax revenue and unsecured loan policies,and reviewed China s crop straw utilization policies from the aspects of technical training,project subsidies,straw collection,storage and transportation system construction and socialized service system construction.Combined with the actual situation of Xinjiang,this paper puts forward policy formulation suggestions on crop straw comprehensive utilization.

Recommendations for Using Crop Straws to Produce Organic Fertilizers in Liaoning Province

This paper introduces in detail the current situation of crop straw resources and comprehensive utilization in Liaoning Province and the basic situation of enterprises using crop straw to produce organic fertilizers.In addition,it analyzes in detail the problems existing in the production of organic fertilizers in Liaoning Province,and finally comes up with some recommendations for using crop straw to produce organic fertilizers.

Effect of four crop straws on transformation of organic matter during sewage sludge composting

A 45-d laboratory experiment was conducted to compare the effect of four crop straws on the transformations of organic matter （OM） during composting of sewage sludge. The four crop straws included rape straw, wheat straw, maize straw and rice straw. The following parameters such as temperature, OM, humic-like substances （HS）, fulvic-like acids （FA） and humic-like acids （HA） were determined. The degradation of OM and the formation of HS and HA could be described well by the first-order kinetic model, while the FA content fluctuated during composting. The maximal degradation rates of OM in the compost piles added with rape straw, wheat straw, maize straw and rice straw were 34.7, 46.9, 54.7 and 52.8%, respectively, and the final contents of HS were 118, 128, 141 and 134 g kg-1, respectively, while the humification indices were higher in the compost piles added with maize straw and wheat straw than in those with rice straw and rape straw. The results indicate that a higher hemicellulose content and a lower C/N ratio in crop straw can result in a higher rate of OM degradation and higher contents of HS, while a higher content of lignin can lead to a higher polymerization degree of humic substances in compost piles. The final compost piles added with maize straw has the highest contents of OM, total nitrogen and humus substance as well as the highest values of polymerization degree, while compost piles with rape straw have the highest potassium content and those with rice straw have the highest pH values.

Effects of different long-term crop straw management practices on ammonia volatilization from subtropical calcareous agricultural soil

Ammonia(NH3)volatilized from agricultural production and its secondary aerosols contribute greatly to air pollution.Different long-term crop straw management practices may significantly affect the soil fertility and soil nitrogen cycle,however,the effect on NH3 volatilization has not been well studied.Therefore,a one-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of straw incorporation on NH3 volatilization from subtropical calcareous agricultural soil from a longterm perspective,including four treatments:synthetic fertilizer(CK);synthetic fertilizer incorporation with 100%or 50%of the previous season’s crop straw(SI1 and SI2,respectively);and synthetic fertilizer incorporation with 50%burned crop straw(SI2B).Soil NH3 volatilizations were monitored through a wheat–maize rotation year by using a dynamic chamber method.The results demonstrated that NH3 volatilization primarily occurred within 38 days and 7–10 days following nitrogen fertilization events for the wheat and maize seasons,respectively.Different crop straw management practices mainly impacted the NH3 flux of the basal fertilization rather than the topdressing fertilization;long-term crop straw incorporation effectively lowered NH3 loss(35.1%for SI1 and 16.1%for SI2 compared to CK;and the inhibiting effect increased with increasing straw amount,possibly contributed by the high straw carbon/nitrogen ratio,and enhanced microbial activity,which contributed to inorganic nitrogen immobilization and lower ammonium content in the topsoil.However,SI2B significantly increased(29.9%)the annual NH3 flux compared with SI2,indicating that long-term 100%straw incorporation could be a promising straw management practice for mitigating NH3 loss and increasing soil fertility.

Current Situation and Countermeasures of Utilization of Crop Straw as Feed in Sichuan Province

Utilizing straw as feed and applying cattle and sheep manure fertilizer to the field plays an important role in solving the shortage of feed raw material resources,alleviating the conflict between human beings and livestock,and realizing the full utilization of straw as a resource and green and low-carbon circular development.We carried out an investigation on the feed utilization of crop straw in Sichuan Province,comprehensively grasped the crop straw resources and its utilization as feed in this province,deeply analyzed the existing problems,and put forward countermeasures and suggestions according to the actual situation in Sichuan,which plays an important role in accelerating the process of straw feed utilization,promoting green development,implementing the rural revitalization strategy,and building a beautiful Sichuan.

Steam explosion of crop straws improves the characteristics of biochar as a soil amendment

Five crop straws (wheat, rice, maize, oil-rape, and cotton) were first steam-exploded for 2 min at 210℃, 2.5 MPa and then pyrolyzed at 500℃ for 2 h. Steam explosion (SE) induced 47–95% and 5–16% reduction of hemicellulose and cellulose, respectively, in the crop straws. The biochars derived from SE-treated feedstocks had a lower specific surface area (SSA) and pore volume, compared to those from pristine feedstocks, with one exception that SE enhanced SSA of oil-rape straw biochar by approximately 16 times. After SE, biochars had significant higher anion exchange capacity (AEC) (6.88–11.44 cmol kg–1) and point of zero net charges (PZNC) (pH 3.61–5.32) values. It can thus be speculated that these biochars may have higher potential for anions adsorption. In addition, oil-rape straw might be suitable to SE pretreatment for preparing biochar as a soil amendment and sorbent as well. Further work is required for testing its application in soil.

Impacts of Fertilization Alternatives and Crop Straw Incorporation on N_2O Emissions from a Spring Maize Field in Northeastern China

Spring maize is one of the most popular crops planted in northeastem China. The cropping systems involving spring maize have been maintaining high production through intensive management practices. However, the high rates of nitrogen （N） fertilizers application could have introduced a great amount of nitrous oxide （N2O） into the atmosphere. It is crucial for sustaining the maize production systems to reduce N2O emissions meanwhile maintaining the optimum yields by adopting alternative farming management practices. The goal of this study was to evaluate effects of alternative fertilization and crop residue management practices on N2O emission as well as crop yield for a typical maize field in northeastern China. Field experiments were conducted during the 2010-2011 maize growing seasons （from early May to late September） in Liaoning Province, northeastern China. N2O fluxes were measured at the field plots with six different treatments including no N fertilizer use （CK）, farmers＇ conventional N fertilizer application rate （FP）, reduced N fertilizer rate （OPT）, reduced N fertilizer rate combined with crop straw amendment （OPTS）, slow-release N fertilizer （CRF）, and reduced N fertilizer rate combined with nitrification inhibitor （OPT＋DCD）. The static chamber method combined with gas chromatography technique was employed to conduct the measurements of N2O fluxes. The field data showed that N2O emissions varied across the treatments. During the maize growing season in 2010, the total N2O emissions under the treatments of CK, FP, OPT, OPTS, and CRF were 0.63, 1.11, 1.03, 1.26, and 0.98 kg N ha-1, respectively. The seasonal cumulative N2O emissions were 0.54, 1.07, 0.96, 1.12, and 0.84 kg N ha1, respectively, under CK, FP, OPT, OPTS, and OPT＋DCD in 2011. In comparison with FP, CRF or OPT＋DCD reduced the N2O emissions by 12 or 21%, respectively, while the crop yields remained unchanged. The results indicate that the reduction of N-fertilizer application rate in combination with the slow-release fertilizer type or nitrification inhibitor could effectively mitigate N2O emissions from the tested field. The incorporation of crop residue didn＇t show positive effect on mitigating N2O emissions from the tested cropping system. The field study can provide useful information for the on-going debate on alternative N fertilization strategies and crop straw management in China. However, further studies would be needed to explore the long-term impacts of the alternative management practices on a wide range of environmental services.

Adsorption of Cr(Ⅲ) from acidic solutions by crop straw derived biochars

Cr（Ⅲ） adsorption by biochars generated from peanut, soybean, canola and rice straws is investigated with batch methods. Adsorption of Cr（Ⅲ） increased as pH rose from 2.5 to 5.0. Adsorption of Cr（Ⅲ） led to peak position shifts in the FFIR-PAS spectra of the biochars and made zeta potential values less negative, suggesting the formation of surface complexes between Cr^3＋ and functional groups on the biochars. The adsorption capacity of Cr（Ⅲ） followed the order： peanut straw char 〉 soybean straw char 〉 canola straw char 〉 rice straw char, which was consistent with the content of acidic functional groups on the biochars. The increase in Cr^3＋ hydrolysis as the pH rose was one of the main reasons for the increased adsorption of Cr（Ⅲ） by the biochars at higher pH values. Cr（llI） can be adsorbed by the biochars through electrostatic attraction between negative surfaces and Cr^3＋, but the relative contribution of electrostatic adsorption was less than 5%. Therefore, Cr（Ⅲ） was mainly adsorbed by the biochars through specific adsorption. The Langumir and Freundlich equations fitted the adsorption isotherms well and can therefore be used to describe the adsorption behavior of Cr（Ⅲ） by the crop straw biochars. The crop straw biochars have great adsorption capacities for Cr（Ⅲ） under acidic conditions and can be used as adsorbents to remove Cr（Ⅲ） from acidic wastewaters.

Online single particle analysis of chemical composition and mixing state of crop straw burning particles： from laboratory study to field measurement

Fresh straw burning （SB） particles were generated in the laboratory by the combustion of rice straw and corn straw. The chemical composition and mixing state of the fresh SB particles were investigated by an Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer （ATOFMS）. Based on the mass spectral patterns, the SB particles were clustered into four major types： Salt, Organic Carbon （OC）, Elemental Carbon （EC）, and internally mixed particles of EC and OC （EC-OC）. In addition, particles containing ash, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals or nicotine were also observed. Physical and chemical changes of the SB particles immediately after the emission were analyzed with highly time-resolved data. During the aging processes, the average particle size increased steadily. Freshly emitted organic compounds were gradu- ally oxidized to more oxygenated compounds in the OC- containing particles. Meanwhile, an important displace- ment reaction （2KCI＋ SO24- KzSO4 ＋ 2C1-） was observed. The marker ions for SB particles were optimized and applied to identify the SB particles in the ambient atmosphere. The fluctuation of the number fraction of ambient SB particles sorted by ATOFMS agrees well with that of water soluble K＋ measured by an online ion chromatography, demonstrating that the optimized marker ions could be good tracers for SB particles in field measurements.

Effect of Garlic Straw on Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Continuous Cropping Soil and Root Activity of Tomato in Solar Greenhouse

Taking tomato ＂Kate two＂ as the experimental material, the effects of different dosage of garlic straw on physical and chemical characteristics of continuous cropping soil and root activity of tomato in solar greenhouse were studied. The results showed that after applying with garlic straw, maximal and minimal temperatures in 0-15 cm soil layers were directly proportional to the amount of returned garlic straw, which were 2.39 ℃ and 1℃ higher than that of the control respectively. The unit weight was decreasing upon the amount of applied garlic straws of soils in different depths, but the porosity of soil was increasing. For example, unit weight and porosity changed the most significantly in soils in the depths of 0-10 cm, which went down by 6.71% and 6.18%, respectively. Besides, garlic straw returning to field improved soil pH, reduced soil conductivity and soil acidification and relieved soil secondary salinization, especially in 0-20 cm soil layers. In addition to that, the application of garlic straw increased the root activity of tomato （max 31.45%）, and delayed root system senescence in late stage. Therefore, garlic straw returning could improve the physical and chemical characteristics of soil by succession planting and root activity of tomato in solar greenhouse.

Evaluation of different clean heat supply modes based on crop straws in the rural area of Northern China

This study evaluated eight different types of heat supply modes based on crop residues utilization in the rural area of Northern China,including straw densified solid fuel combustion,pyrolysis char combustion,biogas combustion,and pyrolysis gas combustion for single household heating;straw densified solid fuel combustion,baling straw combustion,biogas combustion,and pyrolysis gas combustion for centralized heating;centralized gas supply and centralized pyrolysis gas supply modes.Comprehensively evaluation was the cost of these different eight heat supply modes.The results showed that the cost of straw densified solid fuel combustion,pyrolysis char combustion for single household heating were 2346 RMB/household and 2390 RMB/household.With the heating scale of 200-500 households,the pipe network distance was 8 m/household,and the total annual heating cost was predicted at 2201-2992 RMB/household.Among them,the cost of straw baling combustion for centralized heating was the lowest,the cost of densified solid fuel,biogas,and pyrolysis for centralized heating was the second,and the cost of biogas and pyrolysis gas for centralized gas supply was the highest.For the increase in every 1 m of the pipeline distance,the investment cost will increase by about 645 RMB for each household.This study provides a basis for the implementation of clean heat supply technologies in less-developed areas and guidance of village heat-supply subsidy policies.

Estimation of emissions from field burning of crop straw in China

Emissions resulting from crop straw field burning in China, which have caused serious environmental problems in China, are estimated in this paper. From the county-level data of crop production in 2000― 2003 from the government statistics, taking into account the ratio of residue and grain, the total amount of crop straw production is estimated to be about 600 Tg per year, 76% of which are rice, wheat and corn straw. With reference to the data of living standards, the percentage of crop straw burnt in fields for counties are obtained and consequently the total amount of burnt straws is approximately 140 Tg/year. With the emission factors from literature and experiments, appropriate emission factors have been obtained. The total amounts of PM, SO_2, NO_x, NH_3, CH_4, BC, OC, VOC, CO, CO_2 emissions from field burning of crop straw in China are estimated. All emissions are presented at county level. Some pollutants, such as BC, VOC, OC, CO and CO_2, are contributing a major portion to the total emissions of China. This paper uses a map with resolution of 0.2°×0.2° to present the PM emissions distribution from crop straw burnt in 2003. The results show a significant regional unevenness of emissions, with larger amounts of pollutions coming from the provinces in eastern and northeast China. The regions with higher emissions per unit area are located as a belt stretching from northeast China to eastern China.

Effect of Crop-Straw Derived Biochars on Pb(Ⅱ) Adsorption in Two Variable Charge Soils

Two variable charge soils were incubated with biochars derived from straws of peanut, soybean, canola, and rice to investigate the effect of the biochars on their chemical properties and Pb（II） adsorption using batch experiments. The results showed soil cation exchange capacity （CEC） and pH significantly increased after 30 d of incubation with the biochars added. The incorporation of the biochars markedly increased the adsorption of Pb（II）, and both the electrostatic and non-electrostatic adsorption mechanisms contributed to Pb（II） adsorption by the variable charge soils. Adsorption isotherms illustrated legume- straw derived biochars more greatly increased Pb（II） adsorption on soils through the non-electrostatic mechanism via the formation of surface complexes between Pb（II） and acid functional groups of the biochars than did non-legume straw biochars. The adsorption capacity of Pb（II） increased, while the desorption amount slightly decreased with the increasing suspension pH for the studied soils, especially in a high suspension pH, indicating that precipitation also plays an important role in immobilizing Pb（II） to the soils.

Effect of Long-Term Application of K Fertilizer and Wheat Straw to Soil on Crop Yield and Soil K Under Different Planting Systems

Effect of application of K fertilizer and wheat straw to soil on crop yield and status of soil K in the plough layer under different planting systems was studied. The experiments on long-term application of K fertilizer and wheat straw to soil in Hebei fluvo aquic soil and Shanxi brown soil in northern China were begun in 1992. The results showed that K fertilizer and straw could improve the yields of wheat and maize with the order of NPK ＋ St 〉 NPK 〉 NP ＋ St 〉 NP, and treatment of K fertilizer made a significant difference to NP, and the efficiency of K fertilizer in maize was higher than in wheat under rotation system of Hebei. In contrast with Shanxi, the wastage of soil potassium was a more serious issue in the rotation system in Hebei, only treatment of NPK ＋ St showed a surplus of potassium and the others showed a wane. K fertilizer and straw could improve the content of water-soluble K, nonspecifically adsorbed K, non-exchangeable K, mineral K, and total K in contrast to NP; however, K fertilizer and straw reduce the proportion of mineral K and improve proportion of other forms of potassium in the two locating sites. Compared with the beginning of orientation, temporal variability character of soil K content and proportion showed a difference between the two soil types; furthermore, there was a decrease in the content of mineral K and total K simultaneously in the two locating sites. As a whole, the effect of K fertilizer applied to soil directly excelled to wheat straw to soil. Wheat straw to soil was an effective measure to complement potassium to increase crop yield and retard the decrease of soil K.

A Mode Research of Straw Recycling Based on Circular Agriculture Theory

Recycling of crop residues resources has become an urgent problem to be addressed in agriculture and rural areas of China.Compared to single use patterns of crop residues resources,crop residues circular agriculture characterized by multi-grade utilization and recycling is more important to improve the added value of crop residues,to enhance product market competitiveness,and to promote scale development and industrialization of crop residues recycling.This paper discussed the basic principles of the development of crop residues circular agriculture mode,and summarized five main crop residues circular agriculture mode.

农作物秸秆资源化利用问题及发展策略研究

分析了我国现阶段农作物资源化利用存在的附加值低、农户积极性不高、筹资难、农业机械化发展不均衡、人才缺乏等问题,研究适合我国农作物秸秆资源化利用的发展策略及措施,以推动我国农作物秸秆资源化利用。

9YQ-2200S型秸秆方捆打捆机设计与试验

【目的】饲料化是我国主要农作物秸秆综合利用的重点发展方向,为提高田间饲用秸秆的回收效率和质量,解决常规小型饲草方捆机适用范围小、作业效率低、揉碎质量差和不能有效除尘的问题。【方法】基于秸秆切碎揉搓、压缩打捆基本理论,采用理论分析计算和SolidWorks三维设计方法,设计了1种适用于田间玉米、小麦、水稻、棉花等作物秸秆的9YQ-2200S型秸秆方捆打捆机,开展了样机试制与改进,并针对玉米秸秆进行了田间试验。【结果】样机的收净率为90.3%,成捆率为100%,规则草捆率为100%,抗摔率为91.66%,草捆密度为119.67 kg/m^(3),作业小时生产率为3.36 t/h,各项作业指标均符合相关标准要求,作业性能良好。【结论】该机可实现作物秸秆自动捡拾(切割)、粉碎、揉丝、除尘、高密度压缩和自动绳打捆一体化作业。本研究可为秸秆方捆打捆机的设计与改进提供参考。

基于Theil不等系数IOWAO组合模型的黑龙江省秸秆还田机械化程度预测

玉米、水稻等作物收后秸秆处理一直是农业生产中亟待解决的问题,机械化秸秆还田是作物收后秸秆处理的重要手段,也是保护黑土资源的重要措施。结合相关文献,提出基于协整性检验的单一预测模型选择和基于误差指标最小的最优组合预测模型选择关键环节;运用协整性检验方法确定二次函数模型、ARIMA模型、H-W无季节模型作为秸秆还田机械化程度预测的单一模型;依据误差绝对值和最小法、Shapley法和基于Theil不等系数IOWAO法构建三种组合预测模型,采用误差平方和(SSE)、平均绝对误差(MAE)、均方误差(MSE)、平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)、均方百分比误差(MSPE)五个误差指标比较模型精度,确定采用基于Theil不等系数IOWAO的组合模型为最优预测作物秸秆还田机械化程度模型。结果表明,2022-2026年黑龙江省秸秆还田机械化程度将稳步提升,平均每年增加4.52%,2026年将达到74.19%,比2021年提升22.62%;2022年以后,黑龙江省秸秆还田机械化程度将进入快速发展期。为制定和实施机械化秸秆处理政策提供理论依据,为保护和恢复黑土资源生产能力提供重要支撑。

农作物秸秆禁烧政策执行阻滞及其破解:一个力场分析框架

基于W市X镇的实践个案,从“力场”理论视角出发,构建一个“压力-阻力-动力-引力”PRMA力场分析框架,以解析农作物秸秆禁烧政策执行阻滞问题。结果表明:力场视角对基层政策执行更具解释力;上级政府部门压力、农户阻力与执行机构动力、政策环境引力之间形成“力差”,是政策执行陷入阻滞的原因,且影响镇村干部的执行策略选择;破解农作物秸秆禁烧政策执行阻滞,应从减压力、降阻力、增动力、扩引力等4个方面改变原有的“阻碍力>推动力”的“力差”格局,形成力场内“推动力>阻碍力”的常态化格局。据此,建议地方政府构建常态化治理机制,同时通过增进地方政策目标的科学化与完善考核机制以减轻压力、完善配套政策以扩大引力、多元利益激励以降低目标群体阻力、扩权赋能和建立激励机制以增强执行动力。

山区农产品主产区种养关联碳减排潜力估算——以四川洪雅、开江、盐亭和兴文县为例

种养关联既可有效利用农业废弃物,又具碳减排效应。已有研究主要聚焦农业废弃物资源化利用及其污染控制,对农业种养关联碳减排缺乏关注。本文以四川盆地山地丘陵农产品主产区的洪雅、开江、盐亭和兴文4县为研究对象,采用草谷比法估算作物秸秆量,依据能量转化构建秸秆饲料化利用碳减排潜力估算法,采用排泄系数法估算畜禽粪便量,依据营养物质循环构建粪便肥料化利用碳减排潜力估算法,探讨2008—2017年该区种养关联碳减排潜力。结果表明:(1)该区种养关联年均碳减排潜力为19.42×10^(4)t,且微弱上升(1.25%)。其中,作物秸秆饲料化利用年均碳减排潜力15.49×10^(4)t,上升8.37%;畜禽粪便肥料化利用年均碳减排潜力3.93×10^(4)t,下降23.09%。(2)该区单位耕地面积种养关联碳减排潜力为2.04 t/hm^(2),其中,开江(2.36 t/hm^(2))>洪雅(2.30 t/hm^(2))>盐亭(2.01 t/hm^(2))>兴文(1.57 t/hm^(2))。(3)该区种养关联碳减排潜力中作物秸秆饲料化利用占比(79.75%)>畜禽粪便肥料化利用(20.25%);作物秸秆饲料化利用碳减排潜力以水稻(35.07%)、玉米(24.99%)、小麦(13.44%)和油菜(12.77%)等作物为主(共86.27%);畜禽粪便肥料化利用碳减排潜力以牛粪便为主(占52.94%)。本研究可以为山地丘陵区种养关联碳减排提供理论依据。