Cross Layer Design for Cooperative Transmission in Wireless Sensor Networks

Several protocols and schemes have been proposed to reduce energy consumption in Wireless Sensor Net-works (WSNs). In this paper we employ farcoopt, a cross layer design approach with the concept of coop-eration among the nodes with best farthest neighbor scheme to increase the Quality of Service (QoS), reduce energy consumption, increases performance and end-to-end throughput. We present cooperative transmission to connect previously disconnect parts of a network thus overcoming the separation problem of multi-hop network. We show that this approach improves connectivity over 50% compared to multi-hop approaches and reduces the number of nodes necessary to provide full coverage of an area up to 35%. Simulation results show that on increase of data rates i.e. packet the network life time increases in farcoopt as compared to tra-ditional multi hop approach. The result of this analysis is presented in this work.

Cross Layered MAC Design for RF Energy Harvesting Sensor Network

The main research objective in wireless sensor networks (WSN) domain is to develop algorithms and protocols to ensure minimal energy consumption with maximum network lifetime. In this paper, we propose a novel design for energy harvesting sensor node and cross-layered MAC protocol using three adjacent layers (Physical, MAC and Network) to economize energy for WSN. The basic idea behind our protocol is to re-energize the neighboring nodes using the radio frequency (RF) energy transmitted by the active nodes. This can be achieved by designing new energy harvesting sensor node and redesigning the MAC protocol. The results show that the proposed cross layer CL_EHSN improves the life time of the WSN by 40%.

Novel Optimized Cross-Layer Design with Maximum Weighted Capacity Based Resource Allocation for AMC/HARQ Wireless Networks

To provide quality-of service (QoS) guarantees for heterogeneous applications, most recent wireless communications technologies and standards combine the error-correcting capability of hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) schemes at the data link layer (DLL) with the adaptation ability of the adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) modes at the physical layer (PHY) layer. This paper aims to investigate the aggregated system capacity as well as the breakdown of this capacity for different ACM modes in each HARQ scheme. This investigation was done by using maximum weighted capacity (MWC) resource allocation at the PHY layer in conjunction with a novel packet error rate (PER)-based scheduling at the medium access control (MAC) layer. As a result, the dominant AMC mode corresponding to channel SNR was available.

Cross-Layer Design Based Optimized Link State Routing Protocol for Wireless Mesh Networks

A proactive routing protocol CL-OLSR （cross-layer based optimized link state routing） by using a brand-new routing metric CLM （cross-layer metric） is proposed. CL-OLSR takes into account four link quality impact factors in route calculation through the cross-layer operation mechanism： the node available bandwidth, the node load, the link delivery rate, and the link interference, and thus the effect of route selection is optimized greatly. The simulation results show that the proposed CL-OLSR protocol can not only improve the network throughput to a large extent, but also reduce the end-to-end delay, while achieving load balance route results.

Performance of Cross-Layer Design with Power Allocation in Space-Time Coded MIMO Systems

A cross-layer design(CLD)scheme with combination of power allocation,adaptive modulation(AM)and automatic repeat request(ARQ)is presented for space-time coded MIMO system under imperfect feedback,and the corresponding system performance is investigated in a Rayleigh fading channel.Based on imperfect feedback information,a suboptimal power allocation(PA)scheme is derived to maximize the average spectral efficiency(SE)of the system.The scheme is based on a so-called compressed SNR criterion,and has a closed-form expression for positive power allocation,thus being computationally efficient.Moreover,it can improve SE of the presented CLD.Besides,due to better approximation,it obtains the performance close to the existing optimal approach which requires numerical search.Simulation results show that the proposed CLD with PA can achieve higher SE than the conventional CLD with equal power allocation scheme,and has almost the same performance as CLD with optimal PA.However,it has lower calculation complexity.

Cross-layer design of combining AMC with HARQ in cooperative relay system with perfect and imperfect CSI

A cross-layer design which combines adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) at the physical layer with a hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) protocol at the data link layer (LL) is presented, in cooperative relay system over Nakagami-m fading channels with perfect and imperfect channel state information (CSI). In order to maximize spectral efficiency (SE) under delay and packet error rate (PER) performance constraints, a state transition model and an optimization framework with perfect CSI are presented. Then the framework is extended to cooperative relay system with imperfect CSI. The numerical results show that the scheme can achieve maximum SE while satisfying transmitting delay requirements. Compared with the imperfect CSI, the average PER with perfect CSI is much lower and the spectral efficiency is much higher.

On Cross-Layer Design of AMC Based on Rate Compatible Punctured Turbo Codes

This paper extends the work on cross-layer design which combines adaptive modulation and coding at the physical layer and hybrid automatic repeat request protocol at the data link layer. By contrast with previous works on this topic, the present development and the performance analysis as well, is based on rate compatible punctured turbo codes. Rate compatibility provides incremental redundancy in transmission of parity bits for error correction at the data link layer. Turbo coding and iterative decoding gives lower packet error rate values in low signal-to-noise ratio regions of the adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) schemes. Thus, the applied cross-layer design results in AMC schemes can achieve better spectral efficiency than convolutional one while it retains the QoS requirements at the application layer. Numerical results in terms of spectral efficiency for both turbo and convolutional rate compatible punctured codes are presented. For a more comprehensive presentation, the performance of rate compatible LDPC is contrasted with turbo case as well as the performance complexity is discussed for each of the above codes.

Proposal for a cross layer scheme for real-time wireless video

This paper focuses on the design of the cross layer between the video application layer and the MIMO physical layer. MIMO physical layer research has promised an enormous increase in the capacity of wireless communication systems. Also MIMO wireless systems operate under fading conditions where the channel faces arbitrary fluctuations. Since the wireless channel changes over each coherence period, the capacity of the wireless channel, given the power constraints, changes. Hence to make efficient use of the available capacity one needs to adapt the video bit rate. However it is impossible to adapt at the application layer as changing the parameters of the video takes more time than the coherence period of the channel. In this paper we address this problem through a novel solution and also investigate its performance through a simulation study.

A CROSS-LAYER STRATEGY FOR COOPERATIVE DIVERSITY IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

We investigate the problem of how to minimize the energy consumption in multi-hop Wireless Sensor Network (WSN),under the constraint of end-to-end reliability Quality of Seervice (QoS) requirement.Based on the investigation,we jointly consider the routing,relay selection and power allocation algorithm,and present a novel distributed cross-layer strategy using opportunistic relaying scheme for cooperative communication.The results show that under the same QoS requirement,the proposed cross-layer strategy performs better than other cross-layer cooperative communication algorithms in energy efficiency.We also investigated the impact of several parameters on the energy efficiency of the cooperative communication in WSNs,thus can be used to provide guidelines to decide when and how to apply cooperation for a given setup.

An Energy-Efficient Access Control Algorithm with Cross-Layer Optimization in Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper presents a wireless sensor network (WSN) access control algorithm designed to minimize WSN node energy consumption. Based on slotted ALOHA protocol, this algorithm incorporates the power control of physical layer, the transmitting probability of medium access control (MAC) layer, and the automatic repeat request (ARQ) of link layer. In this algorithm, a cross-layer optimization is preformed to minimizing the energy consuming per bit. Through theory deducing, the transmitting probability and transmitting power level is determined, and the relationship between energy consuming per bit and throughput per node is provided. Analytical results show that the cross-layer algorithm results in a significant energy savings relative to layered design subject to the same throughput per node, and the energy saving is extraordinary in the low throughput region.

Cross-layer Enhancement to Multi-hop Routing in Sensor Networks: an Empirical Study

Lossy link is one of the unique characteristics in random-deployed sensor networks. We envision that robustness and reliability of routing cannot be ensured purely in network layer. Our idea is to enhance the performance of routing protocol by cross-layer interaction. We modified mint protocol, a routing protocol in TinyOS and proposed an enhanced version of mint called PA-mint. A transmission power control interface is added to network layer in PA-mint. When routing performance of the current network is not satisfied, PA-mint monotonically increases the transmission power via the interface we added. PA-mint is able to connect orphan nodes and robust to node mobility or key nodes failure. In the case that automatic request retransmission is employed, the number of retransmissions can be reduced by PA-mint. Results from experiments show that PA-mint increases the reliability and robustness of routing protocol by cross-layer interaction.

Role of Cross Layer Based Intrusion Detection System for Wireless Domain

Wireless mesh networks are very common both for organizations and individuals. Many laptops, computers have wireless cards pre-installed for buyer. However a wireless networking has many security issues. An intrusions detection system aim to detect the different attacks against network and system. An intrusion detection system should be capable for detecting the misuse of the network whether it will be by the authenticated user or by an attacker. They detect attempts and active misuse either by legitimate users of the information systems or by external. The present paper deals with cross layer based intrusion detection system for wireless domain—a critical anlaysis. The present paper deals with role of cross layer based intrusion detection system for wireless domain.

Energy-Efficient Cross-Layer Optimization for Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, we propose a cross-layer design combining adaptive modulation coding (AMC) and automatic repeat request (ARQ) to minimize the bit energy consumption under both packet loss rate and retransmission delay constraints. We analyze the best constellation size of M-ary square quadrature amplitude modulation (MQAM) in different distance, and give advice on retransmission limits under different packet loss rates. The impacts of path loss fading and additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN)are taken into consideration. The computation of energy consumption includes the circuit, transmission and retransmission energies at both transmitter and receiver sides. Numerical results are obtained to verify the validity of our design. We also show that the retransmission benefit varies with the packet loss rate constraint.

Performance Study of a Cross-Layer Based Multipath Routing Protocol for IEEE 802.11e Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Communication over wireless links identifies significant challenges for routing protocols operating. This paper proposes a Cross-layer design based Multipath Routing Protocol (CMRP) for mobile ad hoc networks, by means of the node energy signal from the physical layer. The purpose is to optimize routing decision and path quality. The nodes’ mobility behavior is predicted using a notion of “Signal Fading Degree, SFD”. Especially, in combination of the IEEE 802.11e standard at the MAC layer, we determine that the IEEE 802.11e makes a significant contribution to performance improvement of CMRP. Performance evaluation of AODV in legacy 802.11 and CMRP in IEEE 802.11e shows that, as a function of speed of node mobility, a tremendous reduction achieved, in metrics such as the average end-to-end delay, route overhead, route discovery frequency, normalized routing load - almost more than 80%, 40%, 40%, and 40%. In the case of varying number of sessions, the reduction for route discovery frequency and normalized routing load are up to 70% and 80%.

A Cross-Layer Optimization Framework for Energy Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks

We consider the extension of network lifetime of battery driven wireless sensor networks by splitting the sensing area into uniform clusters and implementing heterogeneous modulation schemes at different members of the clusters. A cross-layer optimization has been proposed to reduce total energy expenditure of the network;at network layer, routing is done through uniform clusters;at MAC layer, each sensor node of the cluster is assigned fixed or variable time slots and at physical layer different member of the clusters is assigned different modulation techniques. MATLAB simulation proved substantial network lifetime gains.

安徽大学学生活动中心结构加固改造设计

某加固改造工程原始设计资料缺失严重。综合考虑多重因素,采取保留外围护砌体墙+内部结构拆除重建的方案。在既有建筑拆除和内部新建结构施工的全过程,对保留围护墙体实施变形监测,若发生异常及时采取措施进行干预,避免安全事故的发生。

佛山市南海区某商场增层加固改造技术研究

近年来,随着社会的不断发展和进步,不少老旧建筑已不能满足当前人们生产、生活的需求。对建筑物进行增层加固是对旧建筑物常用的改造加固方式之一,此举可以增加建筑物的使用面积,扩大结构使用空间,从而带来良好的经济效益和商业价值。但由于增层改造增加了建筑物自重和外部荷载,对既有的上部结构及地下基础部分都会产生复杂的影响,需要对增层后建筑物的情况进行全面详细的分析研究,才能确定安全可靠且经济适用的加固改造方案,满足使用要求。本研究结合工程实例,对原柱跨不大的框架结构建筑增层改造加固,提供一种安全可靠且节省造价的方案设计思路。

珠海某超限高层建筑的性能分析与设计

中葡商贸中心南侧塔楼为B级高度高层建筑,采用钢筋混凝土框架-核心筒结构体系,结构同时存在扭转不规则、楼板不连续、局部穿层柱及斜柱等不规则项。根据结构的超限情况合理选取抗震性能化设计目标,采用PKPM和MIDAS Building两款程序对整体结构进行了小震下弹性反应谱和弹性时程分析,补充了中震弹性和不屈服验算,并采用SAUSAGE程序进行了罕遇地震下的弹塑性动力时程分析。针对楼板不连续、局部穿层柱和斜柱等不规则情况还进行了楼板应力分析、屈曲稳定分析以及斜柱转折处的受力分析。根据结构特点采取了相应的加强措施。分析结果表明,各项指标均表现良好,结构各项性能均能达到预定的抗震性能目标,结构体系合理可行。

多样化算力对服务器的散热挑战分析

多样化算力对于服务器散热设计提出严峻挑战,在对服务器散热问题进行解析之后,给出了通用算力和智算算力服务器散热受限的主要原因,并从工质是否相变的角度对常用的散热技术重新进行梳理与分类;对冷板式和浸没式液冷技术规模商用受限的核心限制因素进行分析与介绍;对常用的无源两相散热技术的问题和使用前景进行概述。最后,提出推动跨层级的合作会更有效的应对服务器散热挑战。

穿层柱结构分析及对策研究

以同安新城市民服务中心项目为研究背景,针对其穿层柱不规则项进行专项分析。通过整体及局部屈曲分析方法复核计算长度系数合理性,并考虑构件初始缺陷、偏心弯矩P-△效应、材料损伤等因素的综合影响,进行非线性屈曲分析。结果表明:采用有限元法数值模拟时,计算长度系数与理论结果相近,可作为设计计算的重要参考。随着初始缺陷e0/L增大、初始偏心△增大、弹性模量衰减,对穿层柱稳定性越不利,过大的压屈变形将导致穿层柱提前失稳破坏。通过中震性能分析、大震受剪截面分析、大震损伤判断、分层及合并包络设计、剪力放大系数及截面N-M曲线等方面,综合考虑进行承载力设计,提出相应的构造加强措施,为往后项目穿层柱设计提供参考。