Experimental Investigation on the Strength and Ductility Performance of Steel-Timber-Steel Joints with Screw and Steel-Tube Fasteners

This article presents experimental results of steel-timber-steel(STS)joints loaded parallel to grain.Eight groups of specimens were designed,and tensile tests were performed.The fastener types and fastener numbers were considered to evaluate the tensile strengths and ductility performances of the STS joints.The screws with 6 mm diameter and the innovative steel-tubes with 18 mm diameter were adopted as connecting fasteners.The experimental results were discussed in terms of yielding and ultimate strengths,slip stiffness,and ductility factors.The ductility classification and failure mechanisms of each group of specimens were analyzed.It was demonstrated that the STS joint with large diameter steel-tubes showed acceptable ductility,which was close to the ductility of the STS joint with small diameter screws,thanks to the hollow structure of the steel-tube.The theoretical strengths of various failure modes for the joints with small diameter screws or large diameter steel-tubes were calculated and compared with the experimental results.The ductile performance of the STS joint was discussed by comparing the theoretical strengths of various failure modes.The effective number of the STS joint with multifasteners was also analyzed by considering the failure mechanisms in aspects of tensile strength and slip stiffness.

Determination of the Properties of Some Selected Timber Species for Structural Application

One of the alternative sustainable and green construction materials to concrete is timber. Timber is of numerous varieties, and this acts as a barrier to the extent of its usage, especially in structural application. Despite many researches on wood’s mechanical and physical properties, only a few are geared toward the structural application of wood. The present work investigated the mechanical properties of five timber species;Gmelina arborea, Tectona grandis (Teak), Terminalia superba (Afara), Ayin (Anogeissus leiocarpus), and Acacia (Robinia pseudoacacia), to determine their suitability for constructing long-span roof trusses. These are available in the South Western part of Nigeria. Their mechanical properties;bending strength, compressive strength, shear strength, tensile strength, Modulus of Elasticity (MOE), Modulus of Rupture (MOR), and density, were determined in the laboratory. The results obtained showed that all the timber types, except Terminalia superba (Afara), have higher values of mechanical properties than the values that are obtainable for classes of strength D30 to class D70 in the British Code of Practice. It means these species are of higher quality than the stipulated strength classes in the British code. The results also show that the order of relevance of the species for structural design (or work) is Acacia (Robinia pseudoacacia), Ayin (Anogeissus leiocarpus), Gmelina Arborea, and Tectona grandis (Teak). Terminalia superba (Afara) is not recommended for structural works.

An Experimental Study of Composite Columns Filled with Eucalyptus nitens Timber under Axial Compression

Eucalyptus nitens(E.nitens)has been much used for producing paper but also shows promise for structural applications.In this study,static compressive tests were undertaken to examine its suitability to be used in an innovative composite column.The composite column was comprised of a rectangular steel tube with E.nitens timber infill.The nonlinear compressive behaviour of the composite column filled with E.nitens wood for both dry and wet conditions was examined.The same tests on rectangular steel tubes and bare dry and wet E.nitens samples were also undertaken as a comparison.For samples with different conditions,the ultimate capacity was evaluated and the effect of each condition on the compressive behaviour of the composite column was clarified.The steel tubes showed greater ductile behaviour,and more ductility was found in the wet samples.The steel tubes with E.nitens timber infill samples exhibited a greater linear elastic range connected with higher maximum loads,while the bare timber samples could support only lower maximum loads.The results from this research were promising for the use of rectangular steel tubes with E.nitens timber infill in structural applications.

Verification of Depth Adjustment Factor in Eurocode 5 for Tropical Hardwood Timbers

The depth adjustment factor for bending strength stated in Eurocode 5(EC5)is only applicable to timbers having a characteristic density below 700 kg/m^(3).However,most Malaysian timbers are hardwood,some with a characteristic density reaching above 700 kg/m^(3).Therefore,the objective of this study was to examine whether the depth adjustment factor stipulated in EC5 is valid for Malaysian hardwood timbers.Six timber species were selected for this study,namely Kapur(Dryobalanops C.F.Gaertn.),Kempas(Koompassia Maingay ex Benth.),Keruing(Dipterocarpus C.F.Gaertn.),Light red meranti(Shorea Roxb.ex C.F.Gaertn.),Geronggang(Cratoxylum Blume)and Balau(Shorea Roxb.ex C.F.Gaertn.).The determination of bending strength and characteristic density was conducted according to BS EN 408:2010 and BS EN 384:2016,respectively.A graph for mean bending strength vs.(150/h)was plotted for each timber species.The power function was selected to analyze the relationship between the two variables.The power of the regression equations varied depending on the characteristic density of the timber species.For species with a characteristic density below 700 kg/m^(3),such as Kapur,Keruing,and Light red meranti,the power was between 0.16 to 0.17.In contrast,for species having a characteristic density above 700 kg/m^(3),namely Kempas and Balau,the power was higher at 0.23 and 0.24,respectively.Geronggang was an exception to this pattern.These values are close to the depth adjustment factor given in EC5,which is 0.2.Based on the results,it can be suggested that the adjustment factor of 0.2 is also applicable to Malaysian hardwood timbers with a characteristic density above 700 kg/m^(3).

In Situ Generation of Copper Nanoparticles in Heat-Treated Copper-Containing Masson’s Pine as a Preservative Process for Sawn Timber

Heat-treated wood has good dimensional stability,durability,and color,but its susceptibility to fungal growth affects its commercial value.In this study,lumber harvested from mature Masson’s pine(Pinus massoniana Lamb.)was vacuum impregnated with a basic copper salt solution(copper hydroxide,diethanolamine,and polyethylene glycol 200)prior to heat-treatment at 220℃ for 3 h.Antifungal properties,surface chemistry,crystal structure and sugar contents were tested,compared with heat treatment alone.The results showed that the samples treated by heating without copper salt treatment showed poor suppression of fungal growth,the copperimpregnated heat-treated wood suppressed(100%)the growth of Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.,Aspergillus niger V.Tiegh.,Penicillium citrinum Thom,and Trichoderma viride Pers.The combined results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction and sugars analysis suggested that fungal inhibition by the heat-treated copper-bearing Masson’s pine was mainly due to the reduction of the metal salt by PEG200 at high temperature to generate copper nanoparticles.In addition,the reduced sugar content of the treated timber,and hence the nutrient substrate for spoilage microbes,reduced in the presence of the metal salts at high-temperature.This study has demonstrated an effective method of increasing low-grade wood’s utility and commercial value.

Three-dimensional inversion of knot defects recognition in timber cutting

The comprehensive utilization of wood is the main goal of log cutting,but knot defects increase the diffi-culty of rationally optimizing cutting.Due to the lack of real shape data of knot defects in logs,it is diffi cult for detection methods to establish a correlation between signal and defect morphology.An image-processing method is proposed for knot inversion based on distance regularized level set segmentation(DRLSE)and spatial vertex clustering,and with the inversion of the defects existing relative board position in the log,an inversion model of the knot defect is established.First,the defect edges of the top and bottom images of the boards are extracted by DRLSE and ellipse fi tting,and the major axes of the ellipses made coplanar by angle correction;second,the coordinate points of the top and bottom ellipse edges are extracted to form a spatial straight line;third,to solve the intersection dispersion of spatial straight lines and the major axis plane,K-medoids clustering is used to locate the vertex.Finally,with the vertex and the large ellipse,a 3D cone model is constructed which can be used to invert the shape of knots in the board.The experiment was conducted on ten defective larch boards,and the experimental results showed that this method can accurately invert the shapes of defects in solid wood boards with the advantages of low cost and easy operation.

Novel Proposal of Bio-based Sewing Timber Joint:Learning from Diatoms

The twenty-first century is one of the most complex in the history of humanity,mainly due to the ecological crisis it is going through.The construction sector generates about 40%of CO2 emissions into the environment;the foregoing should motivate this sector to seek new alternatives to develop new building practices.Taking these current needs into account,this document classifies and presents a multidisciplinary solution that integrates biology,engineering and architecture to develop a new and innovative lightweight timber structure;it divides with a main structure made of timber and an innovative joint system made of bio-polymers connecting all the panels.Through the study of diatoms,it was able to analyze the bio-morphology of the structure,joints and in particular the geometry since they were the inspiration for the design of this structure that presents an innovative and novel design of structural optimization.Through parametric design and digital fabrication,it was able to create a complex geometry that obtains excellent structural behavior.This research discusses and explores how materials,geometry led to the optimization of a structure and how new structures can arise,thanks to biology new solutions can be obtained that are completely sustainable,being a clear example of how to combat the effects of the climate change and in a precise way it highlights the advantages of the bio-design in the architectural design.

古建筑木构件开裂机制、评估与加固研究进展

开裂作为古建筑木构件最常见的残损类型之一,影响木构件的长期服役性能,是古建筑稳定性与安全性评估的重要考查内容。本文从古建筑木构件开裂情况、原因、影响,评估方法及修复加固等方面,系统梳理古建筑木构件开裂残损相关研究成果。分析发现我国古建筑木构件开裂的主要原因为木材干缩与受力破坏,主要类型为纵向开裂,开裂可降低木构件力学性能,也可为其他不利因素作用于木构件提供条件。目前主要通过实际试验与数值模拟评估开裂对木构件性能的影响,利用金属材料、纤维增强复合材料(fiber reinforced polymer,FRP)与高分子树脂材料对开裂木构件进行修复加固。然而,由于古建筑的特殊性与木材变异性,仍需进一步探索木构件的不同尺度开裂机制,开发适用于古建筑开裂木构件的检测、评估与加固方法,建立科学系统性的古建筑保护体系。

苹果等6种经济林不同时期果实BVOCs成分分析

为探究常见经济林树种不同时期果实在自然状态下释放植物源挥发性有机物(BVOCs)组成成分差异,并分析其香气类型,选取苹果、桃、李、梨、山楂和枣6种经济林树种为研究对象,采用动态顶空采集法收集释放的BVOCs,结合自动热脱附-气相色谱/质谱联用技术进行BVOCs分析。结果表明,6种果实膨大期和成熟期均检测出12类BVOCs,组分总数量前者(305)大于后者(275),2个时期果实释放烷烃类、烯烃类、芳香烃类、酯类和醛类BVOCs占比最大;不同时期6种果实有10种共有BVOCs为2,2,4,6,6-五甲基庚烷、正十九烷、a-柏木烯、正戊醛、庚醛、辛醛、天然壬醛、癸醛、苯乙酮和庚胺醇;苹果、桃、李和梨随着果实生长发育BVOCs成分数量减少;不同时期6种果实香韵涵盖香型有差异,并随果实生长发育,青草香、果香、檀木香、醛香和柑橘香占比明显增加。表明不同时期6种经济林植物果实释放BVOCs组成成分和相对含量差异明显,在果实成熟期,主要香气BVOCs成分相对含量较高,是果实香精开发的最佳时期。

层板销合木的界面滑移与木梁受弯性能

层板销合木(简称销合木)是一种由规格材通过销组合而成的新型结构用木材,与胶合木相比具有加工快捷、成本低且更加绿色环保等优点。为研究销合木梁的弯曲性能,设计了8组木梁的四点弯试验,试验参数包括销的种类(木销和竹销)、销间距(70、100和140 mm)和层板的数量(3、4和6层)。此外,为揭示层积材界面销连接抗剪性能对销合木梁受弯性能的贡献,开展了木销和竹销连接销合木推出试验研究。研究结果表明:与木销连接相比,竹销连接的抗滑移刚度更高且延性更好;销合木梁的受弯性能介于无销接叠合木梁和胶合木梁之间,其组合效率为0.11~0.15;随层板数量的增加,梁截面的增高使销合木梁的抗弯性能显著上升;减小销间距对销合木梁的抗弯承载力与刚度均有一定的提升作用。采用欧洲规范5中的γ法预测销合木梁的抗弯刚度时结果偏大,因此认为对销合木梁的抗弯刚度进行计算时须对销连接的滑移刚度进行折减。

基于ABAQUS的木梁损伤识别仿真研究

采用ABAQUS和压电时间反演技术对带裂缝木梁进行损伤识别数值仿真分析和试验验证研究,提出了基于时间反演聚焦信号峰值的损伤指数D1和基于时间反演重构信号和激励信号相关系数的损伤指数D2,以进行损伤识别定量评估。研究表明:聚焦信号峰值、重构信号和激励信号的相关系数均与损伤程度密切相关,两个损伤指数均随损伤程度的增加而增大;时间反演法具有良好的自适应聚焦效果,利用压电时间反演技术可有效识别木梁不同程度的裂缝损伤。研究结果可为工程实际提供参考。

密度控制和追肥对杉木近熟林改培大径材林的效应分析

为构建南岭山区杉木大径材高效培育技术体系,提高大径材产量与质量,将现有林分改培为大径材林是切实可行的途径。本研究以杉木近熟林为对象,采用正交设计进行疏伐与配方施肥改培试验研究。结果表明:在杉木树高-胸径生长模型研究中,幂函数模型有较好的拟合效果,是最理想的树高-胸径生长模型选择;杉木近熟林改培后第3年,处理前、后各材种变化总体呈现出小、中径材逐步减少,大径材逐步增加的趋势,大径材增量最大的是处理2。影响处理前后树高、胸径和单株材积增量的因子效应大小依次为追施尿素、追施过磷酸钙、保留密度,影响大径材出材量及出材率增量的试验因子有差异,增加大径材出材量和提高大径材出材率的最优组合一致。试验结果表明,当密度处于中等或中等偏高水平、尿素和过磷酸钙均处于中等水平时,最利于提高大径材出材量和出材率。

出踩与面宽方向柱头科斗栱抗震性能对比试验及数值分析

为研究加载方向对斗栱抗震性能的影响,文章基于地震作用的随机性和斗栱出踩与面宽方向的构造差异,对2个足尺柱头科斗栱分别沿出踩和面宽方向进行拟静力试验,得到斗栱的破坏模式、承载力、刚度与强度退化、耗能和变形能力。结果表明:斗栱在出踩和面宽方向分别加载时,大斗均相对平板枋滑移,馒头榫挤压剪断。出踩方向受力时单昂与桃尖梁相对滑移,面宽方向受力时整体明显转动。相比面宽方向受力的斗栱,出踩方向受力的斗栱具有更高的承载力、初始刚度和耗能能力,而变形能力较差。文章开展柱头科斗栱的数值分析,模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好,研究出踩和面宽不同加载方向、轴压荷载、木构件之间摩擦系数和木材弹性模量对其抗震性能的影响。结果表明:面宽方向是柱头科斗栱的最不利受力方向,其正负向承载力比出踩方向分别低19.21%和17.03%;轴压荷载和木构件之间摩擦系数越大,斗栱承载力越大,而木材顺纹弹性模量和横纹径向弹性模量对斗栱的初始刚度和承载力影响较小。

正交胶合木新型抗剪及抗拉连接耗能特性试验

连接节点是保证木结构抗震性能的重要因素,节点的耗能能力是衡量其是否适用于抗震区的重要指标。提出了适用于正交胶合木(cross laminated timber,CLT)结构的新型耗能抗剪连接节点和新型耗能抗拉连接节点,为研究该类连接节点的破坏模式及力学性能,开展了15组低周往复加载试验。试验结果表明,新型耗能连接节点试件延性系数(D)均大于9.0,满足欧洲规范Eurocode 8中对高延性节点D>6的要求,属于高延性范围;新型耗能连接节点工作阶段强度退化系数均低于20%,具备工程适用性;新型耗能连接节点工作阶段等效黏滞阻尼系数为12%~22%,普通商用连接节点等效黏滞阻尼系数为2.5%~15.8%,两类新型耗能连接节点具有较好的耗能能力。

古建筑落叶松木构件自然老化材性变化

为探究古建筑木构件自然老化材性变化,以距今约350 a的一段古建筑华北落叶松木构件及与其具有相似年轮宽度的落叶松新材为研究对象,加工标准力学试件,测定试件的材性参数(颜色、全干密度、力学性能参数)及无损检测参数(微钻阻力值、超声波波速),对比分析自然老化木材试件的无损检测参数与材性参数的变化及分布规律,并基于所测得的新旧材两类试件的材性及无损检测参数建立落叶松木材物理力学性能参数的多元回归模型;研究结果表明:所测老化木材试件物理力学参数及无损检测参数均衰减明显,且颜色具有极显著差别;自然老化木材试件各参数变异系数均高于新材试件,但两者均符合正态分布,建立的落叶松木构件物理力学性能参数的评估模型具有较高评估性能。

经济林种植户有机肥施用行为及影响因素分析——基于陕西省589户种植户调查数据

在积极倡导环境保护的时代背景下,探讨经济林种植户有机肥施用行为的影响因素,对林业绿色可持续发展具有重要影响。以陕西省589户经济林种植户的调查数据为基础,运用Heckman样本选择模型,着重分析电商参与和社会网络对经济林种植户有机肥施用行为的影响。结果表明,74%的种植户选择施用有机肥,但有机肥投入资金占肥料总投入较低。种植户电商参与、社会网络正向影响其有机肥施用决策和施用程度,并且社会网络在电商参与影响有机肥施用程度的过程中起正向调节作用。此外,家中农用机械数量、经济林种植面积以及是否被评选为科技示范户种植户也会对种植户有机肥施用行为产生影响。

微型木桩的群桩效应研究

木材广泛存在于我国村镇中,其取材加工方便,价格低廉,用作村镇住宅的基础结构,可有效减少村镇住宅的能源消耗,符合绿色建筑理念。本文以微型木桩为研究对象,通过离心机模型试验和有限元数值分析,研究了微型木桩在砂土和粉质黏土土层条件下的群桩承载力和群桩效应系数。结果表明,微型木桩的群桩效应系数η在砂土中大于1,在黏土中小于1,受桩土刚度比的影响较小;桩径减小改变了群桩最优桩间距,砂土中微型木桩η随着桩的距径比Sa/D的增大逐渐增大,在Sa/D=6时出现峰值,常规桩在Sa/D=3时达到最大,微型木桩最优桩间距大于常规桩;黏土中,微型木桩η峰值对应的Sa/D=4小于常规桩η峰值对应的Sa/D=6,微型木桩最优桩间距小于常规桩;微型木桩群桩效应系数随内摩擦角和不排水抗剪强度的增大而减小,随距径比的增大先增加后减小,随桩数的增加而增大。

西南地区穿斗式木结构民居构造特点及震害特征分析——以贵州山区为例

为了深入了解穿斗式木结构的抗震能力,从该结构的建筑构造特点出发对其进行详细介绍。基于对贵州黔西南州、黔南州的乡镇村落的实地调查,对穿斗式木结构的建筑特点和构造特点进行了分类归纳;根据2021年四川泸县6.0级、2022年泸定6.8级地震震中的现场震害调查结果以及自2013以来西南地区6.0级以上典型地震的震害资料,总结了穿斗式木结构房屋的典型震害,包括屋面破坏、围护墙破坏、木构架破坏等,并分析了其震损原因。结果表明:穿斗式木结构独特的榫卯连接形式,使其木构架在地震作用下表现出良好的抗震能力,而填充墙抗震性能相对较差。

足尺宋式摇摆木构架恢复性拟静力试验研究

摇摆木构架是中国传统木结构的主要承载体系。对足尺单跨木构架模型施加3级竖向荷载进行拟静力试验,观察试验时木构架的位移和变形特点,得到木构架在低周水平循环加载下的滞回曲线和骨架曲线,探究其在不同竖向荷载和低周水平循环加载下的结构特性。加载过程中,木柱刚体转动行为明显、柱架层变形集中,卸载阶段木构架能自主回到初始位置。试验结果表明:各级滞回环狭长且重叠,结构构件呈现出刚体运动的特征,结构整体具有一定位移恢复能力;残余位移介于0.28~2.53 mm间,两组位移恢复系数均大于87.1%,随控制位移的增加未出现显著降低,木构架的位移恢复能力良好;初始刚度在控制位移超过屈服位移后趋于稳定;柱架层变形是斗拱层变形的2.95~86.47倍,层间位移集中系数介于1.22~2.03间,且随控制位移的增加先增后降。

大跨度齿板连接木桁架搁栅楼盖竖向振动性能试验研究

为研究齿板连接木桁架搁栅楼盖的人致振动响应,对12m跨度齿板连接木桁架搁栅楼盖振动性能进行了足尺试验研究,分析了横撑和隔墙对木楼盖振动特性、楼盖刚度的影响,分析了单人步行荷载和自由落体冲击荷载作用下木楼盖的振动响应。结果表明:木楼盖前三阶振型符合预期,单跨木楼盖的基本自振频率在8Hz以下,低于连跨形式木楼盖的基本自振频率;安装横撑和设置隔墙都可以增加木楼盖的前三阶频率;在不同位置安装横撑均可提高木楼盖的刚度,减小木楼盖的静态挠度,均匀安装4排横撑可将楼盖中心静态挠度降低47.5%;不同方向步行荷载激励下木楼盖的振动响应略有不同,纵向行走而致的振动响应较大,横向较小,安装隔墙后木楼盖中心的振动响应能降低40%左右;木楼盖的纵向振动传递大于横向和斜向两个方向,安装隔墙有助于木楼盖振动的传递。