Group velocity distribution of Rayleigh waves and crustal and upper mantle velocity structure of the Chinese mainland and its vicinity

Based on the long period digital surface wave data recorded by 11 CDSN stations and 11 IRIS stations, the dispersion curves of the group velocities of fundamental mode Rayleigh waves along 647 paths, with the periods from 10 s to 92 s, were measured by multi-filter. Their distribution at 25 central periods within the region of 18~54N, 70~140E was inverted by Dimtar-Yanovskaya method. Within the period from 10 s to 15.9 s, the group velocity distribution is laterally inhomogeneous and is closely related to geotectonic units, with two low velocity zones located in the Tarim basin and the East China Sea and its north regions, respectively. From 21 s to 33 s, the framework of tectonic blocks is revealed. From 36.6 s to 40 s, the lithospheric subdivision of the Chinese mainland is obviously uncovered, with distinct boundaries among the South-North seismic belt, the Tibetan plateau, the North China, the South China and the Northeast China. Four cross-sections of group velocity distribution with period along 30N, 38N, 90E and 120E, are discussed, respectively, which display the basic features of the crust and upper mantle of the Chinese mainland and its neighboring regions. There are distinguished velocity differences among the different tectonic blocks. There are low-velocity-zones (LVZ) in the middle crust of the eastern Tibetan plateau, high velocity featured as stable platform in the Tarim basin and the Yangtze platform, shallow and thick low-velocity-zone in the upper mantle of the North China. The upper mantle LVZ in the East China Sea and the Japan Sea is related to the frictional heat from the subduction of the Philippine slab and the strong extension since the Himalayan orogenic period.

Velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle in Xingtai earthquake region and its adjacent area

Two seismic refraction profiles which are perpendicular to each other, running through Xingtai earthquake region,reveal the anomalous variations of crust-mantle velocity structure and deep tectonics. Pg wave attenuatesrapidly with distance in the earthquake region. A group of strong reflections from a depth of 21. 0 km can be identified along the section from Longyao to the piedmont of Taihang Mountain, but P. waves characterized generally by strong amplitude are not obvious. Under the earthquake region and its western neighboring region, thecrustal velocity structure features high and low velocities changed alternatively. From North China plain toShanxi plateau, the velocity at the top of the upper mantle decreases progressively, while crustal thickness increases by 11 km. Moho uplifts locally in the earthquake region. The crustal fault stretching deeply to Moho andthe discontinuous sections of Moho in the earthquake region are supposed to be the channels and zones for magmatic intrusion. The uplifting of upper mantle and magmatic intrusion are responsible for the formation ofanomalous crust-mantle structures and extending basins, and for the occurrence of Xingtai earthquake as well.

3-D seismic tomography for velocity and interface structure of the crust and upper mantle(theoreticalpart)

A method of three dimensional (3-D) model parameterization is presented that makes forward and inverse problems become easy. The velocity and interface structure of crust and upper mantle are described by a set of highly smoothed functions. Shooting ray tracing method is chosen to calculate the ray paths for both forward and inverse problems. The partial derivatives of traveltime with respect to parameters of the model grids are calculated analytically while rays are being traced. Because velocity and interface functions have second-order continuous partial derivatives, the geometrical shadow zones at the surface caused by scattering and focusing of ray paths can be prevented. After ray tracing, an equation consisting of matrix and vectors for inverse problem is obtained. We use singular value decomposition method with damped factor to solve the equation. A synthetic data set which consists of several in-line profiles is used to test the methods. The results show that the methods are robust. Compared with the two dimensional method, the 3-D inversion method can give the right position of interfaces and the velocity structure when the crustal model is complicated.

Surface wave tomography of the crust and upper mantle of Chinese mainland and its neighboring region

The three dimensional S wave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle of Chinese mainland and its neighboring region is obtained by genetic algorithm of surface wave tomography, with smoothness constraint, based on 25 wave group velocities for the periods from 10 s to 92 s, measured from long period Rayleigh waves recorded by 11 stations of CDSN and 12 digital seismometers surrounding China. The S wave velocity image is shown on two latitudinal sections along 30°N and 38°N, two longitudinal sections along 90°E and 120°E, and four horizontal slices at the different depths.

Crust-mantle structure feature and the seismic activity of the main tectonic units in the North Tanlu fault zone

Using recent data of geoscience transaction in Northeast China, the author analyses and studies the crust-upper mantle structure feature of the North Tanlu fault zone. The result shows the crust-mantle structure are obvious difference at both sides of the North Tanlu fault zone. The fault activity and segmentation are closely related with abruptly change zone of the crust-upper mantle structure. There is a clear mirror image relationship between the big geomorphic shape and asthenosphere undulate, the former restricts tectonic stability and tectonic style of dif- ferent crustal units. The significantly strengthening seismicity of north set and south set in the North Tanlu fault zone just correspond to the low-velocity and high conductivity layer of crust-upper mantle. In the North Tanlu fault zone, the main controlling structure of the mid-strong seismic generally consists of the active fault sectors, whose crust-mantle structure is more complicated in rigidity massif.

Study and review on crust-mantle velocity structure in Bohai Bay and its vicinity

Observational data from some of the 10-odd deep seismic sounding profiles in Bohai Bay and its adjacent areas were processed with the methods of two-dimensional ray tracing, travel-time fitting and synthetic seismogram. The crust and upper-mantle velocity structure model in this area was built. The results show that the crust and upper mantle structures present obvious lateral and vertical inhomogeneity. The upper mantle uplifts near Yongqing of northeast Jizhong depression, in Bohai Bay of Huanghua depression and near Kenli of Jiyang depression, where crustal depths are about 31 km, 28 km and 29 km, respectively. According to the dynamic and kinetic characteristics of seismic waves as well as the seismic interfaces and velocity contour undulation in the 2-D velocity structure model, three deep crustal fault zones are inferred in the area. Low velocity (5.90~6.10 km/s) layers (bodies) exist on one or two sides of these deep crustal fault zones.

Crustal structure beneath Beijing and its surrounding regions derived from gravity data

In this paper we use gravity data to study fine crustal structure and seismogenic environment beneath Beijing and its surrounding regions. Multi-scale wavelet analysis method is applied to separating gravity fields. Logarithmic power spectrum method is also used to calculate depth of gravity field source. The results show that the crustal structure is very complicated beneath Beijing and its surrounding areas. The crustal density exhibits laterally inhomogeneous. There are three large scale tectonic zones in North China, i.e., WNW-striking Zhangjiakou-Bohai tectonic zone （ZBTZ）, NE-striking Taihang piedmont tectonic zone （TPTZ） and Cangxian tectonic zone （CTZ）. ZBTZ and TPTZ intersect with each other beneath Beijing area and both of them cut through the lithosphere. The upper and middle crusts consist of many small-scale faults, uplifts and depressions. In the lower crust, these small-scale tectonic units disappear gradually, and they are replaced by large-scale tectonic units. In surrounding regions of Beijing, ZBTZ intersects with several other NE-striking tectonic units, such as Cangxian uplift, Jizhong depression and Shanxi Graben System （SGS）. In west of Taihangshan uplift, gravity anomalies in upper and middle crusts are correlated with geological and topographic features on the surface. Compared with the crust, the structure is comparatively simple in uppermost mantle. Earthquakes mainly occurred in upper and middle crusts, especially in transitional regions between high gravity anomaly and low gravity anomaly. Occurrence of large earthquakes may be related to the upwelling of upper mantle and asthenosphere heat flow materials, such as Sanhe earthquake （Ms8.0） and Tangshan earthquake （Ms7.8）.

The Crust-Mantle Structure in Zhangbei-Shangyi Earthquake Area

The seismic data obtained from the wide angle reflection and refraction profiles that pass through Zhangjiakou area of Hebei Province were interpreted. Some conclusions drawn from the result are as follows: (1) The nearly EW-trending Zhangbei-Chongli crustal fault zone and WNW-trending Zhangjiakou-Bohai Sea deep crustal fault zone meet in the Zhangbei earthquake (Ms = 6.2) area; (2) At the intersection, the two deep crustal fault zones that stretch to the Moho and the discontinuities of interfaces within the crust form the path for large area basalt eruption in Hannuoba; (3) In the earthquake area, the local velocity reversal in the middle-upper crust and abnormal low velocity zone in the lower crust imply that the magmatic activity there is still fairly violent; and (4) The recent activity of Zhangjiakou-Bohai Sea deep crustal fault zone may be the main cause of the Zhangbei earthquake.

An Investigation of Deep Electrical Structure of Qiangtang Basin,Xizang(Tibet),China

In order to study the deep geoelectrical structure and the regional geological structure and detect potential oil and gas areas in Qiangtang basin in northern Xizang (Tibet ), 222 MT soundings were conducted along three N - S MT profiles across the basin .The MT results indicate that the south and north parts of the Qiangtang basin have a good contrast in the deep electri cal structure . In the south Qiangtang , there are generally two high conductivity layers in the crust . The first is at a depth of about 10 - 25 km and possesses a resistivity of about 10 - 80 Ωm .The second ,the high conductivity layer in the lower crust ,is at a depth of about 40 - 70 km with 3 - 50 Ωm .In the north Qiangtang .there is generally one high conductivity layer .It is at a depth of about 10 - 30 km and the resistivity is about 1-60 Ωm . The thickness of the second high conductivity layer in both the south Qiangtang and the Bangong-Nujiang suture is much greater than that of the first .The thickness of the lithosphere is about 110-120 km for the Bangong-Nujiang suture ,115 km for the south Qiangtang and 100-130 km for the north Qiangtang . On the difference of the deep electrical structures of the crust between the south and the north Qiangtang , we believe that it is related to the eastward flow of the crustal substance .

Crust and upper mantle structure of the Ailao Shan-Red River fault zone and adjacent regions

Using arrival data of the body waves recorded by seismic stations, we reconstructed the velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle beneath the southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau and the northwestern continental margin of the South China Sea through a travel time tomography technique. The result revealed the apparent tectonic variation along the Ailao Shan-Red River fault zone and its adjacent regions. High velocities are observed in the upper and middle crust beneath the Ailao Shan-Red River fault zone and they reflect the character of the fast uplifting and cooling of the metamorphic belt after the ductile shearing of the fault zone, while low velocities in the lower crust and near the Moho imply a relatively active crust-mantle boundary beneath the fault zone. On the west of the fault zone, the large-scale low velocities in the uppermost mantle beneath western Yunnan prove the influence of the mantle heat flow on volcano, hot spring and magma activities, however, the upper mantle on the east of the fault zone shows a relatively stable structure similar to the Yangtze block. The low velocities of the deep mantle beneath the southeastern extending segment of the fault zone are probably related to the mantle convection produced by the pull-apart of the South China Sea.

Crust and uppermost mantle structure of the Ailaoshan-Red River fault from receiver function analysis

S-wave velocity structure beneath the Ailaoshan-Red River fault was obtained from receiver functions by using teleseismic body wave records of broadband digital seismic stations. The average crustal thickness, Vp/Vs ratio and Poisson’s ratio were also estimated. The results indicate that the interface of crust and mantle beneath the Ailaoshan-Red River fault is not a sharp velocity discontinuity but a characteristic transition zone. The velocity increases relatively fast at the depth of Moho and then increases slowly in the uppermost mantle. The average crustal thickness across the fault is 36―37 km on the southwest side and 40―42 km on the northeast side, indicating that the fault cuts the crust. The relatively high Poisson’s ratio (0.26―0.28) of the crust implies a high content of mafic materials in the lower crust. Moreover, the lower crust with low velocity could be an ideal position for decoupling between the crust and upper mantle.

Crustal and upper mantle structure and deep tectonic genesis of large earthquakes in North China

From the 1960 s to 1970 s, North China has been hit by a series of large earthquakes. During the past half century,geophysicists have carried out numerous surveys of the crustal and upper mantle structure, and associated studies in North China.They have made significant progress on several key issues in the geosciences, such as the crustal and upper mantle structure and the seismogenic environment of strong earthquakes. Deep seismic profiling results indicate a complex tectonic setting in the strong earthquake areas of North China, where a listric normal fault and a low-angle detachment in the upper crust coexist with a high-angle deep fault passing through the lower crust to the Moho beneath the hypocenter. Seismic tomography images reveal that most of the large earthquakes occurred in the transition between the high-and low-velocity zones, and the Tangshan earthquake area is characterized by a low-velocity anomaly in the middle-lower crust. Comprehensive analysis of geophysical data identified that the deep seismogenic environment in the North China extensional tectonic region is generally characterized by a low-velocity anomalous belt beneath the hypocenter, inconsistency of the deep and shallow structures in the crust, a steep crustalal-scale fault,relative lower velocities in the uppermost mantle, and local Moho uplift, etc. This indicates that the lithospheric structure of North China has strong heterogeneities. Geologically, the North China region had been a stable craton named the North China Craton or in brief the NCC, containing crustal rocks as old as ～3.8 Ga. The present-day strong seismic activity and the lower velocity of the lower crust in the NCC are much different from typical stable cratons around the world. These findings provide significant evidence for the destruction of the NCC. Although deep seismic profiling and seismic tomography have greatly enhanced knowledge about the deep-seated structure and seismogenic environment, some fundamental issues still remain and require further work.

Structures of the Bohai Petroliferous Area,Bohai Bay Basin

This paper, for the first time, deals with a more systematic study of the structures in the Bohai petroliferous area that covers nearly one third of the Bohai Bay basin. The study mainly involves the effects of preexisting basement faults on the basin formation, the characteristics of basin geometry and kinetics, the modelling of the tectonic-thermal history, the polycyclicity and heterogeneity in the structural evolution and the natural seismic tomographic images of the crust and upper mantle. The authors analyze the features of the dynamic evolution of the basin in the paper and point out that the basin in the Bohai petroliferous area is an extensional pull-apart basin.

上地幔电导率-温度关系及在大地电磁测深法中应用综述

上地幔热结构的研究对探索地球内部物质状态和岩石圈形成演化过程,评估自然资源的存储状况,监控火山区岩浆活动从而降低自然灾害风险等有着重要的意义.本文概述了基于不同岩石物理学高温高压实验得到的上地幔矿物电导率-温度关系.通过分析并对比前人的实验结果,讨论了不同实验得到的同一矿物的电导率-温度经验关系中参数差异产生的原因.大地电磁测深法(MT)以其探测深度大,受浅部高阻体影响较小且对低阻体分辨率较高等特点,在研究壳幔电性结构、热状态和地球动力学机制中得到了广泛的应用.以MT得到的上地幔电阻率模型为基础,结合岩石物理学实验标定的矿物电导率-温度经验关系,建立上地幔的温度和熔融百分比模型,这项工作在研究上地幔热状态中起着不可或缺的作用.笔者总结并讨论了前人以MT方法获得电性结构为基础,利用电导率-温度经验关系评价上地幔热状态的应用实例,并对未来的研究工作做了展望,同时对其可行性做了评估.

青藏高原地壳与上地幔成层速度结构与深部层间物质的运移轨迹

在印度洋板块与欧亚板块碰撞、挤压作用下,促使深部物质重新分异、调整和运移,并导致了地壳的短缩增厚,而且造成了高原的整体隆升和深部壳、幔物质的侧向流展。基于青藏高原腹地和周边地域地壳与上地幔的成层速度结构,特别是其特异层序的展布研究表明,青藏高原地壳巨厚,但岩石圈却相对较薄;地壳中于深20±5km处存在一低速层,层速度为5.7±0.1km/s,厚度为8±2km;上地幔软流圈顶部深度为110±10km;下地壳与上地幔盖层物质以地壳低速层为上滑移面,以岩石圈漂曳的上地幔软流圈顶面为下滑移面,在印度洋板块N-NNE向力源作用下在同步运移,即形成了青藏高原腹地和周边地域特异的大陆地球动力学环境。

渤海湾及其邻区壳幔速度结构研究与综述

利用渤海湾及其邻区的10多条地震测深剖面段观测资料,对部分剖面进行二维射线追踪、走时拟合及合成地震图计算,获得了本区地壳上地幔速度结构.结果表明, 地壳上地幔结构在纵向和横向上具有明显的不均匀性.在冀中坳陷东北部的永清附近、黄骅坳陷的渤海湾和济阳坳陷的垦利附近存在上地幔隆起,隆起处的地壳厚度分别约为31, 28和29 km.根据地震波动力学及运动学特征和二维速度结构中的地震界面与速度等值线起伏变化,推测该区有3条地壳深断裂带,在地壳深断裂带一侧或两侧上地壳存在5.90～6.10 km/s的低速层(体).

汶川M_s8.0地震:地壳上地幔S波速度结构的初步研究

2008年5月12日我国四川省汶川地区发生了震惊世界的M_S8.0地震.历史上,同类地震在大陆内部极为罕见.该地震深部构造背景的研究对理解其成因极为重要.本文利用中国地震局地质研究所地震动力学国家重点实验室在川西地区布设的大规模密集流动宽频带地震台阵记录的远震P波波形数据和接收函数非线性反演方法,得到了沿北纬31°线的19个台站下方120 km深度范围内的S波速度结构及台站下方地壳的平均泊松比.该观测剖面穿越了主震区,总长度约为420 km. 我们的结果揭示了川滇地块、松潘—甘孜地块和四川盆地三个不同地块构造差异.上述三个地块的地壳结构特征可以概括为:(1)四川盆地前陆壳幔界面向西侧倾斜并有较为明显的横向变形.地壳厚度存在46-52 km的横向变化,中下地壳S波速度存在横向变化,地壳平均泊松比值较高(0.28-0.31),但在龙门山断裂带附近,显示了坚硬地壳的特征,地壳平均泊松比仅为0.2;(2)松潘—甘孜地块地壳厚度由西侧靠近鲜水河断裂的60 km,向东减薄为52 km,在14-50 km深度范围内存在S波速度2.75-3.15 km/s的楔状低速区,其厚度由西侧的-30 km向东逐渐减薄为-15 km,相应区域的地壳平均泊松比高达。0.29-0.31;(3)鲜水河断裂西侧,川滇地块地壳结构相对简单,地壳厚度为58 km,并在26 km深度存在约10 km厚度的高速层,地壳内平均泊松比约为0.25; (4)汶川大震区在12-23 km深度上具有近乎4.0 km/的S波高速结构.而其下方的地壳为低速结构.地壳平均泊松比0.31-0.32,汶川大震的余震序列主要分布在高速介质区域内. 本文的结果表明松潘—甘孜地块的地壳相对软弱;而且并不存在四川盆地向西侧的俯冲.我们认为在青藏高原东向挤压的长期作用下,四川盆地强硬地壳的阻挡作用可导致松潘—甘孜地块内部蓄积很大的应变能量以及上、下地壳在壳内低速层顶部边界的解耦,在龙门山断裂带附近形成上地壳的铲形逆冲推覆.汶川大地震及其邻近区域所具有的坚硬上地壳和四川盆地的阻挡作用为低应变率下的高强度应力积累创造了必要条件,而松潘—甘孜地块长期变形积累的高应变能构成了孕育汶川大地震的动力来源.

云南数字地震台站下方的S波速度结构研究

通过对云南数字地震台站的宽频带远震接收函数反演 ,获得了云南地区数字地震台站下方 0— 1 0 0km深度范围的S波速度结构 .结果表明 ,云南地区地壳厚度变化剧烈 ,中甸、丽江等西北部地区 ,地壳厚度达 62km左右 ,景洪、思茅和沧源等南部地区 ,地壳厚度仅为32— 34km .厚地壳从西北部向东南方向伸展 ,厚度和范围逐渐减小 ,至通海一带地壳厚度减为 42km ,其形态和范围与小江断裂和元江断裂围成的川滇菱形块体相一致 .地壳厚度较小的东、南部地区Moho面速度界面明显 ;在地壳厚度较大或变化剧烈的地区 ,Moho面大多表现为S波速度的高梯度带 .云南地区S波速度结构具有很强的横向不均匀性 .1 0km深度以上 ,北部地区S波速度明显低于南部地区 ,在 1 0— 2 0km深度范围内 ,北部地区的S波速度比南部地区高 .地壳内部S波速度界面的连续性较差 ,低速层的深度和范围不一 ,近一半的台站下方不存在明显的低速层 .受南部地区上地幔的影响 ,40— 50km深度范围内 ,S波速度南部高、北部低 ,高速区随深度增加逐渐向北推移 ,低速异常区形态与川滇菱形块体的形态趋向一致 .70— 80km深度的上地幔速度分布与云南地区大震分布具有一定的相关性 .

大同阳高震区及其邻区壳幔速度结构与深部构造

利用通过本区６条宽角反射／折射剖面资料对大同阳高震区及邻区地壳上地幔速度结构与构造进行了详细的研究。结果表明，地壳上地幔速度结构与构造在纵向和横向上具有明显的不均一性。浅部基底断裂发育，而在其深部，根据波组特征、壳内界面及速度等值线起伏变化和低速异常体的边界等推测有３处地壳深断裂带。本区最明显的上地壳低速体位于大同—阳原附近，其南界存在地壳深断裂，大同阳高地震群与该低速异常体和深断裂有关。

青藏高原东缘地壳上地幔电性结构研究进展

经过数十年的努力,中国学者针对青藏高原东缘地壳上地幔探测,累积完成超过20000 km的大地电磁测深剖面,取得了一系列重要科学数据和认识,为青藏高原东缘构造格局、地壳上地幔电性结构、地震机制和动力学研究奠定了基础.根据青藏高原东缘的主要构造和断裂分布特征,本文重点对龙门山构造带、川滇构造带和三江构造带三个构造带分区进行研究,主要依据大地电磁探测工作成果和壳幔电性结构特征,系统地对青藏高原东缘地壳上地幔电性结构、与扬子西缘接触关系、汶川地震和芦山地震的电性孕震环境及弱物质流通道等几个方面进行了梳理和分析.一是青藏高原东缘地壳表层岩块和物质沿壳内高导层向龙门山造山带仰冲推覆,表现为逆冲推覆特征的薄皮构造;二是高原东部地壳中下部及上地幔顶部向龙门山造山带和上扬子地块西缘岩石圈深部俯冲,呈现刚性的上扬子地块西缘高阻楔形体向西插入柔性青藏块体的楔形构造;三是将汶川地震和芦山地震的震源投影到大地电磁剖面上,发现震源位于剖面下方的高阻块体与低阻体之间靠近高阻体的一侧,龙门山构造带岩石圈表现出高阻、高密度和高速的"三高"特征,这种非均匀电性结构可能构成地震孕育发生条件;四是川滇和三江地区的多条大地电磁剖面探测结果表明,在青藏高原东缘中下地壳存在下地壳流和局部管道流,大地电磁结果对其空间分布形态、位置及大小进行了较好的刻画.根据研究区壳幔电性结构特征的构造解析和综合实例分析,总结了青藏高原东缘六类壳幔电性结构模型,提出了下一步重点研究领域和目标.总之,青藏高原东缘壳幔电性结构的研究对揭示研究区岩石圈结构和构造格局提供了重要依据,对油气及矿产资源远景评价提供了背景资料,对"Y"型多地震区的构造关系和发震机理研究具有重要指导意义.