The performance and reliability of ferroelectric thin films at temperatures around a few Kelvin are critical for their application in cryo-electronics.In this work,TiN/Hf_(0.5)Zr_(0.5)O_(2)/TiN capacitors that are fre...The performance and reliability of ferroelectric thin films at temperatures around a few Kelvin are critical for their application in cryo-electronics.In this work,TiN/Hf_(0.5)Zr_(0.5)O_(2)/TiN capacitors that are free from the wake-up effect are investigated systematically from room temperature(300 K)to cryogenic temperature(30 K).We observe a consistent decrease in permittivity(εr)and a progressive increase in coercive electric field(Ec)as temperatures decrease.Our investigation reveals exceptional stability in the double remnant polarization(2P_(r))of our ferroelectric thin films across a wide temperature range.Specifically,at 30 K,a 2P_(r)of 36μC/cm^(2)under an applied electric field of 3.0 MV/cm is achieved.Moreover,we observed a reduced fatigue effect at 30 K in comparison to 300 K.The stable ferroelectric properties and endurance characteristics demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing HfO_(2)based ferroelectric thin films for cryo-electronics applications.展开更多
To solve the cryogenic temperature problems faced by all-concrete liquefied natural gas(ACLNG)storage tanks during servicing,a low temperature resistant and high strength concrete(LHC)was designed from the perspective...To solve the cryogenic temperature problems faced by all-concrete liquefied natural gas(ACLNG)storage tanks during servicing,a low temperature resistant and high strength concrete(LHC)was designed from the perspectives of reducing water-binder ratio,removing coarse aggregates,optimizing composite mineral admixture and utilizing steel fibers.The variation laws of compressive and tensile strength,elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio for C60 concrete and LHC were compared and analyzed under the temperatures from 10 to-165℃through uniaxial compression and tensile tests.The rapid freezing method was adopted to analyze the evolution process of mass and relative dynamic elastic modulus loss rates for C60 and LHC in 0-300 freeze-thaw cycles.The gas permeability test was carried out,and the laws of gas permeability coefficient varied with temperature and cryogenic freeze-thaw cycles were obtained.Then,the grey dynamic model GM(1,1)was used to predict the variation laws of physical and mechanical parameters on the basis of the test data.The test results demonstrate that the compressive strength,elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio for both C60 and LHC increase significantly from 10 to-165℃,but the specific variation laws are difierent,and there is a phenomenon that some parameters decrease after reaching a critical temperature range for C60.The uniaxial tensile strength increases first and then decreases as temperature decreases,and finally increases slightly at-165℃for both C60 and LHC.The mass and relative dynamic elastic modulus loss rates of LHC are much lower than that of C60 under different freeze-thaw cycles.The gas permeability coefficient of C60 declines gradually with the drop of temperature,and increases gradually with the number of freeze-thaw cycles while the gas permeability coefficient of LHC basically remains stable and is much lower than that of C60.Therefore,such a conclusion can be drawn that LHC has better properties at cryogenic temperature.On the premise of providing consistent functional mode,GM(1,1)can predict the test data with high accuracy,which well reflects the variation laws of relevant parameters.展开更多
This study investigates the microstructural characteristics of AZ31 Mg alloys rolled at room temperature(RT)and cryogenic temperature(CT)and the variation in their microstructure and hardness during subsequent anneali...This study investigates the microstructural characteristics of AZ31 Mg alloys rolled at room temperature(RT)and cryogenic temperature(CT)and the variation in their microstructure and hardness during subsequent annealing.Cryorolling induces the formation of more side cracks than does RT rolling,because of the reduction in the ability of the material to accommodate deformation at CT.Numerous{10-11}contraction and{10-11}-{10-12}double twins are formed in both the material rolled at RT and that rolled at CT,because the grains of the initial material are favorably oriented for{10-11}twinning under rolling.The RT-rolled material has a higher dislocation density than the cryorolled material,and more twins are uniformly distributed throughout the former material.As a result,static recrystallization during subsequent annealing is more pronounced in the RT-rolled material,which results in the formation of a highly recrystallized homogeneous microstructure after annealing.In contrast,the formed twins are predominantly present along the shear bands in the cryorolled material,as a result of which this material has an inhomogeneous bi modal structure containing a large amount of coarse unrecrystallized grains after annealing.The hardness of the annealed RT-rolled material is higher than that of the annealed cryorolled material owing to the finer grain structure of the former.展开更多
To study the bonding properties between steel strand and concrete at room and cryogenic temperatures, a series of center pullout experiments were conducted on 96 bonding anchorage specimens at the lowest temperature o...To study the bonding properties between steel strand and concrete at room and cryogenic temperatures, a series of center pullout experiments were conducted on 96 bonding anchorage specimens at the lowest temperature of-165 ℃. The impacts on the bonding property of such parameters as the temperature, concrete strength, the relative concrete cover thickness, and the relative anchorage length were analyzed. The test results indicate that the changes in temperature have a clear effect on the bonding property between steel strand and concrete. As the temperature decreases, the bond stress, which corresponds to a 1 mm slip of steel strand in relation to concrete, and the ultimate bond strength initially increase and subsequently decrease at the inflection point of-80 ℃. The impact of the concrete strength on the bonding property, as shown by the tensile strength and the moisture content interaction, indicates that the bond stress vs concrete strength curve initially increases and later decreases with a decrease in temperature; the bond stress vs concrete cover thickness curve linearly increases, but the bond stress vs anchorage length curve linearly decreases at first and finally levels off.展开更多
Deep cryogenic treatment technology of electrodes is put forward to improve electrode life of resistance spot welding of aluminum alloy LF2. Deep cryogenic treatment makes electrode life for spot welding aluminum allo...Deep cryogenic treatment technology of electrodes is put forward to improve electrode life of resistance spot welding of aluminum alloy LF2. Deep cryogenic treatment makes electrode life for spot welding aluminum alloy improve. The specific resistivity of the deep cryogenic treatment electrodes is tested and experimental results show that specific resistivity is decreased sharply. The temperature field and the influence of deep cryogenic treatment on the electrode tip temperature during spot welding aluminium alloy is studied by numerical simulation method with the software ANSYS. The axisymmetric finite element model of mechanical, thermal and electrical coupled analysis of spot welding process is developed. The numerical simulation results show that the influence of deep cryogenic treatment on electrode tip temperature is very large.展开更多
In the present study a phenomenological constitutive model is developed to describe the flow behaviour of 20MnMoNi55 low carbon reactor pressure vessel (RPV) steel at sub-zero temperature under different strain rates....In the present study a phenomenological constitutive model is developed to describe the flow behaviour of 20MnMoNi55 low carbon reactor pressure vessel (RPV) steel at sub-zero temperature under different strain rates. A set of uniaxial tensile tests is done with the variation of strain rates and temperature ranging from 10^-4s^-1 to 10^-1s^-1 and -80℃ to 140℃ respectively. From the experimental data, family of flow curves at different temperatures and strain rates are generated and fitted exponentially. The strain rate and temperature dependence of the coefficients of the exponential flow curves are extracted from these curves and characterised through a general phenomenological constitutive coupled equation. The coefficients of this coupled equation are optimised using genetic algorithm. Finite element simulation of tensile tests at different strain rates and temperatures are done using this coupled equation in material model of Abaqus FEA software and validated with experimental results. The novelties of proposed model are:(a) it can predict precisely the flow behaviour of tensile tests (b) it is a simple form of equation where fitting parameters are both function of strain rate ratio and temperature ratio,(c) it has ability to characterize flow behaviour with decreasing subzero temperatures and increasing strain rates.展开更多
The impacts of remote Coulomb scattering(RCS)on hole mobility in ultra-thin body silicon-on-insulator(UTB SOI)p-MOSFETs at cryogenic temperatures are investigated.The physical models including phonon scattering,surfac...The impacts of remote Coulomb scattering(RCS)on hole mobility in ultra-thin body silicon-on-insulator(UTB SOI)p-MOSFETs at cryogenic temperatures are investigated.The physical models including phonon scattering,surface roughness scattering,and remote Coulomb scatterings are considered,and the results are verified by the experimental results at different temperatures for both bulk(from 300 K to 30 K)and UTB SOI(300 K and 25 K)p-MOSFETs.The impacts of the interfacial trap charges at both front and bottom interfaces on the hole mobility are mainly evaluated for the UTB SOI p-MOSFETs at liquid helium temperature(4.2 K).The results reveal that as the temperature decreases,the RCS due to the interfacial trap charges plays an important role in the hole mobility.展开更多
The experimental results of the cryogenic temperature characteristics on 0.18-μm silicon-on-insulator(SOI) metaloxide-silicon(MOS) field-effect-transistors(FETs) were presented in detail. The current and capaci...The experimental results of the cryogenic temperature characteristics on 0.18-μm silicon-on-insulator(SOI) metaloxide-silicon(MOS) field-effect-transistors(FETs) were presented in detail. The current and capacitance characteristics for different operating conditions ranging from 300 K to 10 K were discussed. SOI MOSFETs at cryogenic temperature exhibit improved performance, as expected. Nevertheless, operation at cryogenic temperature also demonstrates abnormal behaviors, such as the impurity freeze-out and series resistance effects. In this paper, the critical parameters of the devices were extracted with a specific method from 300 K to 10 K. Accordingly, some temperature-dependent-parameter models were created to improve fitting precision at cryogenic temperature.展开更多
With the application of X-ray computed tomography(CT) technology of C80 high-strength concrete with polypropylene fiber at elevated temperatures, the microscopic damage evolution process observation and image buildi...With the application of X-ray computed tomography(CT) technology of C80 high-strength concrete with polypropylene fiber at elevated temperatures, the microscopic damage evolution process observation and image building could be obtained, based on the statistics theory and numerical analysis of the combination of concrete internal defects extension and evolution regularity of microscopic structure. The expermental results show that the defect rate has changed at different temperatures and can determine the concrete degradation threshold temperatures. Also, data analysis can help to establish the evolution equation between the defect rate and the effect of temperature damage, and identify that the addition of polypropylene fibers in the high strength concrete at high temperature can improve cracking resistance.展开更多
By analyzing heat transfer on the wall of flat steel ribbon wound vessel (FSRWV), a numerical model of temperature distribution on the entire wall (including inner core wall, flat steel ribbons, outside cylinder of ja...By analyzing heat transfer on the wall of flat steel ribbon wound vessel (FSRWV), a numerical model of temperature distribution on the entire wall (including inner core wall, flat steel ribbons, outside cylinder of jacket and insulating layer) was established by the authors. With the model, the temperature distribution and the length change in the vessel walls and flat steel ribbons in low temperature are calculated and analyzed. The results show that the flat steel ribbon wound cryogenic high-pressure vessel is simpler in structure, safer and easier to manufacture than those of conventional ones.展开更多
The mechanical properties and deformation behavior of Ti 5Al 2.5 ZrELI alloy compared with Ti 5Al 2.5 SnELI at 4.2?K, 20?K and 293?K were investigated. The results show that the new titanium alloy Ti 5Al 2.5ZrELI has ...The mechanical properties and deformation behavior of Ti 5Al 2.5 ZrELI alloy compared with Ti 5Al 2.5 SnELI at 4.2?K, 20?K and 293?K were investigated. The results show that the new titanium alloy Ti 5Al 2.5ZrELI has more consistent properties because of its uniform microstructure and less segregation. It has good elongation and ductility. The fracture surfaces are covered with elongated dimples at cryogenic temperatures. The deformation mode at 293?K, 20?K and 4.2?K are twinning and slipping. [展开更多
Electrical properties of an AIlnN/GaN high-electron mobility transistor (HEMT) on a sapphire substrate are investigated in a cryogenic temperature range from 295 K down to 50 K. It is shown that drain saturation cur...Electrical properties of an AIlnN/GaN high-electron mobility transistor (HEMT) on a sapphire substrate are investigated in a cryogenic temperature range from 295 K down to 50 K. It is shown that drain saturation current and conductance increase as transistor operation temperature decreases. A self-heating effect is observed over the entire range of temperature under high power consumption. The dependence of channel electron mobility on electron density is investigated in detail. It is found that aside from Coulomb scattering, electrons that have been pushed away from the AIInN/GaN interface into the bulk GaN substrate at a large reverse gate voltage are also responsible for the electron mobility drop with the decrease of electron density.展开更多
The influence of interstitial content on mechanical properties of a new type of near α titanium alloy(Ti-Zr-Mo-Nb-Sn) at cryogenic temperature was studied. The results show that interstitial content affects the mecha...The influence of interstitial content on mechanical properties of a new type of near α titanium alloy(Ti-Zr-Mo-Nb-Sn) at cryogenic temperature was studied. The results show that interstitial content affects the mechanical properties of the alloy at cryogenic temperature. Interstitial element atoms solving into lattice causes the increasing of degree of distortion,which limits the sliding and twinning of dislocations. Reducing interstitial content is beneficial to generation of dislocation sliding and deformation twins. With interstitial element content reducing,the impact toughness and the elongation of the alloy decrease rapidly while the strength decreases weakly. To obtain good over-all properties at cryogenic temperature,the interstitial element content in this alloy must be controlled to extra low grade.展开更多
The mechanical behavior of VCoNi medium-entropy alloys with five different grain sizes at three different temperatures was investigated.The VCoNi alloys with different grain sizes exhibit a traditional strength–ducti...The mechanical behavior of VCoNi medium-entropy alloys with five different grain sizes at three different temperatures was investigated.The VCoNi alloys with different grain sizes exhibit a traditional strength–ductility trade-off at 77 K,194 K and 293 K.Both the yield strength and the uniform elongation of the VCoNi alloys with similar grain size increase with decreasing the deformation temperature from 293 to 77 K.Obvious strain hardening rate recovery characterized by an evident up-turn behavior at stage II is observed in VCoNi alloys with the grain size above 11.1μm.It is found that the extent of the strain hardening rate recovery increases with increasing grain size or decreasing deformation temperature.This may mainly result from the faster increase in the dislocation multiplication rate caused by the decrease in the dislocation mean free path,the decrease in the absorption of dislocations by grain boundaries and the dynamic recovery from the cross-slip with increasing grain size,as well as the suppressed dynamic recovery at cryogenic temperatures.The critical grain sizes for the occurrence of the recovery of strain hardening rate are determined to be around 9.5μm,8.3μm and 3μm for alloys deformed at 293 K,194 K and 77 K,respectively.The basic mechanism for the strain hardening behavior of the VCoNi alloys associated with grain size and deformation temperature is analyzed.展开更多
Cryogenic machining is a new technology which makes use of the special mechanicalprcperties of niaterials in a cryogenic or a 'super cold' state for machining. The control of acryogenic machining system(CMS)i...Cryogenic machining is a new technology which makes use of the special mechanicalprcperties of niaterials in a cryogenic or a 'super cold' state for machining. The control of acryogenic machining system(CMS)is one of the key problems which need to be solved for practi-cal cryogenic machining A temperature field control principle is presented which calculates theheat source temperature in the light of the tool temperature field information, and a control mod-el of three-dimensional dynamic temperature field for CMS is established, and the boundary con-ditions and the heat source of temperature field in orthogonal cutting are discussed. Based on theinvestigation of the control feature and technique. a prototype system for controlling CMS is crea-ted.展开更多
In the present study,a face-centered cubic non-equiatomic Cr_(26)Mn_(20)Fe_(20)Co20Ni_(14) high-entropy alloy(HEA)with a low stacking fault energy of 17.6 mJ m^(−2) was prepared by vacuum induction melting,forging and...In the present study,a face-centered cubic non-equiatomic Cr_(26)Mn_(20)Fe_(20)Co20Ni_(14) high-entropy alloy(HEA)with a low stacking fault energy of 17.6 mJ m^(−2) was prepared by vacuum induction melting,forging and annealing processes.The recrystallized sample is revealed to exhibit an excellent combination of strength and ductility over a wide temperature range of 4.2–293 K.With decreasing temperature from 293 to 77 K,the ductility and ultimate tensile strength(UTS)gradually increase by 30% to 95% and 137% to 1020 MPa,respectively.At the lowest temperature of 4.2 K,the ductility keeps 65% and the UTS increases by 200% to 1300 MPa,which exceed those published in the literature,including conventional 300 series stainless steels.Detailed microstructural analyses of this alloy reveal a change of deformation mechanisms from dislocation slip and nano-twinning at 293 K to nano-phase transformation at 4.2 K.The cooperation and competition of multiple nano-twinning and nano-phase transformation are responsible for the superior tensile properties at cryogenic temperatures.Our study provides experimental evidence for potential cryogenic applications of HEAs.展开更多
Traditional high strength engineering alloys suffer from serious surface brittleness and inferior wear performance when servicing under sliding contact at cryogenic temperature.Here,we report that the recently emergin...Traditional high strength engineering alloys suffer from serious surface brittleness and inferior wear performance when servicing under sliding contact at cryogenic temperature.Here,we report that the recently emerging CoCrNi multi-principal element alloy defies this trend and presents dramatically enhanced wear resistance when temperature decreases from 273 to 153 K,surpassing those of cryogenic austenitic steels.The temperature-dependent structure characteristics and deformation mechanisms influencing the cryogenic wear resistance of CoCrNi are clarified through microscopic observation and atomistic simulation.It is found that sliding-induced subsurface structures show distinct scenarios at different deformation temperatures.At cryogenic condition,significant grain refinement and a deep plastic zone give rise to an extended microstructural gradient below the surface,which can accommodate massive sliding deformation,in direct contrast to the strain localization and delamination at 273 K.Meanwhile,the temperature-dependent cryogenic deformation mechanisms(stacking fault networks and phase transformation)also provide additional strengthening and toughening of the subsurface material.These features make the CoCrNi alloy particularly wear resistant at cryogenic conditions and an excellent candidate for safety–critical applications.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China under Grant No.2022YFB3608400National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.61825404,61888102,and 62104044the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences under Grant No.XDB44000000 and the project of MOE innovation platform.
文摘The performance and reliability of ferroelectric thin films at temperatures around a few Kelvin are critical for their application in cryo-electronics.In this work,TiN/Hf_(0.5)Zr_(0.5)O_(2)/TiN capacitors that are free from the wake-up effect are investigated systematically from room temperature(300 K)to cryogenic temperature(30 K).We observe a consistent decrease in permittivity(εr)and a progressive increase in coercive electric field(Ec)as temperatures decrease.Our investigation reveals exceptional stability in the double remnant polarization(2P_(r))of our ferroelectric thin films across a wide temperature range.Specifically,at 30 K,a 2P_(r)of 36μC/cm^(2)under an applied electric field of 3.0 MV/cm is achieved.Moreover,we observed a reduced fatigue effect at 30 K in comparison to 300 K.The stable ferroelectric properties and endurance characteristics demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing HfO_(2)based ferroelectric thin films for cryo-electronics applications.
基金National Key Research and Development Projects of China(No.2022YFB2602605)。
文摘To solve the cryogenic temperature problems faced by all-concrete liquefied natural gas(ACLNG)storage tanks during servicing,a low temperature resistant and high strength concrete(LHC)was designed from the perspectives of reducing water-binder ratio,removing coarse aggregates,optimizing composite mineral admixture and utilizing steel fibers.The variation laws of compressive and tensile strength,elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio for C60 concrete and LHC were compared and analyzed under the temperatures from 10 to-165℃through uniaxial compression and tensile tests.The rapid freezing method was adopted to analyze the evolution process of mass and relative dynamic elastic modulus loss rates for C60 and LHC in 0-300 freeze-thaw cycles.The gas permeability test was carried out,and the laws of gas permeability coefficient varied with temperature and cryogenic freeze-thaw cycles were obtained.Then,the grey dynamic model GM(1,1)was used to predict the variation laws of physical and mechanical parameters on the basis of the test data.The test results demonstrate that the compressive strength,elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio for both C60 and LHC increase significantly from 10 to-165℃,but the specific variation laws are difierent,and there is a phenomenon that some parameters decrease after reaching a critical temperature range for C60.The uniaxial tensile strength increases first and then decreases as temperature decreases,and finally increases slightly at-165℃for both C60 and LHC.The mass and relative dynamic elastic modulus loss rates of LHC are much lower than that of C60 under different freeze-thaw cycles.The gas permeability coefficient of C60 declines gradually with the drop of temperature,and increases gradually with the number of freeze-thaw cycles while the gas permeability coefficient of LHC basically remains stable and is much lower than that of C60.Therefore,such a conclusion can be drawn that LHC has better properties at cryogenic temperature.On the premise of providing consistent functional mode,GM(1,1)can predict the test data with high accuracy,which well reflects the variation laws of relevant parameters.
基金This work was supported by National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grants funded by the Korean government(MSIP,South Korea)(No.2019R1A2C1085272).
文摘This study investigates the microstructural characteristics of AZ31 Mg alloys rolled at room temperature(RT)and cryogenic temperature(CT)and the variation in their microstructure and hardness during subsequent annealing.Cryorolling induces the formation of more side cracks than does RT rolling,because of the reduction in the ability of the material to accommodate deformation at CT.Numerous{10-11}contraction and{10-11}-{10-12}double twins are formed in both the material rolled at RT and that rolled at CT,because the grains of the initial material are favorably oriented for{10-11}twinning under rolling.The RT-rolled material has a higher dislocation density than the cryorolled material,and more twins are uniformly distributed throughout the former material.As a result,static recrystallization during subsequent annealing is more pronounced in the RT-rolled material,which results in the formation of a highly recrystallized homogeneous microstructure after annealing.In contrast,the formed twins are predominantly present along the shear bands in the cryorolled material,as a result of which this material has an inhomogeneous bi modal structure containing a large amount of coarse unrecrystallized grains after annealing.The hardness of the annealed RT-rolled material is higher than that of the annealed cryorolled material owing to the finer grain structure of the former.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51078260 and No.51478309)
文摘To study the bonding properties between steel strand and concrete at room and cryogenic temperatures, a series of center pullout experiments were conducted on 96 bonding anchorage specimens at the lowest temperature of-165 ℃. The impacts on the bonding property of such parameters as the temperature, concrete strength, the relative concrete cover thickness, and the relative anchorage length were analyzed. The test results indicate that the changes in temperature have a clear effect on the bonding property between steel strand and concrete. As the temperature decreases, the bond stress, which corresponds to a 1 mm slip of steel strand in relation to concrete, and the ultimate bond strength initially increase and subsequently decrease at the inflection point of-80 ℃. The impact of the concrete strength on the bonding property, as shown by the tensile strength and the moisture content interaction, indicates that the bond stress vs concrete strength curve initially increases and later decreases with a decrease in temperature; the bond stress vs concrete cover thickness curve linearly increases, but the bond stress vs anchorage length curve linearly decreases at first and finally levels off.
基金This project is supported by Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province,China(20051063)the Education Department Science and Technology Development Foundation of Shanxi Province,China(200262)Doctor Research Foundation of Taiyuan University of Science and Technology,Taiyuan,Shanxi Province,China(200271).
文摘Deep cryogenic treatment technology of electrodes is put forward to improve electrode life of resistance spot welding of aluminum alloy LF2. Deep cryogenic treatment makes electrode life for spot welding aluminum alloy improve. The specific resistivity of the deep cryogenic treatment electrodes is tested and experimental results show that specific resistivity is decreased sharply. The temperature field and the influence of deep cryogenic treatment on the electrode tip temperature during spot welding aluminium alloy is studied by numerical simulation method with the software ANSYS. The axisymmetric finite element model of mechanical, thermal and electrical coupled analysis of spot welding process is developed. The numerical simulation results show that the influence of deep cryogenic treatment on electrode tip temperature is very large.
文摘In the present study a phenomenological constitutive model is developed to describe the flow behaviour of 20MnMoNi55 low carbon reactor pressure vessel (RPV) steel at sub-zero temperature under different strain rates. A set of uniaxial tensile tests is done with the variation of strain rates and temperature ranging from 10^-4s^-1 to 10^-1s^-1 and -80℃ to 140℃ respectively. From the experimental data, family of flow curves at different temperatures and strain rates are generated and fitted exponentially. The strain rate and temperature dependence of the coefficients of the exponential flow curves are extracted from these curves and characterised through a general phenomenological constitutive coupled equation. The coefficients of this coupled equation are optimised using genetic algorithm. Finite element simulation of tensile tests at different strain rates and temperatures are done using this coupled equation in material model of Abaqus FEA software and validated with experimental results. The novelties of proposed model are:(a) it can predict precisely the flow behaviour of tensile tests (b) it is a simple form of equation where fitting parameters are both function of strain rate ratio and temperature ratio,(c) it has ability to characterize flow behaviour with decreasing subzero temperatures and increasing strain rates.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61674008,61421005,and 61804003)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2016YFA0202101)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant Nos.2018M630034 and 2019T120017)。
文摘The impacts of remote Coulomb scattering(RCS)on hole mobility in ultra-thin body silicon-on-insulator(UTB SOI)p-MOSFETs at cryogenic temperatures are investigated.The physical models including phonon scattering,surface roughness scattering,and remote Coulomb scatterings are considered,and the results are verified by the experimental results at different temperatures for both bulk(from 300 K to 30 K)and UTB SOI(300 K and 25 K)p-MOSFETs.The impacts of the interfacial trap charges at both front and bottom interfaces on the hole mobility are mainly evaluated for the UTB SOI p-MOSFETs at liquid helium temperature(4.2 K).The results reveal that as the temperature decreases,the RCS due to the interfacial trap charges plays an important role in the hole mobility.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61176095 and 61404169)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘The experimental results of the cryogenic temperature characteristics on 0.18-μm silicon-on-insulator(SOI) metaloxide-silicon(MOS) field-effect-transistors(FETs) were presented in detail. The current and capacitance characteristics for different operating conditions ranging from 300 K to 10 K were discussed. SOI MOSFETs at cryogenic temperature exhibit improved performance, as expected. Nevertheless, operation at cryogenic temperature also demonstrates abnormal behaviors, such as the impurity freeze-out and series resistance effects. In this paper, the critical parameters of the devices were extracted with a specific method from 300 K to 10 K. Accordingly, some temperature-dependent-parameter models were created to improve fitting precision at cryogenic temperature.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51278325)the Shanxi Province Natural Science Foundation(No.2011011024-2)
文摘With the application of X-ray computed tomography(CT) technology of C80 high-strength concrete with polypropylene fiber at elevated temperatures, the microscopic damage evolution process observation and image building could be obtained, based on the statistics theory and numerical analysis of the combination of concrete internal defects extension and evolution regularity of microscopic structure. The expermental results show that the defect rate has changed at different temperatures and can determine the concrete degradation threshold temperatures. Also, data analysis can help to establish the evolution equation between the defect rate and the effect of temperature damage, and identify that the addition of polypropylene fibers in the high strength concrete at high temperature can improve cracking resistance.
文摘By analyzing heat transfer on the wall of flat steel ribbon wound vessel (FSRWV), a numerical model of temperature distribution on the entire wall (including inner core wall, flat steel ribbons, outside cylinder of jacket and insulating layer) was established by the authors. With the model, the temperature distribution and the length change in the vessel walls and flat steel ribbons in low temperature are calculated and analyzed. The results show that the flat steel ribbon wound cryogenic high-pressure vessel is simpler in structure, safer and easier to manufacture than those of conventional ones.
文摘The mechanical properties and deformation behavior of Ti 5Al 2.5 ZrELI alloy compared with Ti 5Al 2.5 SnELI at 4.2?K, 20?K and 293?K were investigated. The results show that the new titanium alloy Ti 5Al 2.5ZrELI has more consistent properties because of its uniform microstructure and less segregation. It has good elongation and ductility. The fracture surfaces are covered with elongated dimples at cryogenic temperatures. The deformation mode at 293?K, 20?K and 4.2?K are twinning and slipping. [
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61204018)
文摘Electrical properties of an AIlnN/GaN high-electron mobility transistor (HEMT) on a sapphire substrate are investigated in a cryogenic temperature range from 295 K down to 50 K. It is shown that drain saturation current and conductance increase as transistor operation temperature decreases. A self-heating effect is observed over the entire range of temperature under high power consumption. The dependence of channel electron mobility on electron density is investigated in detail. It is found that aside from Coulomb scattering, electrons that have been pushed away from the AIInN/GaN interface into the bulk GaN substrate at a large reverse gate voltage are also responsible for the electron mobility drop with the decrease of electron density.
基金Project(2007CB613807) supported by National Basic Research Program of China
文摘The influence of interstitial content on mechanical properties of a new type of near α titanium alloy(Ti-Zr-Mo-Nb-Sn) at cryogenic temperature was studied. The results show that interstitial content affects the mechanical properties of the alloy at cryogenic temperature. Interstitial element atoms solving into lattice causes the increasing of degree of distortion,which limits the sliding and twinning of dislocations. Reducing interstitial content is beneficial to generation of dislocation sliding and deformation twins. With interstitial element content reducing,the impact toughness and the elongation of the alloy decrease rapidly while the strength decreases weakly. To obtain good over-all properties at cryogenic temperature,the interstitial element content in this alloy must be controlled to extra low grade.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,Grant No.52071319)the Fundamental Research Project of Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science(No.L2019F23).
文摘The mechanical behavior of VCoNi medium-entropy alloys with five different grain sizes at three different temperatures was investigated.The VCoNi alloys with different grain sizes exhibit a traditional strength–ductility trade-off at 77 K,194 K and 293 K.Both the yield strength and the uniform elongation of the VCoNi alloys with similar grain size increase with decreasing the deformation temperature from 293 to 77 K.Obvious strain hardening rate recovery characterized by an evident up-turn behavior at stage II is observed in VCoNi alloys with the grain size above 11.1μm.It is found that the extent of the strain hardening rate recovery increases with increasing grain size or decreasing deformation temperature.This may mainly result from the faster increase in the dislocation multiplication rate caused by the decrease in the dislocation mean free path,the decrease in the absorption of dislocations by grain boundaries and the dynamic recovery from the cross-slip with increasing grain size,as well as the suppressed dynamic recovery at cryogenic temperatures.The critical grain sizes for the occurrence of the recovery of strain hardening rate are determined to be around 9.5μm,8.3μm and 3μm for alloys deformed at 293 K,194 K and 77 K,respectively.The basic mechanism for the strain hardening behavior of the VCoNi alloys associated with grain size and deformation temperature is analyzed.
文摘Cryogenic machining is a new technology which makes use of the special mechanicalprcperties of niaterials in a cryogenic or a 'super cold' state for machining. The control of acryogenic machining system(CMS)is one of the key problems which need to be solved for practi-cal cryogenic machining A temperature field control principle is presented which calculates theheat source temperature in the light of the tool temperature field information, and a control mod-el of three-dimensional dynamic temperature field for CMS is established, and the boundary con-ditions and the heat source of temperature field in orthogonal cutting are discussed. Based on theinvestigation of the control feature and technique. a prototype system for controlling CMS is crea-ted.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2021YFA1200203,2019YFA0209901)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51971112,51822402 and 51225102)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.30919011405)the LiaoNing Revitalization Talents Program(No.XLYC1807047).
文摘In the present study,a face-centered cubic non-equiatomic Cr_(26)Mn_(20)Fe_(20)Co20Ni_(14) high-entropy alloy(HEA)with a low stacking fault energy of 17.6 mJ m^(−2) was prepared by vacuum induction melting,forging and annealing processes.The recrystallized sample is revealed to exhibit an excellent combination of strength and ductility over a wide temperature range of 4.2–293 K.With decreasing temperature from 293 to 77 K,the ductility and ultimate tensile strength(UTS)gradually increase by 30% to 95% and 137% to 1020 MPa,respectively.At the lowest temperature of 4.2 K,the ductility keeps 65% and the UTS increases by 200% to 1300 MPa,which exceed those published in the literature,including conventional 300 series stainless steels.Detailed microstructural analyses of this alloy reveal a change of deformation mechanisms from dislocation slip and nano-twinning at 293 K to nano-phase transformation at 4.2 K.The cooperation and competition of multiple nano-twinning and nano-phase transformation are responsible for the superior tensile properties at cryogenic temperatures.Our study provides experimental evidence for potential cryogenic applications of HEAs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52175188 and 51975474)National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFB3705300)+3 种基金Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province(2023-YBGY-434)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(3102019JC001)Open Fund of Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Aero-engine Materials Tribology(LKLAMTF202301)C.G.acknowledges funding by the German Research Foundation(DFG)under Project G.R.4174/5 and by the European Research Council(ERC)under Grant No.771237.
文摘Traditional high strength engineering alloys suffer from serious surface brittleness and inferior wear performance when servicing under sliding contact at cryogenic temperature.Here,we report that the recently emerging CoCrNi multi-principal element alloy defies this trend and presents dramatically enhanced wear resistance when temperature decreases from 273 to 153 K,surpassing those of cryogenic austenitic steels.The temperature-dependent structure characteristics and deformation mechanisms influencing the cryogenic wear resistance of CoCrNi are clarified through microscopic observation and atomistic simulation.It is found that sliding-induced subsurface structures show distinct scenarios at different deformation temperatures.At cryogenic condition,significant grain refinement and a deep plastic zone give rise to an extended microstructural gradient below the surface,which can accommodate massive sliding deformation,in direct contrast to the strain localization and delamination at 273 K.Meanwhile,the temperature-dependent cryogenic deformation mechanisms(stacking fault networks and phase transformation)also provide additional strengthening and toughening of the subsurface material.These features make the CoCrNi alloy particularly wear resistant at cryogenic conditions and an excellent candidate for safety–critical applications.