The ultratrace detection of crystal violet using surface enhanced Raman scattering on colloidal Ag nanoparticles prepared by electrolysis

Highly active, stable and affordable surface enhanced Raman scattering （SERS） substrates were obtained by electrolyzing a mixture of AgNO3 （4 × 10^-4 mol/L） and Na3C6H5OTH2O （6 × 10^-5 mol/L） for 1, 2, 3 and 4 h at 7 V. With crystal violet （CV） as a test molecule, a portable Raman spectrometer with 785 nm laser excitation was employed to carry out the SERS detection. Colloidal Ag nanoparticles prepared by electrolyzing for 3 h with the particle size of （65 ±17） nm is a perfect SERS substrate for the ultratrace detection of CV, which displayed an enhancement factor of ca. 1.3 × 10^8 and the detection limit of CV is down to ca. 10-15 mol/L （ca. 10^-4 ppb） with 10^-1 mol/L KBr as aggregating agent. Thus, this SERS substrate will provide a hopeful foreground in ultratrace detection. Meanwhile, it will provide a possibility to bring Raman analysis out of the laboratory to process in situ, real-time detection and identification.

Degradation of crystal violet using nanometer TiO_2 under the synergistic action of H_2O_2 and ultrasonic wave

TiO_2 nanoparticles with different phases are prepared by hydrolysis oftitanium tetrabutoxide in the presence of HC1. The composition and microstructure of the resultingsamples are studied by XRD and TEM. These results show that the range of particle size of TiO_2 isfrom 20 to 30 nm. The mechanism of TiO_2 photocatalysis reaction has been discussed extensively.Photocatalytic activities of nanometer TiO_2 are also evaluated by degradation of the crystal violetsolution. Experimental results indicate that the synergistic action of H_2O_2 and ultrasonic wavegreatly enhances photo-catalytic reaction of TiO_2.

Energy transfer in solid-state dye lasers based on methyl methacrylate co-doped with sulforhodamine B and crystal violet

Laser action in methyl methacrylate （MMA） co-doped with sulforhodamine B and crystal violet dyes was investi- gated. The dye mixture was incorporated into a solid polymeric matrix and was pumped by a 532-nm Nd：YAG laser. Distributed feedback dye laser （DFDL） action was induced in the dye mixture using a prism arrangement both in the donor and acceptor regions by an energy transfer mechanism. Theoretically, the characteristics of acceptor and donor DFDLs, and the dependence of their pulse widths and output powers on acceptor-donor concentrations and pump power, were studied. Experimentally, the output energy of DFDL was measured at the emission peaks of donor and acceptor dyes for different pump powers and different acceptor-donor concentrations. Tuning of the output wavelength was achieved by varying the period of the gain modulation of the laser medium. The laser wavelength showed continuous tunability from 563 nm to 648 nm.

FRACTAL STRUCTURE OF COLLOIDAL SILVER AND ITS EFFECTS ON SERS INTENSITIES OF CRYSTAL VIOLET

The surface-enhanced Raman spectra (SERS) of crystal violet on colloidal silver particles of different sizes and shapes were measured and the structural effect of the silver aggregates on the SEPS intensities was discussed in terms of fractal geometry. It is found that the SERS band intensities of crystal violet change significantly with the fractal dimension (D) of colloidal silver at 1.25<D<1.65, but remains nearly constant at D>1.8.

Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Selective Extraction of Crystal Violet from Natural Seawater coupled with HighPerformance Liquid Chromatographic Determination

Molecularly imprinted polymers(MIPs) were prepared by the bulk polymerization using crystal violet as the template molecule, and the methacrylic acid and ethylene glycol dimetheacrylate as functional monomer and cross-linker, respectively. Systematic investigations of synthetic conditions were conducted. The surface morphology and recognition mechanism of the obtained polymers were studied using scanning electron microscope and spectrophotometric analysis. MIPs showed high affinity to template molecule and were successfully applied as special solid-phase extraction sorbent for selective extraction of crystal violet from natural seawater. An off-line molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction(MISPE) method followed by high-performance liquid chromatography with diodearray detection for the analysis of crystal violet was also established. MISPE columns have good recoveries for crystal violet standard solutions and good linearity was obtained over the concentration range of 0-200 μg L-1(R2 > 0.99). Finally, two natural seawater samples were investigated. The recoveries of spiked seawater on the MISPE columns were from 44.47% to 62.34%, the relative standard deviation(n=3) being in the range of 2.89%-5.96%.

Aminopropyl-containing ionic liquid based organosilica as a novel and efficient adsorbent for removal of crystal violet from wastewaters

Herein a novel aminopropyl-containing ionic liquid based organosilica(ILOS-NH_2) is prepared, characterized and applied as effective adsorbent for removal of crystal violet(CV) dye from wastewater. The ILOS-NH2 material was synthesized by hydrolysis and co-condensation of 1,3-bis-(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)-imidazolium chloride(BTMSPIC) under acidic conditions followed by treatment with 3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane in toluene under reflux conditions. This material was characterized using scanning electron microscopy(SEM), diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy(DRIFTS), thermal gravimetric analysis(TGA) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis(EDAX). The material was effectively used in the removal of crystal violet at ambient temperature and showed high capacity and stability under applied conditions. The efficacy of p H, contact time, adsorbent dose, initial dye concentration, temperature, and isotherm studies and the applicability of pseudo-first, second order and Elovich kinetic models have also been investigated.

Kinetic Modeling of Methylene Blue and Crystal Violet Dyes Adsorption on Alginate-Fixed Water Hyacinth in Single and Binary Systems

Removal of Methylene Blue (MB) and Crystal Violet (CV) dyes from monocomponent and binary aqueous solutions by water hyacinth-E. Crassipes roots fixed on alginate (a low-cost adsorbent) has been investigated. The extent of adsorption was evaluated as a function of solution pH, initial dye concentration, and bead biomass loading. Kinetic sorption data were analysed by widely used models: pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich, and intraparticle diffusion models. The results showed that pseudo-second-order model better described the biosorption experimental data than the pseudo-first-order kinetic model for both dyes, whilst the Elovich model fitted the biosorption experimental data at lower dye concentrations. The intraparticle diffusion model indicated that sorption of CV and MB was characterized by rapid surface adsorption coupled with slow film diffusion process at higher initial dye concentration and at all initial bead biomass loading. The range of mean free energy values confirmed physical adsorption as the mechanism for dye removal from solution.

Synthesis of Nano-Titanium Tannate as an Adsorbent for Crystal Violet Dye, Kinetic and Equilibrium Isotherm Studies

The purpose of this study was to prepare nano-titanium tannate complex (TTC) and to investigate its adsorption capacity for removal of cationic dyes such as crystal violet (CV) dye. The morphology and the main elements of TTC adsorbent were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS), while its crystal structure was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Also, FT-IR spectroscopy study structural aspects of TTC. A “cotton-ball”-like and porous surface structure of titanium tannate complex (TTC) with nanoparticle size of 16.18 nm show high capability for absorbing crystal violet dye. The effect of several parameters such as contact time, initial concentrations of CV, solution pH and the amount of TTC was investigated. Three different kinetic equations such as pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and intraparticle diffusion were used to study the order and the mechanism of the adsorption process. The adsorption of CV dye followed pseudo- second order equation. Moreover, equilibrium data were tested with four adsorption isotherm models namely, Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R). Langmuir was the best fit for the data with maximum capacity as 58.8 mg/g. The results of Separation factor, Surface coverage and standard free energy (ΔG°) indicated that adsorption of CV onto TTC was favorable with fast rate and spontaneous physical adsorption process.

Rapid Adsorption of Crystal Violet onto Magnetic Zeolite Synthesized from Fly Ash and Magnetite Nanoparticles

This work reports the adsorption of crystal violet (CV) dye onto magnetic zeolite (MZ) nanoparticles, synthesized by direct fusion of fly ash (FA) and magnetite particles. The synthesised MZ showed high capacity for CV dye adsorption, removing 95% of the dye at an equilibrium adsorption time of 10 min and 25℃. The effects of adsorbent dosage, dye concentration, and pH, on adsorption were evaluated. Adsorption data were best described by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm (R2 = 0.9986), while the adsorption kinetics was best fitted by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2 = 0.9999). Application of the MZs synthesised from inexpensive resources such as FA could ensure the sustainability and cost effectiveness of treating industrial effluent containing basic dyes, especially effluent from the textile industries.

Removal of Crystal Violet from aqueous solution using powdered mycelial biomass of Ceriporia lacerata P2

A biosorbent prepared from powdered mycelial biomass of Ceriporia lacerata （CLB）, a basidiomycetous fungus, was applied for the uptake of Crystal Violet from aqueous solution. A batch adsorption experiment was used for the biosorption process, involving effect of experimental factors and biosorption kinetics and equilibrium. Biosorption process showed that the removal of Crystal Violet by CLB was effective over wide pH range, and meanwhile was independent on ionic strength. Biosorption capacities of CLB increased with the initial dye concentration increasing, due to an increase in the driving force of the concentration gradient. The adsorbed Crystal Violet amount per unit biomass weight decreased with increasing biosorbent dosage, due to the splitting effect of flux （concentration gradient） between sorbate and biosorbent. A maximum sorption capacity of 239.25 mg/g was observed. Biosorption kinetics was found to be best represented by the pseudo second-order kinetic model. The equilibrium adsorption data was well described by the Koble-Corrigan model. FT-IR （Fourier Transform Infrared Spetroscopy） spectrum showed the presence of O–H, COOH, C=O, C–N, C–H, –NH2 and P–OH in the surface of CLB as functional groups. This study showed CLB can effectively remove CV from dye wastewater.

Biodegradation of Crystal Violet by Agrobacterium radiobacter

Agrobacterium radiobacter MTCC 8161 completely decolorized the Crystal Violet with 8 hr （10 mg/L） at static anoxic conditions. The decreased decolorization capability by A. radiobacter was observed, when the Crystal Violet concentration was increased from 10 to 100 mg/L. Semi-synthetic medium containing 1% yeast extract and 0.1% NH4C1 has shown 100% decolorization of Crystal Violet within 5 hr. A complete degradation of Crystal Violet by A. radiobacter was observed up to 7 cycles of repeated addition （10 rag/L）. When the effect of increasing inoculum concentration on decolorization of Crystal Violet （100 mg/L） was studied, maximum decolorization was observed with 15% inoculum concentration. A significant increase in the activities of laccase （184%） and aminopyrine N-demethylase （300%） in cells obtained after decolorization indicated the involvement of these enzymes in decolorization process. The intermediates formed during the degradation of Crystal Violet were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy （GC/MS）. It was detected the presence of N,N,N＇,N＂-tetramethylpararosarfiline, IN, N-dimethylaminophenyl] [N-methylaminophenyl] benzophenone, N, N-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, 4-methyl amino phenol and phenol. We proposed the hypothetical metabolic pathway of Crystal Violet biodegradation by A. radiobacter. Phytotoxicity and microbial toxicity study showed that Crystal Violet biodegradation metabolites were less toxic to bacteria （A. radiobacter, P. aurugenosa and A. vinelandii） contributing to soil fertility and for four kinds of plants （Sorghum bicolor, Vigna radiata, Lens culinaris and Triticum aestivum） which are most sensitive, fast growing and commonly used in Indian agriculture.

Biosorption and biotransformation of crystal violet by Aeromonas hydrophila DN322p

DN322p, an offspring of Aeromonas hydro- phila DN322, has the capacity to adsorb and decolorize triphenylmethane dyes in wastewater simultaneously. As a common triphenylmethane dye, crystal violet （CV） was chosen to test the decolorization characteristics of DN322p. Within 0.5h, the strain DN322p adsorbed a large amount of CV, producing a deep-colored cell pellet and colorless supernatant. The colors of the cell pellet and supematant lightened over time. The supernatant and dichloromethane extract of the cell pellet both showed conspicuous CV and leuco CV （LCV） characteristic absorbance peaks at 590 nm and 260 nm, respectively, in the UV-vis spectral analysis. This finding indicated that the DN322p cells can adsorb the two dyes. A 99% （w/w） decolorization rate was achieved within 2.5 h with shaking at 30℃ for 50mg CV.L-1. High Performance Liquid Chromatography （HPLC） analysis of the dichloromethane extract of the supernatant and cell pellet confirmed that CV was mainly converted into its leuco form. Dead cells had a similar adsorption capacity with living cells. About 90% of CV in the dye solution （50mg-L-1） was removed by autoclaved cells with an optical delnsity at 600 nm （OD600） above 1.0.

Extraction-spectrophotometric Determination of Dicyanoaurate(Ⅰ) with Crystal Violet

Extraction spectrophotometric determination of dicyanoaurate (Ⅰ) with Crystal Violet is described. At pH 2.6～10.7, dicyanoaurate (Ⅰ) can react with Crystal Violet and form a complex which can be extracted into isoamylacetate. The apparent molar absorptivity is 8.37×10 4 L·mol -1 ·cm -1 at 605 nm. Beer′s law is obeyed for 0～15 μg of Au(Ⅰ) per 5 ml of isoamylacetate. The interference from Ag(Ⅰ) and Cu(Ⅱ) can be eliminated with thiourea and EDTA. The method is applied to the determination of dicyanoaurate (Ⅰ) in sample solution with satisfactory results.

Synthesis and characterisation of potassium polytitanate for photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet

Potassium titanate nanostructures were synthesised by hydrothermal treatment of TiO2 （P25） in KOH and H2O2. As-produced powders were characterised by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and nitrogen adsorption-desorption methods. Longitudinally-oriented-wire-like structures with a length up to several micrometres and diameters ranging from 10 to 30 nm were obtained. Larger size fibrous nanowires resulting from the hydrotherrnal treatment showed high affinity in adsorbing crystal violet （CV）, which was mainly due to their high surface area. The photocatalytic bleaching of CV solution revealed that the wires are photoactive under ultraviolet light irradiation. Macroporous nanowires are considered as effective adsorbents of CV, capable of photocatalvtic degradation, and they can be easily separated from the solution by settling.

Interactions between crystal violet and AOT in aqueous solutions and in AOT/isooc- tane/water microemulsions

The absorbance of crystal violet (CV) in a se-ries of aqueous solutions and a series of sodium bis(2-ethyl- hexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT)/isooctane/water microemulsions has been determined. Association models have been used to analyse the experimental data to obtain the association con-stants of CV and AOT in the above two media. It was found that about up to 57% CV was associated by AOT in AOT/ isooctane/water microemulsions, which reduced the reaction rate of alkaline fading of crystal violet in the microemulsions.

不同形貌CaO_(2)的制备及其降解水中结晶紫的研究

为探究不同形貌过氧化钙对染料降解去除效果的差异性,采用钙盐法在不同条件下制备不同形貌的过氧化钙,并将其用于处理结晶紫模拟的染料废水。通过X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜和傅里叶变换红外光谱对制得的过氧化钙进行了形貌表征,证明合成了四方晶状过氧化钙和球状纳米过氧化钙,并考察了两种过氧化钙在不同条件下对模拟染料废水中结晶紫的去除效果。结果表明,在模拟染料废水初始pH为6.0,结晶紫初始浓度为10 mg/L,四方晶状过氧化钙投加量为18.0 mg,球型纳米过氧化钙投加量为30.0 mg时,结晶紫的去除率分别可以达到94.14%和85.49%。准一级动力学方程可以描述两种过氧化钙对结晶紫的降解机制,球状纳米过氧化钙对结晶紫的降解过程与准一级动力学模型的吻合度更高。

羧基化改性海带渣对结晶紫的吸附性能研究

采用丁二酸酐(SA)对海带渣(LJR)进行羧基化修饰。利用红外光谱、扫描电镜、能量色散光谱对LJR和改性海带渣(CLJR)进行表征,对比改性前后LJR对结晶紫(CV)的吸附性能,并确定CLJR的最优吸附条件。结果发现:CLJR在1728 cm^(-1)处出现羧基的特征峰,孔隙结构明显增多,羧基化改性增强了LJR对CV的吸附性能。CLJR的最优吸附条件为初始质量浓度100 mg/L、吸附剂投加量0.8 g/L、初始pH 5~11;升高温度对LJR和CLJR的吸附过程有利。

钴锌铁氧体改性生物炭对水中结晶紫的吸附性能研究

染料在生产和生活中广泛使用,导致环境中染料污染问题频发,尤其是水体,对生态系统和人体健康带来潜在危害。生物炭具有来源广泛且符合“双碳”的要求,被广泛用于环境污染治理。但由于原始生物炭的吸附能力差,且缺乏选择性。因此,对生物炭改性是最常用的方法。为了提高生物炭对染料结晶紫(CV)的吸附效果,研究以橙子皮为原料,通过共沉淀-热解法制备钴锌铁氧体改性的磁性生物炭(Co_(0.5)Zn_(0.5)Fe_(2)O_(4)@BC)。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、电子扫描显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、比表面积及孔径分析仪(BET)、Zeta电位仪对改性前后的生物炭进行详细表征。实验结果表明,改性后产生介孔结构,显著增加了材料的比表面积,而且增加了材料的表面正电荷,提高材料的pH适应性,从而促进生物炭对CV的吸附效果。通过批处理实验考察不同实验条件对Co_(0.5)Zn_(0.5)Fe_(2)O_(4)@BC吸附CV的影响,并对吸附动力学和吸附等温线进行拟合,发现Co_(0.5)Zn_(0.5)Fe_(2)O_(4)@BC对CV的吸附性能显著提高,去除率可达到99.64%,相较于单独的BC(41.94%)和Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4(26.78%)吸附能力显著增强。一级动力学和Langmuir模型更好地拟合吸附过程和吸附等温线。吸附过程是单层吸附,以物理吸附为主,最大吸附量为227.59 mg/g。Co_(0.5)Zn_(0.5)Fe_(2)O_(4)@BC在pH 5~11都能有效地吸附CV。常见的共存阴阳离子稍微促进Co_(0.5)Zn_(0.5)Fe_(2)O_(4)@BC对CV的吸附。在自来水和长江水中,吸附效果比纯水中好。这说明该材料具有很好的抗干扰能力。经过5次循环后对CV的去除率仍能达到69.75%。研究为CV污染水体的处理提供一种潜在材料,也为生物炭改性对染料废水的吸附提供一种新思路。

污水中十二烷基磺酸钠快速检测试纸的研制

基于结晶紫与十二烷基磺酸钠在pH为7.00的缓冲溶液下发生反应,建立了一种十二烷基磺酸钠的快速检测试纸来判断污水中是否含有阴离子表面活性剂。结果发现,当浸渍1 mg/L结晶紫溶液的试纸和pH为7.00的缓冲溶液混合时(结晶紫溶液与缓冲溶体积比是3∶1)显色更明显;十二烷基磺酸钠浓度与显色深浅呈正比。该十二烷基磺酸钠检测试纸的检测最低值为0.05 mg/L,最高值为2 mg/L。配制样品测定结果的相对误差范围为1.167%~4.233%,表明该方法具有良好的准确性。