Fabrication of W@Cu Composite Powders by Direct Electroless Plating Using a Dripping Method

A direct electroless copper （Cu） coating on tungsten powders method requiring no surface treatment or stabilizing agent and using glyoxylic acid （C2H203） as a reducing agent was reported. The effects of copper sulfate concentration and the pH of the plating solution on the properties of the prepared W@Cu composite powders were assessed. The content of Cu in the composite powders was controlled by adjusting the concentration of copper sulfate in the electroless plating solution. A uniform, dense, and consistent Cu coating was obtained under the established optimum conditions （flow rate of C2H203 = 5.01 mL/min, solution pH = 12.25 and reaction temperature 45.35℃） by using central composite design method. In addition, the crystalline Cu coating was evenly dispersed within the W@Cu composite powders and Cu element in the coating existed as Cu~. The formation mechanism for the W@Cu composite powders by electroless plating in the absence of surface treatment and stabilizing agent was also proposed.

Preparation of nanosized W/Cu composite powder by sol-gel technique

Cu(NO3)(2) and (NH4)(6)H(2)W(12)O(40)center dot 4H(2)O were used to prepare W/Cu nanosized composite powder by sol-gel technique. The influences of heat treatment process, pH value of the solution and the amount of an addition agent on particle size were investigated by DSC, XRD and TEM. The results show that, at a certain heat treatment temperature, the W/Cu nanoparticle size increases with the pH value or the amount of the addition agent increasing.

Electromagnetic and microwave absorbing properties of FeCoB powder composites

The electromagnetic and microwave absorbing properties of FeCoB powder composites prepared by sin- gle-roller melt-spinning and mechanical milling processes were investigated in this paper. The result indicates that the flake-like powders are obtained. As milling time increases, the flake-like powder particles tend to agglomerate, causing the flake-like powders decrease gradually. The milling time plays an important role in the electromagnetic parameters which relates to the shape and size of the powder particles. The calculation shows that the sample milled for 6 h could achieve an optimal reflection loss of -11.5 dB at 5.8 GHz, with mass fraction of 83 % and a matching thickness of 1.8 mm. The result also indicates that the microwave absorbing properties of the FeCoB powder composites are adjustable by changing their thickness, and can be applied as a thinner microwave absorbing material in the range of 2-8 GHz.

Higher alcohol synthesis over Cu-Fe composite oxides with high selectivity to C_(2+)OH

Cu-Fe composite oxides were prepared by co-precipitation method and tested for higher alcohol synthesis from syngas. The selectivity to C2＋OH and C6＋OH in alcohol distribution was very high while the methane product fraction in hydrocarbon distribution was rather low, demonstrating a promising potential in higher alcohols synthesis from syngas. The distribution of alcohols and hydrocarbons approximately obeyed Anderson-Schulz-Flory distribution with similar chain growth probability, indicating alcohols and hydrocarbons derived from the same intermediates. The effects of Cu/Fe molar ratio, reaction temperature and gas hourly space velocity （GHSV） on catalytic performance were studied in detail. The sample with a Cu/Fe molar ratio of 10/1 exhibited the best catalytic performance. Higher reaction temperature accelerated water-gas-shift reaction and led to lower total alcohols selectivity. GHSV showed great effect on catalytic performance and higher GHSV increased the total alcohol selectivity, indicating there existed visible dehydration reaction of alcohol into hydrocarbon.

Effect of Fe content on microstructure and mechanical properties of Cu-Fe-based composite coatings by laser induction hybrid rapid cladding

To select the proper composition and obtain an overall material?microstructure?property relationship for Cu?Fe alloy, theeffect of Fe content on microstructure and properties of Cu?Fe-based composite coatings by laser induction hybrid rapid claddingwas investigated. Microstructure characterization of the composite coatings was tested utilizing SEM, XRD and EDS. Microhardnessmeasurement was executed to evaluate the mechanical properties of the composite coatings. The results show that for low Fe content,the composite coating presents a feature that Fe-rich equiaxed dendrites are embedded in the Cu-rich matrix. With increasing Fecontent, the Fe-rich particles are dispersed in the Cu-rich matrix. With further increasing Fe content, large amounts of Cu-richparticles are homogeneously dispersed in the interdendrite of the Fe-rich matrix. Correspondingly, the average microhardness of thecomposite coatings increases gradually with the increase of Fe content and the microhardness of Cu14.5Fe83Si2C0.5 coating is muchtwice higher than that of the substrate.

Microstructure and properties of deformation-processed Cu-Fe in-situ composites

The effects of intermediate annealings on the microstructure, the strength and the electrical resistivity of deformation-processed Cu-Fe in-situ composites were studied. The results show that intermediate annealings favour the formation of uniform tiny fibres from the iron dendrites but they have no obvious effect on the strength of the composite. The bigger the strain is, the higher the strength is. As the strain increases, the resistivity increases due to the increase of interface density. Intermediate annealings result in notable decreasing resistivity due to the precipitation of the iron atoms from the Cu matrix and decrease of solute scattering resistivity. The doping with Zr improves the strength of the composite slightly and the ultimate tensile strength(UTS) increases about 10%. The colligated performances of deformation-processed Cu-11.5%Fe and Cu- 11.5%Fe-Zr composites at strain η= 5.37 are 64.6% IACS/752MPa and 61.4% IACS/824MPa respectively.

Strength of deformation-processed Cu-Fe in-situ composites

The strength of the deformation-processed Cu-Fe in-situ composite was conducted by material test system(MTS). The results show that the strength increases with the increasing deformation strain and iron content,which is greater than that of the calculated value based on the rule of mixture. The mechanism of strengthening was analysed and evidenced by interface barrier. The correlation between the strength and the thickness of copper phase (tcu) obeys Hall-Petch relationship and can be described well by geometrical necessary dislocation model and interface as dislocation source model.

Microwave Sintering of W-15Cu Ultrafine Composite Powder Prepared by Spray Drying & Calcining-continuous Reduction Technology

The effects of microwave sintering and conventional H2 sintering on the microstructure and properties of W-15Cu alloy using ultrafine W-15Cu composite powder fabricated by spray drying ＆ calcining-continuous reduction technology were investigated. In comparison to the conventional HE sintering processing, microwave sintering to W-15Cu can be achieved at lower sintering temperature and shorter sintering time. Furthermore, higher performances in microwave sintered compacts were obtained, but high microwave sintering temperature or long microwave sintering time could result in coarser microstructures.

Role of Disclinations and Nanocrystalline State in the Formation of Quasicrystalline Phases on Mechanical Alloying of Cu-Fe Powders

Elemental powders of Cu and Fe were ball milled for various time durations up to 100 h. The various stages of forced alloying by ball milling, leading to instability of elemental crystalline phases and formation of quasicrystalline phases were monitored using X-ray diffraction. Diffusion of Fe into the Cu matrix is proposed as the cause which triggers the instability of crystalline phases and leads to the formation of quasicrystalline phases after 10 h of milling. Milling for 100 h resulted in two different quasicrystalline phases with different lattice constants. Role of the nanocrystalline microstructure as an important criterion for the destabilisation of crystalline phases is explained. It is suggested that the formation of nanocrystalline microstructure and their subsequent transformation into quasicrystalline phases may be associated with a continuous increase in the disclination content of the system, which had formed as a result of continued milling and mechanical deformation.

An investigation on mechanical properties of (Al_(63)Cu_(25)Fe_(12))p/ZL101 composites by squeeze casting

Influence of different extrusion pressures and pouring temperatures on comprehensive performance of(Al63Cu25Fe12)p/ZL101 composites is studied in this paper.The results show that the tensile strength,elongation and hardness of(Al63Cu25Fe12)p/ZL101 composite increase with the squeezing pressure increasing from 50 MPa to 100 MPa,and gradually reduce from 100 MPa to 150 MPa.In addition,the mechanical properties of the composite can be improved with pouring temperature growing,while the temperature should not exceed 760℃.When squeezing pressure is 100 MPa and pouring temperature is 720℃,mechanical properties of composites are the best.Finally,the mechanical properties of(Al 63 Cu 25 Fe 12)p/ZL101 composite will be improved by suitable heat treatment technology

Effect of Mg Addition on the Structure and Properties of Al-4.5 Cu-3.4 Fe <i>In-Situ</i>Cast Composite

Ternary Al-4.5 (wt%) Cu-3.4 (wt%) Fe in-situ composite was prepared at 1100&#176;C by conventional casting method. However, this particular alloy contains larger needle-shaped intermetallics of Al3Fe phase. These exert adverse effect on the mechanical properties of the alloys. The larger shape and uneven orientation of the intermetallic were found to be responsible for the degradation of properties. The main purpose of this study was to modify the geometry of those needles by adding magnesium (Mg) as a fourth material. A series of alloys were prepared by adding 4, 6, 8, 10, wt% Mg in Al-4.5 (wt%) Cu-3.4 (wt%) Fe alloy. Microstructures were observed by optical microscopy. Mechanical properties like ultimate tensile strength, % elongation, % area reduction, hardness and wear test were determined. The study revealed that Mg transformed the needles of Al3Fe into globular shape which gave the alloys better mechanical properties.

Development of Cu-Exfoliated Graphite Nanoplatelets (xGnP) Metal Matrix Composite by Powder Metallurgy Route

In the present investigation the possibility of using exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets (xGnP) as reinforcement in order to enhance the mechanical properties of Cu-based metal matrix composites is explored. Cu-based metal matrix composites reinforced with different amounts of xGnP were fabricated by powder metallurgy route. The microstructure, sliding wear behaviour and mechanical properties of the Cu-xGnP composites were investigated. xGnP has been synthesized from the graphite intercalation compounds (GIC) through rapid evaporation of the intercalant at an elevated temperature. The thermally exfoliated graphite was later sonicated for a period of 5 h in acetone in order to achieve further exfoliation. The xGnP synthesized was characterized using SEM, HRTEM, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The Cu and xGnP powder mixtures were consolidated under a load of 565 MPa followed by sintering at 850°C for 2 h in inert atmosphere. Cu-1, 2, 3 and 5 wt% xGnP composites were developed. Results of the wear test show that there is a significant improvement in the wear resistance of the composites up to addition of 2 wt% of xGnP. Hardness, tensile strength and strain at failure of the various Cu-xGnP composites also show improvement upto the addition of 2 wt% xGnP beyond which there is a decrease in these properties. The density of the composites decreases with the addition of higher wt% of xGnP although addition of higher wt% of xGnP leads to higher sinterability and densification of the composites, resulting in higher relative density values. The nature of fracture in the pure Cu as well as the various Cu-xGnP composites was found to be ductile. Nanoplatelets of graphite were found firmly embedded in the Cu matrix in case of Cu-xGnP composites containing low wt% of xGnP.

Fe含量对粉末冶金Cu-Fe合金显微组织与性能的影响

研究Fe含量对粉末冶金Cu-Fe合金显微组织及性能的影响。采用电火花等离子烧结、冷轧以及时效处理工艺制备4种不同铁含量(5%、10%、20%和40%,质量分数)的Cu-Fe合金。研究结果表明,随着Fe含量从5%(质量分数)增加到40%(质量分数),Fe相由离散球形分布演变为连续交错分布,Fe相尺寸从0.29μm增加到1.20μm;时效态的Cu-Fe合金的屈服强度从411.5 MPa提高到788.8 MPa,电导率从62.5%(IACS)降低到42.0%(IACS)。在以上结果的基础上,提出一种混合法则计算Cu基体、初级Fe相和次级Fe相对屈服强度的贡献,可较好地预测Fe含量高于10%(质量分数)合金的力学性能。

粉末锻造Al_(2)O_(3)颗粒增强Fe–Ni–Mo–C–Cu复合材料的组织与性能

通过粉末锻造技术制备了不同含量微米级Al_(2)O_(3)颗粒强化的Fe–Ni–Mo–C–Cu(Q61)复合材料,并对调质态和淬火态复合材料的组织和性能进行了研究。结果表明:当Al_(2)O_(3)质量分数为0.15%时,增强颗粒在基体内分布均匀;相较于同种状态下不添加增强颗粒的单一Q61,调质态复合材料的硬度从HRC 38增至HRC 39.8,屈服强度从1106 MPa增至1121 MPa,延伸率从12%降至6.5%;淬火态复合材料的硬度从HRC 61.5增至HRC 63.2,磨损率从5.27×10^(-6)mm^(3)·m^(-1)·N^(-1)降至3.08×10^(-6)mm^(3)·m^(-1)·N^(-1),低于对比试验用的典型齿轮材料40Cr的磨损率(3.34×10^(-6)mm^(3)·m^(-1)·N^(-1))。当Al_(2)O_(3)质量分数大于0.15%时,Al_(2)O_(3)颗粒逐渐偏聚,虽然调质态下复合材料屈服强度仍继续小幅增加,但塑性严重退化,且淬火态复合材料磨损率增加,耐磨性变差。综合来看,添加0.15%Al_(2)O_(3)颗粒强化Q61复合材料在调质态下具有较高的综合力学性能,而在淬火态下表现出良好的抗摩擦磨损能力。

Cu对Fe基催化剂NH_(3)-SCR性能助力作用研究

Fe基催化剂在中温范围有着良好的催化活性,而Cu基催化剂有着低温优势,因此将两者相结合,采用表面活性剂辅助法制备了Fe-Cu复合氧化物.引入Cu后,Fe-Cu催化剂的NO x转化率达90%,起燃温度下降至150℃.Fe_(2)O_(3)和CuO之间的相互作用使得催化剂的比表面积增大约1/4,且增强了Fe^(3+)的亲电性,促进NO_(2)等电负性物质的吸附.同时提高了催化剂的氧化还原能力与表面吸附氧Oα比例,NO更易向NO_(2)转变,快速SCR(选择性催化还原)进程更易发生.此外,Fe_(2)O_(3)和CuO的相互作用让催化剂拥有较多的酸性位点,有利于催化活性的提升.最终使得Fe-Cu催化剂不仅继承了Cu基催化剂的低温优势,还保持了优良的N_(2)选择性.

Fe和Cu分子筛催化剂同时催化NO_(x)还原和N_(2)O分解

采用离子交换法制备了Fe-Beta和Cu-SSZ-13催化剂并采用不同混合方式制备了复合催化剂,考察了催化剂同时催化NO_(x)还原和N_(2)O分解的性能.以实现NO_(x)和N_(2)O同时高效去除、拓宽活性温度窗口为目标,优选出了上Fe下Cu分层填充、Fe-Beta和Cu-SSZ-13质量比为4:1的Fe_(0.4)Cu_(0.1)催化剂,进一步考察了进气组成对NO_(x)、N_(2)O和NH_(3)转化率的影响,并采用N_(2)吸脱附、XRD、NH_(3)-TPD、UV-Vis DRS和H_(2)-TPR等手段对催化剂理化特性进行了表征.结果表明,Cu-SSZ-13和Fe-Beta分别具有更优的催化NO_(x)还原和N_(2)O分解性能.采用Fe_(0.4)Cu_(0.1)催化剂、[NH_(3)]/[NO_(x)]为1时考察的温度范围内NH_(3)仅还原NO_(x),而N_(2)O通过分解去除,450℃时NO_(x)和N_(2)O转化率分别为93.4%和100%.高温(>350℃)下NH_(3)被O_(2)氧化导致NO_(x)转化率随温度升高而降低;高温(≥350℃)下N_(2)O分解形成的氧物种可使NO_(x)在进气中无O_(2)条件下实现高效还原.进气中含2%H_(2)O对高温(450℃)下Fe_(0.4)Cu_(0.1)表面NO_(x)的还原和NH_(3)的氧化无显著影响,但对N_(2)O的转化存在一定的可逆抑制作用.Cu-SSZ-13表面存在大量孤立的Cu^(2+)离子,可为NH_(3)-SCR反应提供充足的活性中心.Fe-Beta表面同时存在能够催化NO氧化的孤立Fe^(3+)离子和催化N_(2)O分解的Fe_(x)O_(y)物种.采用上Fe下Cu分层填充的混合方式时Fe-Beta表面NO氧化过程会消耗N_(2)O分解形成的氧物种,从而有利于低温(≤450℃)下N_(2)O的转化.但由于N_(2)O分解的温度范围内NO_(x)转化率本身较高,NO氧化对于脱硝的促进作用不显著.

Mechanically Driven Alloying and Structural Evolution of Nanocrystalline Fe_(60)Cu_(40) Powder

Highly supersaturated nanocrystalline fcc Fe60Cu40 alloy has been prepared by mechanical alloying of elemental powders. The phase transformation is monitored by X-ray diffraction (XRD),Mossbauer spectroscopy and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). The powder obtained after milling is of single fcc structure with grain size of nanometer order. The Mossbauer spectra of the milled powder can be fitted by two subspectra whose hyperfine magnetic fields are 16 MA/m and 20 MA/m while that of pure Fe disappeared. EXAFS results show that the radial structure function (RSF) of Fe K-edge changed drastically and finally became similar to that of reference Cu K-edge, while that of Cu K-edge nearly keeps unchanged in the process of milling. These imply that bcc Fe really transforms to fcc structure and alloying between Fe and Cu occurs truly on an atomic scale. EXAFS results indicate that iron atoms tend to segregate at the boundaries and Cu atoms are rich in the fcc lattice. Annealing experiments show that the Fe atoms at the interfaces are easy to cluster to α-Fe at a lower temperature, whereas the iron atoms in the lattice will form γ-Fe first at temperature above 350℃, and then transform to bcc Fe

Relationship between powder characteristic and internal oxidation of Al in Cu-Al pre-alloyed powders

Since Cu-Al powder characteristics have important effects on the preparation of Cu/Al2O3 composite, the apparent activation energy of Al internal oxidation reaction in Cu-Al pre-alloyed powders with different characteristics was calculated in the present investigation. The microstructure and properties of the synthesized Cu/Al2O3 were studied. The results show that high-energy milling can obviously promote internal oxidation of Al in Cu-Al powders in the same solid solubility. At the same milling conditions and internal oxidation parameters, the solid solution of Al in Cu either in low or high amount will result in the poor microstructure and properties of the Cu/Al2O3 composite. Subsequently, when high-energy milling and internal oxidation are synchronously used to prepare the Cu/Al2O3 composite, there should be an appropriate solubility and milling effect for the pre-alloyed powders.

Electrical Sliding Wear Properties of Mo-Reinforced MoS_2/Cu Composites

An adequate hardness of MoS2/Cu composites has not been achieved if these materials are applied under the extreme wear conditions. Therefore, Me-reinforced MoS2/Cu composites were prepared by powder metallurgy （P/M） methods. The electrical sliding wear properties in the absence or presence of Mereinforced MoS2/Cu composites were tested by HST-100 high speed electric-tribometer. The hardness, electrical conductivity, density, and microstmcture of MoS2/Cu composites were observed. Me-reinforcement MoS2/Cu composites are of good electrical conductivity, while the hardness of Mo-reinforcedment MoS2/Cu composites is about 33.3% higher than that of MoS2/Cu composites. With the addition of Me, composites show better wear properties under high speed and large electric current due to the improvement of hardness. The effects of current intensity and sliding velocity on the wear properties of the tested materials are complicated, and the wear mechanisms of MoS2/Cu composites are mainly abrasive wear and adhesive wear with arc erosion.