Effect of Additive Cu-10Sn Alloy on Sintering Behavior of Elemental Powders in Composition of 465 Stainless Steel

The addition of Cu-10Sn alloy for developing the high strength 465 maraging stainless steel from elemental powders was studied. The sintering parameters investigated include the sintering temperature, the sintering time, and the mass percent of Cu-10Sn. For vacuum sintering, effective sintering occurs at temperature between 1 250 ℃ and 1 300 ℃. The maximum sintered density was achieved at 1 300 ℃ for 60 min with 3% （in mass percent） Cu- 10Sn alloy. More than 3% （in mass percent） Cu-10Sn content and temperature above 1 300 ℃ caused slumping of the samples. A maximum density of 7.4 g/cm^3 was achieved with 3% （in mass percent） Cu-10Sn content at a sintering temperature of 1 300 ＂C for 60 rain. A maximum ultimate tensile strength （UTS） of 517 MPa was achieved with 3% （in mass percent） Cu-10Sn content. With content higher than 2% （in mass percent） Cu-10Sn, a maximum increase in the density was observed. The fracture morphologies of the sintered samples are also reported.

脱氧剂Cu-10P对真空熔铸Cu-10Sn-3Pb-4Ni合金微观组织和力学性能的影响

Cu-10Sn-3Pb-4Ni合金由于较高的Sn含量以及凝固组织中存在硬脆δ-Cu41Sn11相,具备较高的强度、硬度和耐磨性,广泛应用于具有高速滑动摩擦场景的机械部件中。本文通过真空感应熔炼Cu-10Sn-3Pb-4Ni合金,采用光学显微镜、X射线及荧光探伤对添加脱氧剂Cu-10P前后Cu-10Sn-3Pb-4Ni合金的组织和力学性能进行测试表征。结果表明,添加0.05%(质量分数)脱氧剂Cu-10P后,铸锭组织更加均匀,树枝晶的生长更加充分,δ相的生长得到抑制。铸锭的边缘抗拉强度由323 MPa提升到了342 MPa,断后伸长率由12.5%提升到了16.5%;铸锭芯部抗拉强度由300 MPa提升到了324 MPa,断后伸长率由11%提升到了19%。

Effects of stabilizing heat treatment on microstructures and creep behavior of Zn-10Al-2Cu-0.02Ti alloy

The microstructures of as-extruded and stabilizing heat-treated Zn-10Al-2Cu-0.02Ti alloys were observed by scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy,electron probe microanalysis and X-ray diffraction analysis techniques.The change in structure after heat treatment and its effects on room temperature creep behavior were investigated by creep experiments at constant stress and slow strain rate tensile tests.The results show that after stabilizing heat treatment（（350℃,30 min,water-cooling）＋（100℃,12 h,air-cooling））,the amount of α＋η lamellar structure decreases,while the amount of cellular and granular structure increases.The heat-treated Zn-10Al-2Cu-0.02Ti alloy exhibits better creep resistance than the as-extruded alloy,and the rate of steady state creep decreases by 96.9% after stabilizing heat treatment.

Effect of Si and Ti on dynamic recrystallization of high-performance Cu-15Ni-8Sn alloy during hot deformation

Effect of Si and Ti on dynamic recrystallization(DRX)of Cu-15Ni-8 Sn alloy was studied using hot compression tests over deformation temperature range of 750-950℃and strain rate range of 0.001-10 s^-1.The results show that the dynamic recrystallization behavior during hot deformation is significantly affected by the trace elements of Si and Ti.The addition of Si and Ti promotes the formation of Ni16Si7Ti6 particles during hot deformation,which promotes the nucleation of dynamic recrystallization by accelerating the transition from low-angle boundaries(LABs)to high-angle boundaries(HABs).Ni16Si7Ti6 particles further inhibit the growth of recrystallized grains through the pinning effect.Based on the dynamic recrystallization behavior,a processing map of the alloy is built up to obtain the optimal processing parameters.Guided by the processing map,a hot-extruded Cu-15 Ni-8Sn alloy with a fine-grained microstructure is obtained,which shows excellent elongation of 30%and ultimate tensile strength of 910 MPa.

Wear map for sliding wear behavior of Cu-15Ni-8Sn alloy against bearing steel under oil-lubricated condition

Wear behaviors of a peak-aged Cu-15Ni-8Sn alloy fabricated by powder metallurgy were investigated.The results indicated that the friction coefficients and the wear rates of Cu-15Ni-8Sn alloy within a normal load range of 50−700 N and a sliding speed range of 0.05−2.58 m/s were less than 0.14 and 2.8×10−6 mm3/mm,respectively.Stribeck-like curve and wear map were developed to describe the oil-lubrication mechanism and wear behavior.The equation of the dividing line between zones of safe and unsafe wear life was determined.Lubricating oil was squeezed into micro-cracks under severe wear conditions.In addition,the lubricating oil reacted with Cu-15Ni-8Sn alloy to generate the corresponding sulfides,which hindered the repair of micro-cracks,promoted cracks growth,and led to delamination.This work has established guidelines for the application of the Cu-15Ni-8Sn alloy under oil-lubricated conditions through developing wear map.

Ageing behavior of Cu-15Ni-8Sn alloy prepared by mechanical alloying

The ageing behavior of the mechanically alloyed Cu-15Ni-8Sn alloy has been studied. Compared with the alloys prepared by casting and rapid solidification, the modulation structure developed during ageing process of those prepared by mechanical alloying is finer and much more uniform, which leads to a higher peak hardness. However, their spinodal decomposition temperature are almost the same. Cold deformation prior to ageing not only accelerates the ageing process but also increases the peak hardness of the alloy.

Effect of applied load on transition behavior of wear mechanism in Cu-15Ni-8Sn alloy under oil lubrication

Tribological behavior of Cu-15Ni-8Sn(mass fraction, %) alloy against GCr15 ring under various loads was investigated on a ring-on-block tester in oil lubrication. The results showed that the wear rate increased slowly from 1.7×10^(-7) to 9.8× 10^(-7) mm^3/mm under the load lower than 300 N, and then increased dramatically to the climax of 216×10^(-7) mm^3/mm under the load over 300 N, which indicated the transition of wear mechanism with the increase of applied load. The wear mechanism mainly was plastic deformation and abrasive wear under the load less than 300 N. As the applied load was more than 300 N, the wear mechanism of Cu-15Ni-8Sn alloy primarily was delamination wear. Besides, the transition can also be confirmed from the different morphologies of worn surface, subsurface and wear debris. It is distinctly indicated that the appearance of flaky debris at the applied load over 300 N may be a critical point for the change of wear mechanism.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V/Cu-10Sn bronze diffusion-bonded joint

The microstructures and mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V/Cu-10Sn bronze diffusion-bonded joint were studied via scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and energy dispersive spectrometry(EDS).Diffusion bonding of Ti6Al4V to Cu-10Sn bronze was investigated at different holding time.Four obvious interfacial layers were observed in the joint.It is revealed that the bonding joint has high shear strength up to 102 MPa bonded at 830℃,bonding pressure 10 MPa and bonding time 15 min.Shear test results show that the fracture takes place between the reaction layer and the Cu-10Sn bronze substrate,and the shear strength is strongly related to the formation of Cu-Ti-Sn intermetallic compounds.

Microstructures of spinodal phases in Cu-15Ni-8Sn alloy

The microstructures of spinodal phases in Cu-15Ni-8Sn alloy were studied by TEM. It was found that when the alloy is completely in a as-quenched state, spinodal decomposition is quick. Ordering appears after spinodal decomposition. The ordered phase with DO22 structure has three variants obtained from coarsening spinodal structure. The reason of ordering appeared after spinodal decomposition is that the content of solute atoms needed by ordering is higher than the average, which can be reached by the composition fluctuation of spinodal decomposition. It was speculated that the morphology of the ordered phase is needle-like.

Pb－Sn（10％）合金镀层形成条件的研究

用电化学方法研究了抗氧剂、光亮剂、整平剂对Ｐｂ－Ｓｎ（１０％）合金镀层形成的影响．评价了镀液温度、ｐＨ及电流密度对Ｐｂ－Ｓｎ（１０％）合金性能的影响，给出了适用于氨基磺酸镀液体系电镀Ｐｂ－Ｓｎ（１０％）合金的抗氧剂、光亮剂及最佳电镀工艺条件．

固溶处理对添加Si的Cu—10Ni—8Sn合金胞状沉淀的影响

利用定量金相的方法，研究了固溶--退火条件(温度和时间)对添加0．2％Si的Cu-10Ni-8Sn合金450℃时效时晶界处胞状物的形核与长大的影响。在450℃时效过程中。基体的硬度几乎不受固溶--退火条件的影响。然而，时效过程中固溶--退火条件对胞状物的形核与长大的影响却非常显著。当固溶--退火温度或时问增加时，Si对于胞状沉淀的抑制作用下降。随固溶--退火温度或者时问的增加，淬火态样品中存在于基体晶粒和晶界上的Ni31Si12相颗粒被粗化。因此。可以认为，经较高温度或较长时间固溶--退火的样品时效时，Ni31Si12相颗粒占据胞状物在晶界上的形核位置并抑制胞状物前沿界面迁移的作用降低了。

均匀化热处理对易切削Zn-10Al-1.0Cu-0.1Bi-0.1Sn变形合金组织与性能的影响

对自行研制的易切削Zn-10Al-1.0Cu-0.1Bi-0.1Sn变形合金铸态样品进行均匀化热处理,并采用力学性能测试、扫描电镜分析、钻削试验等手段,研究了热处理对该合金显微组织与力学性能和切削性能的影响。结果表明,试验合金铸态组织中存在较严重的枝晶偏析及非平衡共晶组织,经均匀化退火后,枝晶偏析和非平衡β+η共晶组织基本消除,组织分布更加均匀;其中经360℃保温12 h炉冷热处理后合金的抗拉强度降低,伸长率升高53.94%,塑性明显提高,有利于后续的热塑性加工;均匀化热处理对合金的切削性能影响不大。

CoCrFeNiAl增强Cu-10Sn复合材料的微观组织和摩擦性能

通过粉末冶金法制备了Cu-10Sn摩擦材料,探究了CoCrFeNiAl高熵合金含量对材料组织与摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明,不同含量CoCrFeNiAl颗粒可与Cu-10Sn基体颗粒稳定共存,并存在机械结合和冶金结合两种形式。不含CoCrFeNiAl材料的硬度最低,摩擦因数和磨损率均较大,磨损性能较差。随着CoCrFeNiAl含量增加,材料硬度显著提升,摩擦因数和磨损率先减小后增大;当CoCrFeNiAl含量为10%~20%时,材料磨损率持续下降,摩擦因数下降明显。当CoCrFeNiAl含量达到30%时,材料磨损率降到最低,此时摩擦因数又有所增大,同时具有最高的硬度,磨损性能达到最佳,这种变化主要归因于加入相颗粒与基体的协同作用。

Effects of nanoscale Sn segregation on corrosion behavior of laser powder bed fusion Cu-15Ni-8Sn alloy

Corrosion resistance of laser powder bed fusion(LPBF)Cu-15Ni-8Sn alloys is crucial towards its practical application in marine engineering.In this work,corrosion behavior of LPBF Cu-15Ni-8Sn alloy was com-prehensively investigated.The results suggest that LPBF Cu-15Ni-8Sn alloy exhibits superior corrosion re-sistance than the conventional casting counterpart and their corrosion behavior is highly associated with Sn segregation.Generally,a triple-layer film will be formed on the surface of LPBF Cu-15Ni-8Sn alloy when being exposed to 3.5 wt%NaCl solution.To be more detailed,the abundance of nanoscale Sn-rich precipitates at the molten pool boundaries promotes the initial formation of a thick inner layer,where Ni and Sn tend to be distributed at inner and outer positions of the layer,respectively.In contrast,the inner layer on molten pools is much thinner ascribed to a lower Sn content,facilitating the earlier nucleation and growth of a compact middle layer that is mainly composed of numerous Cu-rich nanoparticles.At the outmost position,CuO,Cu(OH)_(2) and Ni(OH)_(2) constitute the major composition of the loose layer.The results of this study could contribute to the optimal design and processing of additively manufactured Cu-Ni-Sn alloys.

Effect of solidification rate on dendrite segregation and mechanical properties of Cu-15Ni-8Sn alloy prepared by directional solidification

The microstructures and mechanical properties of the directionally solidified Cu-15Ni-8Sn alloy were investigated at solidification rates ranging from 100 to 3000μm/s.The results showed that the solidification rate significantly affects the phase distribution of the as-cast Cu-15Ni-8Sn alloy.The primary and secondary dendritic spacing reduces and eventually becomes stable as the solidification rate increases.Meanwhile,the size of the primary phase decreases,and its distribution becomes more uniform.The most severe segregation problem of this alloy has been greatly improved.Upon solidification at 100μm/s,the as-cast Cu-15Ni-8Sn alloy consists of the α-Cu matrix,γ-CuNi_(2)Sn phase,discontinuous precipitation structure,modulated structure,and DO_(22) ordered phases.However,as the solidification rate increases,the discontinuous precipitation structure,modulated structures,and DO_(22) ordered phases decrease and even disappear,reducing hardness.As the solidification rate increases,after homogenization treatment,the composition and microhardness distributions of Cu-15Ni-8Sn alloy become more uniform.The time for homogenization is also shortened.It reduces production energy usage and facilitates further mechanical processing.

Corrosion behavior of Ce-doped Ni-10Cu-11Fe-6Al(wt%) inert anode in molten CaCl_2 salt

In this research the effect of cerium dopingon corrosion behavior of Ni-10 Cu-11 Fe-6 Al(wt%) alloy as a novel inert anode in titanium electrolytic production was investigated. The samples, including un-doped and Ce-doped nickel-based alloys, were prepared using vacuum induction melting(VIM) process and then exposed to the electrolysis in molten calcium chloride at 900C at à1.6 V versus graphite reference electrode for different immersion time. The surface and cross-section of the samples were characterized using scanning electron microscopy(SEM), and their electrochemical behavior was investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS). The results show that the un-doped samples have greater number of voids and porosities as compared to that of the 0.0064 wt% Ce-doped samples(as the optimum content of cerium in the alloy). Thus, the nickel-based alloy becomes less sensitive to the pitting by addition of cerium. The corrosion penetration depth reaches about 244 mm after 16 h of electrolysis in the un-doped sample, while was approximately 103 mm for the 0.0064 wt% Ce-doped sample, which is an indication that the corrosion penetration depth decreases by adding small amounts of Ce.

Tensile Properties and Deformation Behaviors of a New Aluminum Alloy for High Pressure Die Casting

Effects of natural aging and test temperature on the tensile behaviors have been studied for a highperformance cast aluminum alloy Al–10Si–1.2Cu–0.7Mn. Based on self-strengthening mechanism and spheroidization microstructures, the alloy tested at room temperature（RT） exhibits higher 0.2% proof stress（YS） of 206 MPa, ultimate tensile strength（UTS） of 331 MPa and elongation of 10%. Increasing aging time improves the YS and UTS and reduces the ductility of the alloy. Further increasing aging time beyond72 h does not signi？cantly increase the tensile strengths. Increasing test temperature significantly decreases the tensile strengths and increases the ductility of the alloy. The UTS of the alloy can be estimated by using the hardness. The Portevin–Le Chatelier effect occurs at RT due to the interactions between solid solution atoms and dislocations. Similar behaviors occurring at 250℃ are attributed to dynamic strain aging mechanism. Increasing aging time leads to decrease in the strain-hardening exponent（n） value and increase in the strain-hardening coeficient（k） value. Increasing test temperature apparently decreases the n and k values. Eutectic phase particles cracking and debonding determine the fracture mechanism of the alloy. Final failure of the alloy mainly depends on the global instability（high temperature, necking） and local instability（RT, shearing）. Different tensile behaviors of the alloy are mainly attributed to different matrix strengths, phase particle strengths and damage rate.