Effects of combinatorial water atomization on microstructures and properties of Cu-Sn powder

A couple of additional cooling nozzles were assembled under traditionalatomization nozzles in order to improve the process and produce the powder with fine microstructureand low oxygen. The influence of the process parameters on the properties of the powder wasinvestigated. The results show that finer powders with lower oxygen content and more irregular shapecan be achieved by combinatorial atomizing process comparing with normal one under the sameatomizing pressure.

Possibility of utilizing water-atomized Fe-Ni-Mo steel powder as base materials for warm compaction process

Water atomized Fe Ni Mo steel powder, was utilized as base powder for designing powder mixtures for warm pressing. The warm pressing and sintering behaviours of the powder mixtures were studied. The results show that, compared with the pressing at room temperature, the green density gain by warm pressing is within a range of 0.10 0.19 g/cm 3 and reduction in spring back is 30% 40% of the ambient, and maximum green density of 7.32 g/cm 3 at 735 MPa is obtained as the graphite mass fraction is 0.8%. It was found that sintered densities of the compacts were reduced slightly due to releasing of elastic stress stored in the compacts during sintering. The warm pressing of steel powders gives evidence for substituting the traditional double pressing and double sintering process.

PREPARATION OF NANOSIZED METAL-OXIDE ULTRAFINE POWDERS BY ATOMIZING-COMBUSTION TECHNIQUE

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THERMOCHEMISTRY AND MECHANISM ON THE PROCESS OF PREP ARING POWDER OF Bi_2O_3 USING MELT-ATOMIZING-COMBUSTION METHOD

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Mechanism study of producing non-spherical powder in gas atomization

Gas atomization was usually regarded as a good method for producing the spherical or approximate spherical powders. We found a lot of non-spherical powders in production processes, especially in larger particle size distribution area. The causes of producing non-spherical powders are explained and some analyses are done in order to find a better condition of producing spherical powders in this paper. The following morphologies were obtained by atomized Fe50 Co50 and pure iron and investigated by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）.

Process modeling gas atomization of close-coupled ring-hole nozzle for 316L stainless steel powder production

The paper aims at modeling and simulating the atomization process of the close-coupled ring-hole nozzle in vacuum induction gas atomization(VIGA)for metallic powder production.First of all,the primary atomization of the ring-hole nozzle is simulated by the volume of fluid(VOF)coupled large eddy simulation(LES)model.To simulate the secondary atomization process,we use the method of selecting the droplet sub-model and the VOF model.The results show that the ring-hole nozzle forms a gas recirculation zone at the bottom of the delivery tube,which is the main reason for the formation of an annular liquid film during the primary atomization.In addition,the primary atomization process of the ring-hole nozzle consists of three stages:the formation of the serrated liquid film tip,the appearance and shedding of the ligaments,and the fragmentation of ligaments.At the same time,the primary atomization mainly forms spherical droplets and long droplets,but only the long droplets can be reserved and proceed to the secondary atomization.Moreover,increasing the number of ring holes from 18 to 30,the mass median diameter(MMD,d_(50))of the primary atomized droplets decreases first and then increases,which is mainly due to the change of the thickness of the melt film.Moreover,the secondary atomization of the ring-hole nozzles is mainly in bag breakup mode and multimode breakup model,and bag breakup will result in the formation of hollow powder,which can be avoided by increasing the gas velocity.

Characterization of 17-4PH stainless steel powders produced by supersonic gas atomization

17-4PH stainless steel powders were prepared using a supersonic nozzle in a close-coupled gas atomization system. The characteristics of powder particles were carried out by means of a laser particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, and the X-ray diffraction （XRD） technique. The results show that the mass median particle diameter is about 19.15 prn. Three main types of surface microstructures are observed in the powders： well-developed dendrite, cellular, and cellular dendrite structure. The XRD measurements show that, as the particle size decreases, the amount of fcc phase gradually decreases and that of bcc phase increases. The cooling rate is inversely related to the particle size, i.e., it decreases with an increase in particle size.

Oxidation during the production of FGH4095 superalloy powders by electrode induction-melt inert gas atomization

Super-clean and super-spherical FGH4095 superalloy powder is produced by the ceramic-free electrode inductionmelt inert gas atomization（EIGA） technique.A continuous and steady-state liquid metal flow is achieved at high-frequency（350 k Hz） alternating current and high electric power（100 k W）.The superalloy is immersed in a high-frequency induction coil,and the liquid metal falling into a supersonic nozzle is atomized by an Ar gas of high kinetic gas energy.Numerical calculations are performed to optimize the structure parameters for the nozzle tip.The undesired oxidation reaction of alloying elements starts at 1000℃ with the reaction originating from the active sites on the powder surfaces,leading to the formation of oxides,MexOy.The role of active sites and kinetic factors associated with the diffusion of oxygen present in the atomization gas streams are also examined.The observed results reveal that the oxidation process occurring at the surface of the produced powders gradually moves toward the core,and that there exists a clear interface between the product layer and the reactant.The present study lays a theoretical foundation for controlling the oxidation of nickel-based superalloy powders from the powder process step.

A Study on Alnico Permanent Magnet Powders Prepared by Atomization

Alnico powders were prepared by gas atomization process. Composition of the Alnico powders was Fe37.1 A18.2Ni17.6-Co26.6 Cu3.3 Ti7.2 (wt pct) which was the same as that of commercially available Alnico magnets. Averageparticle size of the powders was 119μm. Effects of heat treatment in magnetic field on magnetic properties of thepowders were investigated. The optimum process of heat treatment was found as follows, heated at 870℃ for 1min first, then cooled down to 700℃ at cooling rate 0.3℃/s in magnetic field, and finally aged isothermally for 4 h.Magnetic properties of the Alnico powders were measued and the results were that intrinsic coercivity i_H_c was 1.0kOe and remanence M_r was 36.5 emu/g.

Solidification Behavior of in situ TiB_(2)/Cu Composite Powders during Reactive Gas Atomization

2wt%TiB_(2)/Cu composite powders were fabricated in situ by reactive gas atomization.The fabricated composite powder exhibits high sphericity,and the powder sizes range from 5μm to 150μm.The morphology of the Cu matrix and the distribution of the TiB2 particles in the composite powders vary with the powder size.The critical transitions of interface morphologies from dendritic-to-cellular and cellular-to-planar interfaces occurs when the composite powder sizes decrease to 34μm and 14μm,respectively.Compared with pure Cu droplets,the composite droplets undergo critical transition of the interface morphologies at a smaller droplet size corresponding to a higher cooling rate because the existence of TiB2 particles can cause instability in the advancing solidification front and heterogeneous nucleation.With decreasing powder size,the extent of the TiB_(2) particle interdendritic segregation decreases as the result of enhanced engulfment of TiB2 particles by the advancing solidification front.

Effect of closed-couple gas atomization pressure on the performances of Al-20Sn-1Cu powders

Al-20Sn-1Cu powders were prepared by gas atomization in an argon atmosphere with atomizing pressures of 1.1 and 1.6 MPa. The characteristics of the powders are determined by means of dry sieving, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, optical microscopy （OM）, and X-ray diffractometry （XRD）. The results show that the powders exhibit a bimodal size distribution and a higher gas pressure results in a broad size distribution. All particles in both cases are spherical or nearly spherical and satellites form on the surface of coarse particles. Dendritic and cellular structures coexist in the particle. With decreasing particle diameter, the secondary dendrite arm spacing （SDAS） decreases and the cooling rate increases. The particles processed under high gas atomization pressure （1.6 MPa） exhibit a lower SDAS value and a higher cooling rate than those of the same size under low gas atomization pressure （1.1 MPa）. The XRD results show that the Sn content increases with decreasing particle size.

Characteristics and Microstructure of a Hypereutectic Al-Si Alloy Powder by Ultrasonic Gas Atomization Process

A hypereutectic Al-Si alloy powder was prepared by ultrasonic gas atomization process. The morphologies, microstructure and phase constituent of the alloy powder were studied. The results showed that powder of the alloy was very fine and its microstructure was mainly consisted of Si crystals plus intermetallic compound A19FeSi3, which were.very fine and uniformly distributed.

Atomic force microscope study of WC-10Co cemented carbide sintered from nanocrystalline composite powders

In order to compare the spark plasma sintedng （SPS） process plus hot isostatic press （HIP） with vacuum sintedng plus HIP, an investigation was carried out on the topography, microstructure and gain size distribution of nanocrystalline WC-10Co composite powder and the sintered specimens prepared by SPS plus HIP and by vacuum sintering plus HIP by means of atomic force microscopy （AFM）. The mechanical properties of the sintered specimens were also investigated. It is very easy to find cobalt lakes in the specimen prepared by vacuum sintering plus HIP process. But the microstructure of the specimen prepared by SPS plus HIP is more homogeneous, and the grain size is smaller than that prepared by vacuum sintering plus HIP. The WC-10Co ultrafine cemented carbide consolidated by SPS plus HIP can reach a relative density of 99.4%, and the transverse rupture strength （TRS） is higher than 3540 MPa, the Rockwell A hardness （HRA） is higher than 92.8, the average grain size is smaller than 300 nm, and the WC-10Co ultrafine cemented carbide with excellent properties is achieved. The specimen prepared by SPS with HIP has better properties and microstructure than that prepared by vacuum sintering with HIP.

Structural Characteristics and Properties of Precious Metal Powders and Copper Powder Prepared by High-speed Centrifugal Atomization Technique

The principle and characteristics of the rapidly solidified centrifugal atomization technique are studied in present paper.It has been widely used to make fine,rapidly solidified precious metal powders for application as the electrical engineering materials,conductive coatings for electromagnetic shielding and brazing alloys.The silver powder,copper powder and some precious metal alloys powders are prepared by the new method.A comparative analysis is carried out with the conventional electrolytic silver powder and chemical deposition silver powder.The results show that rapidly solidified powders are fine and have higher solid solubility of the alloying elements,and their alloys have excellent properties in various aspects.

Sn60Pb40 solder powders produced by the planar flow casting atomization process

Conventional planar flow casting(PFC) is one of rapid solidification processes for the fabrication of microcrystalline or amorphous ribbons.Based on the conventional PFC process,the planar flow casting atomization(PFCA) process has been developed,which is a new rapid solidification process for the production of metal powder directly from alloy melts.A prototype experimental apparatus was designed and manufactured.With the apparatus,Sn60Pb40 alloy solder powders were prepared,and the effects of the main technological parameters on the powder size distribution and morphology were experimentally studied.The experimental investigations indicate that the metal powders produced by the PFCA process can be classified by velocity;and fine spherical tin-lead alloy solder powders can be fabricated by adjusting the technical parameters.The new PFCA process has such features as high productivity and efficiency,low energy consumption,simple operation,short technological process,and large gross yield.

Cu-Sn系水雾化合金粉性能研究

本实验系统地研究了含Sn质量分数分别为10%、15%、20%合金粉末的热压烧结组织、XRD相组成及力学性能。实验结果表明：Cu-Sn系粉末热压烧结温度较低,在700-720℃即可达到致密化;烧结组织从含Sn质量分数10%的单一固溶体转变为出现电子化合物的二相组织,和XRD线谱变化趋势相吻合;抗弯强度随Sn质量分数的增大变化不大,为700 MPa左右;冲击韧性从含Sn质量分数为10%的17J大幅下降至含Sn质量分数为20%的3J左右。实验中,结合胎体特性,分析了Cu-Sn系粉末用作胎体时,可提高金刚石工具的加工效率。

导流管参数对真空紧耦合气雾化法制备Fe-Cr合金粉末的影响

采用真空紧耦合气雾化法制备Fe–Cr合金粉末,研究了导流管直径与导流管伸出长度对Fe–Cr合金粉末粒度分布、收得率、中位粒径(D_(50))的影响。结果表明,在其他工艺参数不变的情况下,当导流管直径从4.5 mm增大到6.0 mm时,Fe–Cr合金粉末累积粒度分布曲线右移,中位粒径增大,细粉收得率减小,粉末流动性减小,松装密度减小;当导流管伸出长度由2.0 mm增加到2.5 mm时,Fe–Cr合金粉末累积粒度分布曲线左移,中位粒径减小,细粉收得率增加,粉末流动性增加,松装密度升高。综上所述,雾化压力3.8 MPa,过热度250℃,导流管直径4.5 mm,导流管伸出长度2.5 mm,制备得到的Fe–Cr合金粉末综合性能最优。

熔炼气雾化制备钴基粉末钎料在GH4169合金钎焊中应用

采用真空感应熔炼结合气雾化的方法制备了钴基Co-Cr-Ni-Si-W合金粉末,该合金粉末球具有高形度高和良好的分散性,杂质元素含量低、熔化温度范围为1073℃~1113℃。将合金粉末与粘结剂混合制成CoCrNiSiW膏状钎料,并在GH4169高温合金上进行钎焊试验,研究了钎料在母材上的润湿性能,对比了不同粒度合金粉末的钎焊性能。结果表明,在钎焊温度1180℃、保温时间10 min条件下,CoCrNiSiW合金钎料可以在GH4169合金母材表面表现出良好的润温性。使用小于325目粉末钎焊的合金接头组织更均匀、气孔缺陷相对较少,因此接头强度更高,接头的抗剪强度为127 MPa,抗拉强度为369 MPa。

紧耦合气雾化拉瓦尔喷盘结构优化

采用计算流体动力学法模拟了紧耦合气雾化拉瓦尔喷盘气流喷射角(40°,50°,60°,70°,80°)、气流喷射宽度(15,20,25,30,35 mm)、导流管伸出长度(0.5,4.5,8.5 mm)对雾化室流场气流速度分布及其y轴上气流交汇点气流速度和导液管出口处静压的影响,得到了喷盘优化结构参数;采用优化结构喷盘制备18Ni300模具钢紧耦合气雾化粉末,测定了其性能。结果表明:随着气流喷射角增加,流场最大气流速度减小,气流交汇处气流速度和导液管出口处静压均增大;随着导流管伸出长度增加,流场最大气流速度先减小后增加,导液管出口处静压减小,气流交汇点气流速度未发生显著变化;随着气流喷射宽度增加,流场最大气流速度未产生显著变化,气流交汇点气流速度和导液管出口处静压均减小;根据模拟结果得到喷盘优化结构参数为气流喷射角60°、气流喷射宽度30 mm、导流管伸出长度4.5 mm,此条件下制得的18Ni300模具钢紧耦合气雾化粉末形状规则,尺寸小且均匀,细粉收得率最大,粉末流速和松装密度较大,综合性能最佳。

HPHT法合成人造金刚石用粉末触媒的发展与研究

研究了HPHT法合成人造金刚石用粉末触媒的制备方法,主要有雾化法、化学共沉淀法和羰基法,其中雾化法又分为气雾化法和水雾化法。水雾化法粉末触媒的合金成分均匀,工艺简单,设备要求低,推广容易,出粉率和成品率高,生产成本低,因此水雾化法是HPHT法合成人造金刚石用粉末触媒的普遍工艺。人工晶体研究院研发并推广了水雾化法粉末触媒,推动了中国人造金刚石行业和超硬材料行业的发展。在水雾化法制备粉末触媒的基础上,研究了收料工艺对水雾化法FeNi_(30)粉末触媒的影响。研究发现:采用沉淀放水工艺时粉末触媒氧含量、杂质含量和物料损失均远低于传统滤布收料工艺;从微观形貌分析,沉淀放水工艺粉末触媒球形度高,异形率和异形度低。沉淀放水工艺粉末触媒制备的人造金刚石TI (冲击韧性)、TTI (热冲击韧性)、晶型、透度和颜色均优于传统滤布收料工艺。