Inheritance of Powdery Mildew Resistance in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and Development of an AFLP Marker for Resistance Detection

Cucumber powdery mildew is one of the most destructive diseases of cucumber throughout the world. In the present study, inheritance of powdery mildew resistance in three crosses, and linkage of resistance with amplified fragment length polymorphism （AFLP） markers are studied to formulate efficient strategies for breeding cultivars resistant to powdery mildew. The joint analysis of multiple generations and AFLP technique has been applied in this study. The best model is the one with two major genes, additive, dominant, and epistatic effects, plus polygenes with additive, dominant, and epistatic effects （E-l-0 model）. The heritabilities of the major genes varied from 64.26% to 97.82%, and susceptibility was incompletely dominant for the two major genes in the three crosses studied. The additive effects of the two major genes and the dominant effect of the second major gene were high, and the epistatic effect of the additive-dominant between the two major genes was the highest in cross I . In cross II, the absolute value of the additive effect, dominant effect, and potential ratio of the first major gene were far higher than those of the second major gene, and the epistatic effect of the additive-additive was the highest. The genetic parameters of the two major genes in cross III were similar to those in cross II. Correlation and regression analyses showed that marker E25/M63-103 was linked to a susceptible gene controlling powdery mildew resistance. The marker could account for 19.98% of the phenotypic variation. When the marker was tested on a diverse set of 29 cucumber lines, the correlation between phenotype and genotype was not significant, which suggested cultivar specialty of gene expression or different methods of resistance to powdery mildew. The target DNA fragment was 103 bp in length, and only a small part was found to be homologous to DNA in the other species evaluated, which indicated that it was unique to the cucumber genome.

Current status of genetic transformation technology developed in cucumber(Cucumis sativus L.)

Genetic transformation is an important technique for functional genomics study and genetic improvement of plants. Until now, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation methods using cotyledon as explants has been the major approach for cucumber, and its frequency has been up to 23%. For example, significantly enhancement of the transformation efficiency of this plant species was achieved from the cotyledon explants of the cultivar Poinsett 76 infected by Agrobacterium strains EHA105 with efficient positive selection system in lots of experiments. This review is to summarize some key factors influencing cucumber regeneration and genetic transformation, including target genes, selection systems and the ways of transgene introduction, and then to put forward some strategies for the increasing of cucumber transformation efficiency. In the future, it is high possible for cucumber to be potential bioreactor to produce vaccine and biomaterials for human beings.

Construction of Fusion Expression Vector of α-galactosidase-EGFP in Cucumber

[Objective] The research aimed to construct the fusion protein expression vector of α-galactosidase-EGFP （enhanced green fluorescent protein） in cucumber controlled by CaMV35S promoter.[Method] CaMV35S promoter sequence and the coding region of EGFP were amplified by polymerase chain reactions （PCR） with vector pCambia 1303 as the template.Using reverse transcript PCR technology,with total RNAs of cucumber as template,the coding region of acid α-galactosidase Ⅰ in cucumber was amplified.The above three fragments were inserted into the multiple cloning sites of expression vector pCambia 1381c.The fusion expression vector of α-galactosidase-EGFP located at the C-terminal of the target genes was constructed.[Result] After enzyme digestion and sequencing,the fusion expression of α-galactosidase-EGFP in cucumber was constructed successfully.[Conclusion] The research laid the experimental basis for further study on the subcellular localization of α-galactosidase in cucumber.

Saffron(Crocus sativus L.) stigmas as a potential natural additive to improve oxidative stability attributes of sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.) oil stored under different conditions

The aim of our study was to explore the antioxidant potential of Moroccan saffron stigmas(SS) and examine their performance as a natural antioxidant in enhancing the stability and quality properties of edible sunflower oil(SO), with a focus on understanding the critical importance of edible oil stability for predicting quality deterioration during storage. Bearing this in mind, our research was designed to compare the efficacy of three concentrations of dried SS(at 0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.6%) against tocobiol(a synthetic antioxidant) as a positive control(at 0.3% concentration). This comparison was conducted under three distinct storage conditions namely accelerated ageing(60 ℃), exposure to light at ambient temperature, and darkness, to evaluate their impact on preventing severe oxidation and extending oil shelf-life. Oxidation state evolution was evaluated through peroxide value(PV), free fatty acid(FFA), anisidine value(p-AV), K_(270)value(conjugated trienes), total oxidation index(TOTOX), iodine value(IV), and fatty acid composition(FA). Our results revealed notable differences in stability tracking parameters. Specifically, these parameters were higher in samples stored under accelerated conditions, followed by the samples stored in ambient light, while those stored in darkness showed the highest stability among the three storage conditions. Supplementation of sunflower oil with SS and tocobiol significantly enhanced its oxidation stability. Notably, SS exhibited exceptional effectiveness in stabilizing sunflower oil regardless of SS dose, with the highest efficacy observed at 0.6%. This was evidenced by the slower rate of oxidation parameters under various storage conditions, highlighting a superior antioxidant activity compared to both the non-enriched oil and tocobiol-enriched oil. Furthermore, saffron stigmas, used as a natural supplement,contributed to the preservation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, indicating its potential as a robust source of natural antioxidants in sunflower oil. These attributes position SS as a promising alternative to synthetic antioxidants, offering opportunities to enhance the nutritional quality and extend edible oil shelf-life.

Crocus sativus L.produces anti-inflammatory effects and regulates the NLRP3–NF-κB pathway

Objective:This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of petal and stamen extracts of saffron crocus(Crocus sativus)and explore the underlying mechanism.Methods:Local and systemic inflammation models were used to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of C.sativus.A xyleneinduced inflammation model or lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced inflammation model was used in this study.C.sativus petal and stamen extracts were each administered to the mice in the xylene and LPS models by gavage for 14 d at 0.1 and 0.4 g/kg doses,respectively.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)was used to measure the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-αand interleukin(IL)-1βin mouse serum.Hematoxylin and eosin(H&E)staining was used to observe the pathological changes in the ear in the xylene-induced inflammation model and in the spleen in the LPS-induced inflammation model.NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3(NLRP3)protein levels within the nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB)pathway were assessed using western blotting.RAW264.7 cells were treated with LPS(5μg/mL)and LPS+C.sativus(0.05,0.1,and 0.2 mg/mL)for 24 h,and a Cell Counting Kit-8 was used to measure cell proliferation.Changes in NLRP3 and NF-κB levels were evaluated by western blotting.Results:Petal and stamen extracts of C.sativus attenuated the anti-inflammatory effects in local or systemic inflammatory models and repaired pathological changes in the ear in the xylene-induced inflammation model and spleen in the LPS-induced inflammation model.These extracts also decreased the concentrations of TNF-αand IL-1βin the mouse serum in the LPS-induced inflammation model.C.sativus downregulated NLRP3 protein level through the NF-κB pathway and downregulated LC-3 and BECLIN1 in vivo and in vitro.Carbonyl Cyanide3-ChloroPhenylhydrazone(CCCP)weakened the effects of C.sativus on the NLRP3–NF-κB pathway.Conclusion:C.sativus has anti-inflammatory effects and regulates the NLRP3-NF-κB pathway.

A Medicinal and Edible Plant Crocus sativus L.and Its Therapeutic Effects on Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases

This paper introduces the biological characteristics,medicinal value,chemical component,and pharmacological effects of Crocus sativus L.,and explores its therapeutic effects on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases such as angina pectoris and coronary heart disease.

Cloning and Sequence Analysis of Lipoxygenase Gene cDNA from Cucumber Fruit (Cucumis sativus L.)

Lipoxygenases are nonheme-iron-containing dioxygenases that catalyze the hydroperoxidation of unsatrated fatty acids containing a cis, cis-1,4-pentadiene structure producing hydroperoxy acids with conjugated dienes.

Fine Genetic Mapping of Dwarf Trait in Cucumber(Cucumis sativus L.)Using a RIL Population

Plant height in cucumber is not only an important trait for breeding,but also one of the model traits suitable for the study of developmental biology.Amplified fragment length polymorphism(AFLP)and simple sequence repeat(SSR)markers techniques were applied for the construction of genetic linkage maps in cucumber.To understand the dwarf trait genetic basis in cucumber,the quantitative trait loci(QTL)were identified using F_6 recombinant inbred line populations(RILs)comprising 336 lines from the cross between the two cultivars D0462(the dwarf)and DN129(the vine).In total,six SSR markers and 15 AFLP markers were detected on the five linkage groups covering 152.8 cM with a mean marker interval of 7.28 cM.Only one QTL was found to be linked with plant height and the dwarf trait locus remained in the fourth linkage group.The contributory percentage of the single QTL to plant height was 11.39%.

Effect of Low Concentration of Yttrium on Physiological Characteristics of Cucumber (Cucumis Sativus L.)

There is no doubt that rare earth elements stand an important position among the essential elements of plant growth and it is long time since they are first used as plant growth promoters. Given their effects on microstructure, most reports are focused on the toxicology rather than promotion. Using cucumis sativus L. (Jin Chun No.5) as experiment material, we try to find out the nutritional effects of low Y3+ concentrations on cucumber seedlings′ leaves. The present paper suggests that the rare earth elements act as micronutrients at low concentrations while they give rise to toxicity at high concentration. Benefits defeat toxicity with concentration ranging from 5 to 25 μmol·L-1. Through careful study, at the Y(NO3)3 concentration of 10 μmol·L-1 the content of chlorophyll as well as the activities of SOD, Cu-Zn SOD and the POD are the highest. It indicates 10 μmol·L-1 is the optimum concentration of yttrium for promoting the cucumber growth.

Ameliorating Effect of <i>Cucumis sativus</i>(Cucumbers) against Arsenic Induced Toxicity in Mice

In the entire world, about 200 million populations are exposed to arsenic poisoning in groundwater. Arsenic is a very poisonous metalloid and has three allotropic forms. The toxic inorganic arsenic is converted and utilized metabolically into organic form. It is primarily eliminated out from the human body through metabolic wastes like urine and is also deposited in the hair, nails and skin of the affected ones. Arsenic is known to be a carcinogen as Carcinogen category 1 in the forms of arsenic trioxide, arsenic pentoxide, arsenous acids, arsenic acid and their salts. The arsenic also affects the epidermal system, the nervous system and the vascular system of humans. In the present investigation for toxicological evaluation of arsenic Liver Function Tests & Kidney Function Tests have been considered. It is presumed that medicinal plants have significance in the present day in view of the lethal diseases like AIDS, cancer, hepatitis, nephritis sterility too for which no effective drugs are found till today in modern system of medicine. Medicinal plant based drugs generally have no side effects or the least side effect. Thus to evaluate an ameliorating effect, if any, to mitigate the arsenic toxicity in mice, for which Cucumis sativus (cucumbers) has been taken as curative measure. Sodium arsenite at the dose of 3 mg/kg body weight was administered for 4 weeks followed by the administration of Cucumis sativus (cucumbers) for 4 and 6 weeks at dose of 500 mg/kg body weight. Their biochemical levels like liver and kidney function tests were assayed and were found with elevated levels. But, after administration of aqueous extract of Cucumis sativus (cucumbers), there was significant amelioration in the biochemical levels. The protective effect of Cucumis sativus (cucumbers) was shown in the form of normalization of enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities represented by normalization of liver and kidney functions.

外源NO对NaCl胁迫下黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)幼苗生长和谷胱甘肽抗氧化酶系统的影响

采用营养液水培,研究了外源一氧化氮(NO)对黄瓜(Cucumis sativusL.)幼苗生长和叶片谷胱甘肽抗氧化酶系统的影响。结果表明,正常生长条件下添加NO能促进黄瓜幼苗生长,而添加NO信号传递途径关键酶鸟苷酸环化酶(cGC)抑制剂亚甲基蓝(MB-1)显著抑制了黄瓜幼苗的生长;添加NO显著缓解了盐胁迫对黄瓜幼苗生长的抑制,提高了叶片谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)活性、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)及还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、抗坏血酸(ASA)含量,降低了氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量,提高了GSH/GSSG,对单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDAR)活性无显著影响;NaCl胁迫下添加NO的同时添加MB-1抑制了GR活性的提高,GSH和ASA含量、GSH/GSSG均降低,GSSG含量提高,但对MDAR、APX和DHAR活性无显著影响,表明NaCl胁迫下NO对GR活性、GSH和ASA含量、GSH/GSSG的调节可能是通过cGC介导的,对MDAR无明显的调节作用,对DHAR、APX的调节还存在其它途径。

外源BR诱导黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)幼苗的抗盐性

【目的】明确外源油菜素甾醇(Brassinosteroid,BR)对黄瓜(CucumissativusL.)幼苗抗盐性的诱导作用。【方法】采用根际注射结合叶面喷施外源BR(0、0.005、0.01、0.05、0.1、0.2mg·L-1)的方法,比较分析了盐胁迫下幼苗植株盐害指数、抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质含量等生理指标。【结果】外源BR能够明显改善盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗植株的生长发育状况,降低盐害指数,最高幅度达40.2个百分点(P﹤0.01),极显著地提高叶片细胞游离脯氨酸(Pro)和可溶性糖的含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)等抗氧化酶活性(P﹤0.01),进而保护细胞膜的稳定性。【结论】外源BR可以有效诱导黄瓜幼苗的抗盐性,并且最佳浓度范围是0.01～0.05mg·L-1。

两个黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)叶色突变体的比较分析研究

通过对黄瓜黄绿叶突变体9110Gt和NCG-042植株表型观测、遗传分析和分子标记验证,证明9110Gt是区别于NCG-042的新叶色突变体。这两个黄绿叶突变体在表型上存在一定的区别:9110Gt在苗期表现叶色黄化,而NCG-042的心叶在整个生育期都表现黄化。遗传分析证明,两个突变体的叶色突变性状分别由两个不同的等位基因控制,且两基因间存在互补作用。分子标记的检测结果也进一步证实了这一结论。

外源亚精胺对盐胁迫下黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)叶绿体活性氧清除系统和结合态多胺含量的影响

采用营养液水培,研究了外源亚精胺(Spd)对NaCl胁迫下抗盐能力不同的两个黄瓜品种幼苗生长、叶绿体中活性氧清除系统、转谷酰胺酶(TGase)活性、结合态多胺含量及植株光合速率的影响。结果表明,外源Spd能提高NaCl胁迫下叶绿体中TGase活性、叶绿体结合态腐胺(Put)、Spd、精胺(Spm)及总多胺含量;提高超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性,提高抗坏血酸(AsA)、类胡萝卜素(Car)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量及还原型谷胱甘肽/氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSH/GSSG)比值,降低脱氢抗坏血酸/抗坏血酸(DAsA/AsA)比值;同时显著降低叶绿体过氧化氢(H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量,提高植株净光合速率,缓解NaCl胁迫对幼苗生长的抑制。表明Spd对黄瓜盐害的缓解作用之一可能是通过提高叶绿体结合态多胺含量和叶绿体活性氧清除能力,从而缓解盐胁迫对叶绿体膜的伤害。

黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)种子含油量性状的QTL定位与分析

应用SRAP和SSR技术,对黄瓜种子高含油量品系Ma7与低含油量品系M6杂交组合的F2群体进行检测,获得102个分子标记,构建了7个连锁群组成的分子标记遗传图谱;图谱总长764cM,标记间平均长度7.49cM。应用Windows QTL Cartographer2.5对种子含油量性状进行QTL扫描,在2009年秋季获得4个QTL位点,分别位于LG1、LG2和LG5连锁群,联合贡献率为32.7%。在2010年春季季获得5个QTL位点,分别位于LG1、LG2、LG5和LG6连锁群,联合贡献率为35.4%。通过对比春秋两季不同环境下的QTL位点发现,SOC_SP02和SOC_FA01分别位于LG1的74.7cM和72.2cM处,两位点相距2.5cM。此外,SOC_SP03和SOC_FA03两个微效QTL也存在部分的重叠,重叠区域为1.67cM,重叠的区间位于分子标记ME7OD17a和ME3EM8之间。另外,还估算了单个QTL的加性效应和显性效应,9个QTL的遗传效应均以加性效应为主。结果表明,对于种子油含量性状的等位基因增效作用既来自母本,又源自父本。

侧面补光对温室黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.cv.Shenchun)果实生长和品质的影响

为研究侧面补光对温室黄瓜果实生长和品质的影响,以黄瓜品种深春为材料,采用不同光质(8红1蓝、6红2绿1蓝、6红3蓝)LED灯开花结果期侧面补光,光源光通量密度为15μmol·m-2·s-1。每天补光8.0h(06:00-11:00;16:30-19:30),测定分析了侧面补光下黄瓜果实生长和品质等的变化。结果表明:3个不同补光处理的黄瓜果实瓜长、径粗及瓜重均高于对照处理,3个不同补光处理均明显提高黄瓜果实维生素C含量和氨基酸总含量,其中,维生素C含量以6红3蓝(6R3B)补光处理最高,8种人体必需氨基酸以及其他氨基酸含量和比例均以8红1蓝(8R1B)补光处理最高;而可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、蔗糖、果糖、淀粉和还原糖含量,仅8红1蓝(8R1B)补光处理比自然光有显著提高。因此,开花结果期不同光质LED灯侧面补光能促进黄瓜果实生长和营养品质的增加,红光比例较高的8红1蓝(8R1B)补光处理效果最好。

黄瓜（Cucumis sativus L．）组织培养与诱导四倍体再生植株

应用杨行黄瓜、长春密刺、农大秋光和杂种群丰、津研四号、津杂四号等黄瓜的子叶、真叶、茎段为外植体，离体培养诱导再生植株。比较了细胞分裂素（ＫＴ）与不同浓度的２，４－Ｄ和ＮＡＡ配比对诱导黄瓜愈伤组织的影响，及其所产生的愈伤组织分化培养的成苗率。所得结果表明：黄瓜在组织培养再生植株时，对生长激素极为敏感，只需极低浓度的２，４－Ｄ或ＮＡＡ即能诱导大量愈伤组织。激素浓度增高，出愈率提高，愈伤组织增殖加快，但分化能力下降。ＮＡＡ诱导成的愈伤组织比２，４－Ｄ诱导的易于分化。在诱导愈伤组织及胚性细胞发生时加入５００ｍｇ·Ｌ－１的秋水仙素经振荡液体培养４８，７２，９６ｈ再进行分化培养，出苗率分别为２５．６％、１８．５％、０．９％，对照为４６．８％。再生植株中３．５％～４．５％为四倍体，秋水仙素在分化培养中有抑制作用，处理９６ｈ的则很少分化再生植株。

Effects of Salt Stress on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth in Raphanus sativus L.

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of salt stress on seed germination and seedling growth in radish（Raphanus sativus L.）.[Method] First,effects of soaking seeds with clear water and different concentrations of saline solution were compared; then,different concentrations of salt solution （0.2％-1.0％） was used to treat radish during the whole germination period.[Result] soaking seeds with clear water can improve the germination indicators of radish seeds exposed to high salt stress; low salt concentration（0.2％,0.4％） had little effect on the growth indicators of radish seedlings,and 0.2％ salt concentration can even promote the growth of radish seedlings,however,the high salinity had a bad inhibition on seedling growth,the higher the salt concentration,the stronger the inhibition.[Conclusion] According to the comprehensive comparison,the order of the six varieties in salt-tolerance was as follows：Xinxiayuanbai＞W1029,Xiayuanbai ＞ Nanyangbailizhi,Chunyidianhong＞ Sijihong 3.

不同灌溉方式下秋冬萝卜(Raphanus Sativus L.)的生长分析

本文对两种不同灌溉方式(滴灌和沟灌)下的秋冬萝卜(RaphanusSativusL.)生长情况进行了比较研究.结果表明:秋冬萝卜的生长、产量与灌溉方式有较密切关系.与沟灌方式相比,滴灌下萝卜的相对生长速率、净同化率、叶面积比率、比叶面积、叶重比、根冠比等指标以及产量都明显提高;采用滴灌方式,也有利于萝卜品质的提高.

番红花(Crocus sativus L.)组织培养的初步研究

目的初步探讨番红花组织培养的一些影响因素。方法采用组织培养技术,以番红花幼嫩的叶片为外植体对其愈伤组织及不定胚的诱导进行了研究结果MS+BA0.1mg/L+2,4-D2mg/L为诱导愈伤组织形成的最佳培养基,而诱导不定胚的最佳培养基为MS+BA1.5mg/L+2,4-D2mg/L。结论基本明确了番红花愈伤组织及不定胚诱导的最佳激素组合。