Dynamics of soil inorganic phosphorus fractions at aggregate scales in a chronosequence of Chinese fir plantations

Successive cultivation of Chinese fir(Cunninghamia lanceolata) would markedly affect the distribution and accumulation of soil inorganic phosphorus(Pi).However,how different chronosequence phases of Chinese fir plantations exerting influences on the quality and quantity of soil Pi fractions in aggregate-scale remain poorly understood. This study researched the dynamic changes of aggregate-related Pi fractions encompassing occluded-P(O-P), aluminum-bound P(Al-P), iron-bound P(Fe-P), and calcium-bound P(Ca-P) in topsoil(0-20 cm) from different stand aged(9-, 17-, and 26-yr) Chinese fir plantations and one nearby abandoned land(CK) in Rongshui County,Guangxi, China. In this study, soil aggregates were classified into micro-aggregates(< 0.25 mm), small macro-aggregates(1-0.25 mm), medium macroaggregates(2-1 mm), and large macro-aggregates(> 2 mm) by one wet-sieving process. As the primary aggregate fractions correlated with better soil aggregate stability, the large macro-aggregates took the highest proportion in all aggregate sizes regardless of various stand ages of Chinese fir plantations. Besides, the 17-yr plantations of Chinese fir displayed the highest stability of aggregates structure. Compared with CK, all four soil Pi fractions from three different stand ages of Chinese fir plantations generally showed increasing trends.Irrespective of chronosequence phases, Al-P was mainly carried by small macro-aggregates. O-P showed the opposite tendency to Al-P, which had the lowest content in small macro-aggregates. Fe-P and Ca-P showed an even distribution in all aggregates.The contribution rates and stocks of each Pi fraction exhibited close relevance to the content of soil aggregates. As revealed from the results, planting of Chinese fir before 17-yr was beneficial to prompt the formation of large macro-aggregates and the level of soil P. But after 17-yr, successive monoculture planting of Chinese fir would reduce the stability of soil aggregates and render the losses of soil P. The dynamics of soil total phosphorous(TP) and Pi fractions contents were highly related to the stand ages of Chinese fir plantations, but less related to the distribution of soil aggregate sizes. As the major carriers for soil P stocks, the large macro-aggregates played a vital role in the cycles and reserves of soil P.

Effects of microwave post-treatments on leaching resistance of ACQ-D treated Chinese fir

In order to improve the leaching resistance of active ingredient-copper in ammoniacal copper quat-type D （ACQ-D） treated Chinese fir （Cunninghamia lanceolata Hook.）, microwave post-treatments were carried out. The percentages of leached copper from ACQ-D treated Chinese fir with different microwave post-treatments were obtained after leaching tests by analyzing the copper retention in treated wood. The fixation mechanism of copper in the treated wood was determined with the help of SEM and FTIR spectra, while the valence conversion of copper after microwave post-treatments was studied by UV spectroscopy. Our experimental results show that the percentage of leached copper was reduced significantly after microwave post-treatment over time. This development was reinforced by allowing even more time for the treatment as well as with an increase in the power of microwave post-treatment. The leaching resistance of copper in wrapped samples was better than that in unwrapped samples, which is attributed to the combined effects of temperature and moisture content. Compared with air-dried samples, the valence conversion in the samples with microwave post-treatments changed slightly, which demonstrates that microwave post-treatments cannot impair the natural decay resistance of ACQ-D treated wood. SEM and FTIR spectra showed the presence of crystal particles formed by chemical reactions between copper and wood ingredients in wood cell walls and wood pits. Only a small amount of copper reacted with cellulose, while lignin and hemicellulose were the major bonding sites for copper in wood. Given the experimental results of mechanical properties, microwave post-treatments had a slight effect on the compression strength parallel to the grain and on the erystallinity of ACQ-D treated Chinese fir.

氮沉降下杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)人工林凋落叶分解过程中C、N元素动态变化

在12年生的杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)人工林中开展模拟氮沉降试验,分N0(对照)、N1、N2、N3等4种处理,N沉降量依次为0、60、120、240kgNhm-2a-1,每处理重复3次。通过2a的监测和分析发现,经N0、N1、N2、N3处理后,凋落物分解过程中C平均含量分别为46.47%、46.35%、46.79%、46.6%,各处理之间无显著差异,但均随着分解时间的增加呈下降趋势。氮沉降明显增加了凋落物中的N含量,且随着沉降水平的增加而增加。各处理凋落物C的分解系数依次为0.739、0.744、0.936、0.708,周转期为4.26a、4.26a、3.46a、4.41a;而N的分解系数分别为0.458、0.543、0.776、0.565,周转期为6.26a、5.44a、3.91a、5.20a。N1处理表现出促进N释放的作用,但对C释放影响不明显;N2处理促进了凋落物C、N元素的释放,而N3处理则表现出一定的抑制作用。氮沉降处理也明显降低了凋落物的C/N比,N1、N2、N3处理使C/N比分别比N0下降8.59%、14.20%和17.54%。

杉木高世代杂交子代生长与木材性状遗传分析

为揭示杉木高世代杂交子代生长与材性性状的遗传效应,选择优良的杂交组合,利用设置在浙江省开化县林场的4×5双因素交叉设计的杉木高世代杂交子代测定林,研究8年生杉木的生长性状、木材基本密度和树干碳含量,估算各性状一般配合力(GCA)/特殊配合力(SCA)效应值及相对重要性,分析遗传控制方式及性状间的相关性。结果表明:杉木树高、胸径、单株材积、木材基本密度、树干碳含量在杂交组合间均差异显著(P<0.05),含碳率在组合间差异不显著。父母本配合力分析显示,树高、胸径、单株材积、树干碳含量的母本效应均大于父本效应,C25-3母本效应最大,B109-3父本效应最大;杂交组合各性状均以加性基因效应控制为主,杉木高世代育种工作仍需注重亲本的选配。性状间相关性分析表明,树干碳含量与生长性状呈显著正相关,按10%的入选率,联合选择出3211和3215两个速生高固碳的杂交组合,单株材积较对照(CK)增加30.91%以上,树干碳含量较CK增加26.95%以上,而木材基本密度与生长性状呈弱相关或负相关,筛选出3218和3216两个木材性状优良的杂交组合,木材基本密度较CK增加2.17%以上。

遗传改良对杉木针叶和种实性状的影响

为揭示遗传改良对主要造林用材树种叶和种实性状的影响,阐明性状的变异趋势,该研究以杉木第4轮育种的精选树(改良群体)、四省五地的表型优树与古树(未改良群体)为对象,调查了218个无性系的针叶和种实性状指标,采用方差分析和多重对比方法研究遗传改良对杉木及不同类型杉木的表型差异,并通过相关性分析探究遗传改良对杉木针叶和球果部分表型性状的影响,以及利用主成分分析和聚类分析进行了分类。结果表明:(1)未改良群体的针叶长、针叶宽和出籽率分别比改良群体小13.28%、10.81%和33.90%,其他性状表现为未改良群体大于改良群体,差异在10.90%~27.03%之间。未改良群体球果长、球果宽和出籽率的变异系数,分别比改良群体大9.14%、12.73%和15.38%。(2)球果长、球果宽、苞鳞长和苞鳞宽4个性状,在未改良群体中仅有球果长和球果宽(0.931)、苞鳞长和苞鳞宽(0.622)之间呈极显著正相关,经遗传改良后,这4个性状两两之间均呈显著或极显著正相关。(3)四川雅安(SCYA)的球果长和球果宽的性状比改良群体大48.83%和53.26%,安徽黄山(AHHS)的百粒重比改良群体大16.92%。(4)遗传改良导致松张型球果的杉木比例降低,紧包型和反翘型球果的杉木比例增加。综上认为,杉木的遗传改良导致球果大小下降,改变了不同针叶和球果类型的比例,同时会改变针叶性状和种实性状的相关性,将为杉木种质资源评价和未来多目标育种提供依据。

Clonal Variation in Growth and Wood Quality and the Multi-Trait Index Selection of Chinese Fir

Two clonal trial stands of Chinese Fir （Cunninghamia lanceolata） were used in this study, one was 19-year-old stand which included 38 clones, and the other was 17-year-old stand including 102 clones.The statistical analyses showed that there were very significant genetic variations in height, DBH,volume and ratio of heartwood(Rhw),wood basic density（ρb ） of the clones in the two stands. The repeatability of clones was in median to high level,and the genetic CV was different over the all five traits.There were very significant phenotypic and genetic correlations among height,DBH and volume,and negative correlations among growth, Rhw andρb.The selection method experiment indicated that index selection could improve volume, Rhw andρb,showing synthetically superior selection effects compared to any individual trait selection methods.

Comparison of Drying Rate and Energy Consumption between Vacuum and Ambient Pressure Drying for Chinese Fir

In this work, Chinese fir samples with a size of 400 mm (L) by 50 mm (W) 30 mm (H) weretaken as specimens, and drying rate and energy consumption were compared under the conditions, inwhich the absolute pressure was 0.02 , 0.04 , 0.06 and 0.10 MPa, respectively, and the temperature was80 oC. The results showed that, when the moisture content (MC) of the samples was above fibersaturation point (FSP), the vacuum drying rate was 0.96-1.24 times as high as the ambient pressuredrying rate. However, when it was below FSP, the vacuum drying rate was 1.26-1.32 times as high as theambient pressure drying rate. At the same time, when the MC was above FSP, the energy consumptionof vacuum drying was 81.1%-95.9% of that of ambient pressure drying; when the MC was below FSP,the energy consumption of vacuum drying was 62.40%-69.40% of that of ambient pressure drying.Therefore, the vacuum drying was superior to the ambient pressure drying in terms of drying rate andenergy consumption.

Rapid Estimation of Microfibril Angle of Increment Cores of Chinese Fir by Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Near infrared (NIR) spectroscope and X-ray diffractometry have been used for rapid prediction of the microfibril angle (MFA) which is one of the important factors affecting wood properties. Wood property evaluation in breeding and resource evaluation requires effective and rapid analysis methods for thousands of samples. In the experiment, all samples from increment cores with moisture content of 60% to 150% were used for measuring MFA by X-ray scanning diffractometry. Then, a partial least squares regression (PLS) model was built based on NIR data and MFA measured. As a result, a strong linear relationship was found between NIR spectroscope fitted and X-ray measured with coefficient of calibration 0.95 and prediction model rate 0.88. NIR estimating is in consist with X-ray determining closely, which indicates that NIR spectroscopy can be successfully used to estimate MFA of increment cores of Chinese fir.

Study on Chemical Components and Properties of Radial Chinese Fir

The variability of main chemical composition of radial Chinese fir was studied. Analysis of variance showed that variance was significant, especially for holocellulose and α-cellulose; the holocellulose content in heart wood was lower than that in sapwood; the lignin content decreased from Position 1 to Position 3, but increased gradually from Position 4 to Position 8; the α - cellulose content in heart wood was lower than that in sapwood; and the relative crystallinity was 59.97% in Position 1, 60.80% in Position 2, and about 42% in others.

Applicability of Visual Grading to Chinese Fir Structural Lumber

As one of the most important plantations,Chinese fir has drawn more and more attention from domestic wood researchers.And as the development and increasing of plantation resource of Chinese fir,research and development of the product will become a hot point.In this paper,we chose 1 571 pieces of structural lumbers from 4 areas to research grading.After sawing,drying and dressing,the lumbers were separated into 3 main grades by GB50005-2003 Code for Design of Timber Structures,namely SS,No.1 and No.2.The conclusions are that knot as the maximum strength reduced defect(MSRD)is a main character in the lumber,the visual quality of Fujian structural lumbers is polarized,and the applicability of visual grading to the lumber is poor,so we hold the point that we should adjust the grading rules to gain a better grading result.

Intratree Variability of Cleavage Resistance of Chinese Fir from Plantation

This paper studied the variation of cleavage resistance of Chinese fir wood from plantation. Six trees of 36 years old were investigated, and the cleavage resistance properties for 672 samples made of the trees were tested. The samples were cut from the sapwood and heartwood at different directions (south and north) and heights (1.3, 3.3, 5.3 and 7.3 m) of the trees. The result showed that: tangential cleavage resistance was higher than radial one, and cleavage resistance of sapwood was higher than that of heartwood, but there was no significant difference in cleavage resistances between sections of the north and the south of the trees. There was a little variation in cleavage resistance between the radial and tangential from butt to top log, which shows a little decrease with the height from 1.3 to 5.3 m , but a rise in the top of the trees.

Intratree Variability of Tensile Strength Parallel to Grain in Chinese Fir and I-214 Poplar from Plantation

The variation of tensile strength parallel to grain in Chinese fir and I-214 poplar wood from plantations was studied in this paper. Aaccording to the national standards The Testing Methods for Physical and Mechanical Properties of Wood (GB 1927 to 1943 ? 1991), the small clear wood samples were cut and tested, which represent the south and north of trees with heights of 1.3, 3.3, 5.3 and 7.3 m. The results showed: the tensile strength parallel to grain of the north wood was higher than that of south wood. ANOVA shows that the tensile strength parallel to the grain with height is of significant difference (at 0.05 level).

Investigation of Carbohydrate Compositions for Poplar I-214 and Chinese Fir

The carbohydrate compositions of poplar I-214 and Chinese fir were investigated by the methods of hydrolysis and HPLC. The result showed that the contents of glucose, xylose and arabinose in poplar I-214 are higher than those in Chinese fir, while contents of rhamnose and mannose in poplar I-214 are lower than those in Chinese fir.

Study on Variation Pattern of Microfibril Angle in Chinese Fir

Microfibril angle (MFA) in Chinese fir was tested by X-ray diffraction apparatus and calculated by computer software. The results were as follows: MFA was controlled strongly by inheritance, and there was no significant difference in MFA among interspecies, juvenile and mature wood. In the longitudinal, MFA reduces with the height rising from 0 to 5.5 m, especially in the heights from 0 to 1.5 m. The values of MFA are nearly consistence from 1.5 to 7.5 m. The variation range was between 10.82o and 12.57o from 1.5 to 7.5 m, R2 of power equation achieved 0.932 1, and analysis of variance indicated that the variation of MFA was not significant from 1.5 to 7.5 m. The age of the trees had an important influence on MFA, consequently, the difference in MFA was significant among annual rings in radial, which was maximal in near pith and reduced rapidly from the pith to sapwood, and its decline tendency was slow beyond the ninth annual ring. MFA reached minimum value at the 15th annual ring, and the difference reached more than 20o and R2 of binomial equation achieved 0.755 6.

Study on Volatile Organic Components from Chinese Fir Wood

The volatile organic compounds(VOCs) are emitted by a wide array of products, which include a variety of chemicals, some of them may have short- and long-term adverse health effects. Several analytical instrument including gas chromatograph, high preferment liquid chromatograph, mass spectrometry and solid phase microextraction (SPME) technique were used in this study. The results showed the aldehyde and ketone components of Chinese fir wood were little composed of formaldehyde, syn- acetaldehyde, anti-acetadehyde and acrolein, VOCs obtained by Tenax GR absorber consisted of the major component cedrene (42.92%) and another 28 components, and the major components of the VOCs from the sample by using solid phase microextraction (SPME) technique were cedrene and cedrol.

酚类物质对杉木幼苗^(15)N养分吸收、分配的影响

应用15N同位素示踪技术 ,通过盆栽实验研究了香草醛和对羟基苯甲酸对杉木 (Cunninghamialanceolata)幼苗N素养分吸收、分配的影响 ,结果发现香草醛及其与对羟基苯甲酸的混合物 (浓度比 1∶1)明显抑制了杉木幼苗的生长和对15NO-3 离子的吸收 ,10mmol·L-1的香草醛使杉木幼苗根、茎、叶生物量分别下降了 2 5 .3%、13.5 %、5 .7% ,15N吸收量分别减少了 38.5 %、48.1%、46 .5 % ;10mmol·L-1的混合物使杉木幼苗根、茎、叶生物量分别下降了33.5 %、36 .0 %、2 1.8% ,15N吸收量分别减少了 34 .3%、5 8.4%、49.3%。同时还发现香草醛和对羟基苯甲酸的混合物 (浓度比 1∶1)加重了对杉木幼苗生长的抑制作用 ,这说明两种酚类物质之间存在着协同作用。香草醛和混合物影响了杉木幼苗不同器官中N素养分的分配 ,增加了根系中N素的分配率 ,而减少了茎、叶中N素的分配率。香草醛等酚类物质浓度较高时能够抑制杉木幼苗养分的吸收和地上部分养分的分配 ,导致杉木缺乏生长所必须的养分 。

杉木无性系生长和材性变异及多性状指数选择

对19年生和17年生2块杉木无性系测定林开展生长和材性变异及多性状指数选择研究,其中,19年生测定林包括38个参试无性系,17年生测定林包括102个参试无性系。2块测定林数据分析结果均显示:无性系树高、胸径、单株材积、心材率和木材基本密度存在极显著的遗传差异,无性系重复力达中等偏上至较高水平,遗传变异系数各性状间差异较大;树高、胸径、材积生长性状间存在极显著的表型和遗传相关,与基本密度存在弱负相关。不同选择方法的结果表明,指数选择能整体提高单株材积、心材率和木材基本密度综合的遗传增益,达到比单性状选择更好的选择效果,是多性状改良较理想的选择方法。

模拟氮沉降对杉木人工林土壤有效养分的影响

通过野外模拟试验,研究了氮沉降增加对杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata人工林土壤有效养分的影响。试验设计为4种处理,分别为N0(0 kg.hm-2.a-1),N1(60 kg.hm-2.a-1),N2(120 kg.hm-2.a-1),N3(240 kg.hm-2.a-1),每处理重复3次。以CO(NH2)2作为氮源,每月以溶液方式对林地进行喷施。通过2 a的处理后发现,随着氮沉降水平的增加,各处理土壤pH值、土壤速效磷、土壤速效钾、土壤交换性钙和土壤交换性镁质量分数均呈下降趋势,而铵态氮和硝态氮质量分数则不断上升。各处理中,不同层次土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、速效磷、速效钾、交换性钙和交换性镁质量分数随土层深度增加而下降,而土壤pH值随土层深度增加而增加。

抚育间伐对成熟期杉木人工纯林生长量的影响

为解决成熟期的杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata生长受抑制问题,选择生态疏伐、卫生伐等2种处理对成熟期的杉木人工纯林进行抚育间伐,运用方差分析的方法,对60块标准地中杉木生长量的试验数据进行比较分析。结果表明:生态疏伐、卫生伐与对照比较,树高因子生长影响不显著(P>0.05),而胸径、单株材积因子生长影响均达到极显著差异(P<0.01),且生态疏伐的影响较卫生伐影响大。由此可见,给成熟期的杉木人工纯林以足够的生长空间,虽然对林分树高因子生长没有影响,却能有效地促进林木胸径生长,增加单株材积,获得更多优质、高产、高效的木材,提高单位面积的生态效益和经济效益。

杉木人工林生物量和生产力研究

该文在建立杉木人工林生物量和生产力数据库基础上,分析了区域尺度杉木人工林生物量、生产力、各器官分配比例及其与林龄的关系。结果表明,区域尺度杉木人工林总生物量和林龄之间有很好的相关性,可用Chapman-Richards生长方程表达;利用森林资源清查中的蓄积量数据计算的各龄级生物量比实测数据更能代表林分的实际平均生长情况;各器官生物量分配比例随林龄的变化规律因器官而不同;杉木人工林平均生产力的变化趋势落后于连年生产力近十年,因此使用平均生产力并不能真正代表杉木人工林每年的实际生产力变化情况。此结果为第二次土地利用变化和林业温室气体清单的编制提供了基础数据,以提高中国林业温室气体清单编制的质量。