Land Use Change During 1960～2000 Period and itsEco-environmental Effects in the Middle and UpperReaches of the Yangtze River:a Case Study in YiliangCounty,Yunnan,China

Land use/land cover change (LUCC) is a focus of the research of global environmental changes. The middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River, which are the most ecologically fragile mountainous area in China as well as one of the areas in China with most notable LUCC, have been on the Chinese Government's list of priority areas for ecological restoration. This paper is to reveal the trend of LUCC and the ecological degradation arising from it, and to provide a basis for the future sustainable use of land resources in the region based on a detailed analysis of Yiliang County. Based on the county's land use/cover maps in 1960, 1980 and 2000 drawn with the aid of aerial photograph interpretation, field investigation and GIS based spatial-temporal data analysis, LUCC during 1960~2000 period and the ecological degradation arising from it were analyzed. Using the Markv model, the paper brings out a forecast of what the county's LUCC would be like if the county's current land use continues, as well as the reasons and countermeasures for restoring degraded ecosystems.

The SIA method for spatial analysis of precipitation in the upper-middle reaches of the Yangtze River

Using geographic information system (GIS) techniques and the newest seasonal and annual average precipitation data of 679 meteorological stations from 1971 to 2000, the multiple regressions equations of the precipitation and topographical variables are established to extract the effect of topography on the annual and seasonal precipitation in the upper-middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Then, this paper uses a successive interpolation approach (SIA), which combines GIS techniques with the multiple regressions, to improve the accuracy of the spatial interpolation of annual and seasonal rainfall. The results are very satisfactory in the case of seasonal rainfall, with the relative error of 6.86%, the absolute error of 13.07 mm, the average coefficient of variation of 0.070, and the correlation coefficient of 0.9675; in the case of annual precipitation, with the relative error of 7.34%, the absolute error of 72.1 mm, the average coefficient of variation of 0.092, and the correlation coefficient of 0.9605. The analyses of annual mean precipitation show that the SIA calculation of 3-5 steps considerably improves the interpolation accuracy, decreasing the absolute error from 211.0 mm to 62.4 mm, the relative error from 20.74% to 5.97%, the coefficient of variation from 0.2312 to 0.0761, and increasing the correlation coefficient from 0.5467 to 0.9619. The SIA iterative results after 50 steps identically converge to the observed precipitation.

A Preliminary Study on the Rational Utilization of Land Resources in the Poverty-Stricken Mountainous Areas in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River:A Case Study of Xueshan Township

As one of the most fragile alpine plateau and canyon areas in China,the upper reaches of the Yangtze River are the key areas of ecological construction in China.It is also a key area for poverty alleviation in the country.Therefore,it is necessary to take into account the dual goals of poverty reduction and ecological environment construction,and explore a win-win road of ecological construction and poverty alleviation in line with the reality of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.Taking Xueshan Township,Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County,Yunnan Province,which is located in the poor mountainous area of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River as an example,based on many field investigations and existing investigation and statistical data,this paper analyzes the current situation and main problems of land use in Xueshan Township,and then puts forward measures and suggestions for rational utilization of land resources in Xueshan Township.This can provide a necessary reference for the next implementation of rural revitalization strategy and ecological construction.

Distribution Regularity of Debris Flow and Its Hazard in Upper Reaches of Yangtze River and Other Rivers of Southwestern China

In the upper reaches of Yangtze River and other rivers of southwestern China, the debris flows develop and lead to most serious disasters because of the various landforms, complex geological structures and abundant rainfall. The distribution of debris flows has regularity in the regions with different landform, geological structure, and precipitation. The regularities of distribution of debris flows are as following： （1） distributed in transition belts of different morphologic regions; （2） distributed in the area with strong stream trenching; （3） distributed along fracture zones and seismic belts： （4） distributed in the area with abundant precipitation; （5） distribution of debris flow is azonal. The activity of abundant debris flows not only brings harm to Towns, Villages and Farmlands, Main Lines of Communication, Water-Power Engineering, Stream Channels etc., but also induces strong water and soil loss. According to the present status of debris flow prevention, the problems in disasters mitigation and soil conservancy are found out, and the key works are brought up for the future disasters prevention and soil conservancy.

Debris flow susceptibility analysis based on the combined impacts of antecedent earthquakes and droughts： a case study for cascade hydropower stations in the upper Yangtze River, China

The upper Yangtze River region is one of the most frequent debris flow areas in China. The study area contains a cascade of six large hydropower stations located along the river with total capacity of more than 70 million kilowatts. The purpose of the study was to determine potential and dynamic differences in debris flow susceptibility and intensity with regard to seasonal monsoon events. We analyzed this region's debris flow history by examining the effective peak acceleration of antecedent earthquakes,the impacts of antecedent droughts, the combined effects of earthquakes and droughts, with regard to topography, precipitation, and loose solid material conditions. Based on these factors, we developed a debris flow susceptibility map. Results indicate that the entire debris flow susceptibility area is 167,500 km^2, of which 26,800 km^2 falls within the high susceptibility area, with 60,900 km^2 in medium and 79,800 km^2 are in low susceptibility areas. Three of the six large hydropower stations are located within the areas with high risk of debris flows. The synthetic zonation map of debris flow susceptibility for the study area corresponds with both the investigation data and actual distribution of debris flows. The results of debris flow susceptibility provide base-line data for mitigating, assessing, controlling and monitoring of debris flows hazards.

GIS-Based Risk Assessment of Debris Flow Disasters in the Upper Reach of Yangtze River

This paper discussed theory and methodologies of debris-flow risk assessment and established an implementation process according to indicators of debris-flow hazard degree, vulnerability, risk degree, etc. Among these methodologies, historical and potential hazard degree was comprehensively considered into hazard assessment and hazard index was presented to indicate the debris-flow hazard degree. Regarding debris-flow vulnerability assessment, its statistical data and calculating procedure were based on the hazard-degree regionalization instead of administrative divisions, which improved the assessing scientificity and precision. These quantitative methodologies integrated with Geography Information System （GIS） were applied to the risk assessment of debris flows in the upper reach of Yangtze River. Its results were in substantial agreement on investigation data and the actual distribution of debris flows, which showed that these principles and methodologies were reasonable and feasible and can provide basis or reference for debris-flow risk assessment and disaster management.

Analysis on River Sediment Changes of the Upper Reaches of Yangtze River

The sediment load and river sedimentation of the upper reaches of YangtzeRiver has been undergoing constant changes as complex landform, large mountain area and plentifulprecipitation make the drainage area of Yangtze River very vulnerable to watererosion and gravityerosion. Through analyzing the hydrological and sediment load statistics recorded by majorhydrological stations along Yangtze River since 1950s, and editing the accumulation graph of annualrunoff volume and annual sediment load, wefind out that the suspended-sediment of Yangtze river hasbeen decreasing year by year in Wulong Hydrological Station on Wujiang River, Beibei HydrologicalStation on Jialingjiang River, Lijiawan Hydrological Station on Tuojiang River and GaochangHydrological Station on Minjiang River, Yichang Hydrological Station, Cuntan Hydrological Stationalong Yangtze River mainstream share the same experience too. But the statistics obtained atPingshan Hydrological Station on Jinshajiang River shows the sedimentload there has increased.Taking ecological construction, hydraulic engineering construction and precipitation changes intoconsideration, the thesis analyses the causes for the sediment load decrease of Jialingjiang River,Tuojiang River, Minjiang River and Wujiang River and provides us both scientific foundation forfurther study of river sediment changes of the upper reaches of Yangtze River, and measures tocontrol river sedimentation.

A Study of Rainfall-Runoff Response in a Catchment Using TOPMODEL

The simplicity of Topography-based hydrological model (TOPMODEL), as a way of reflecting the topographic controls on soil water storage and runoff generation, has become more attractive and more popular for land surface process study since digital elevation models (DEMs) have become widely available. In this paper, the effect of the topography index on soil water storage distribution, which is the key to TOPMODEL, is explained. Then a simple water cycle model for estimating other components of the surface water cycle is developed, which is implemented into the TOPMODEL to integrate the water cycle of the catchment. Using the output of a DEM from 100 m×100 m resolution data and a single flow direction algorithm, the index distribution function is calculated for a catchment (around 2500 km2 )in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River under different channel initiation thresholds. Finally, the daily and monthly rainfall-runoff response from 1960 to 1987 for the catchment is simulated with the TOPMODEL coupled with the simple water cycle model.

Features and Sources of the Anomalous Moisture Transport for the Severe Summer Rainfall over the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River

Using the daily NCEP/NCAR reanalysis dataset and the observation rainfalldata in China for the 1980-1997 period, features of severe summer rainfall over the upper reaches ofthe Yangtze River are investigated and then sources of moisture contributing to severe rainfallover eastern and western Sichuan Province (ES and WS for short) are examined with particularreference. It turns out that the severe rainfall occurring locally dominates summer rainfall overthe upper reaches of the Yangtze River. Climatological rainfall and anomalous one constitute severerainfall, but the latter accounts much for severe rainfall. The meridional moisture transportdominates the composite moisture transport on the occurrence day for ES region, while the zonal isequivalent to the meridional for WS region. Correlation between the moisture transport fluxes overthe two regions of severe rainfall and other regions, the anomaly and variation of the moisturetransport day by day during the period of severe rainfall lend a support for the conclusion that themeeting of the moisture from the West Pacific through the South China Sea (SCS) and the one fromnorthwestern China exerts a vital effect on the occurrence of severe rainfall, which can not beneglected.

ANALYSIS OF THE MICROPHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF RADIATION FOG IN XUANEN MOUNTAINOUS REGION OF HUBEI,CHINA

Based on data of radiation fog events in Xuanen, Hubei province, 2010, this paper analyzes the microphysical process and evolution characteristics of radiation fogs with complicated substrate in the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River, and compares them with findings in other areas. Results are as follows: radiation fog in Xuanen is evidently weaker in droplet number concentration and liquid water content than land fogs in other areas. Its liquid water content fluctuates obviously, 0.01g/m3 with visibility of 1,000 meters, which is quite different from that in urban areas, but similar to the Nanling Mountains. Bi-modal droplet distribution is likely to occur in Xuanen mountain radiation fog(MRF) events. Statistical analysis shows that the observed droplet size distribution can be piecewise described well by the Gamma distribution. There is a positive correlation between liquid water content, fog droplet concentration and mean radius, especially in the development and dissipation stage. Condensation growth and droplet evaporation are major processes of Xuanen MRF. The dissipation time coincided with the time when the grass temperature reached the peak value, which indicated that dew evaporation is a key role in maintaining Xuanen MRF. In the early stage of dense fog's growth, droplets with diameter of over 20 micrometers can be observed with visibility of800-1,000 m, which might be caused by the transportation of low cloud droplets to earth's surface by turbulence. Big droplets in the initial stage correspond to higher water content, leading to the higher observed value of water content of Xuanen MRF.

Conservation and Sustainable Exploitation of Forest Ecosystem in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River -Case Study on Gongga Mountain

The deforestation on large scale in the upper reaches of Yangtze River has caused serious problems of ecosystem and environment. Restoration of the degenerated forest ecosystems is one of the main research fields. Taking Gongga Mountain as an example, degeneration features and existing problems of forest ecosystems are analyzed in this paper, and the measures are also proposed.

Runoff Simulation of Three Gorges Area in the Upper Yangtze River during 1998 Flood Season

The contribution of areal precipitation of the catchment from Cuntan toYichang (Three Gorges area) to eight flood peaks of the Upper Yangtze River (the upper reaches ofthe Yangtze River) is diagnosed for 1998 flood season. A rainfall-runoff model is employed tosimulate runoffs of this catchment. Comparison of observed and simulated runoffs shows that therainfall-runoff model has a good capability to simulate the runoff over a large-scale river and theresults describe the eight flood peaks very well. Forecast results are closely associated with thesensitivity of the model to rainfall and the calibration processes. Other reasons leading tosimulation errors are further discussed.

ERA-interim再分析数据集在长江上游的适用性

针对长江上游地区ERA-interim再分析降水数据,结合流域内65个实测站点的降水数据,计算流域以及站点年降水量、多年平均降水量。利用降水偏差、偏差百分比、合格率等多种指标,分析ERA数据在长江上游地区的适用性并进行校正,以补充实测降水资料。结果表明:(1)ERA降水在年、春、夏、秋、冬的变化趋势与实测数据近乎相同,可直接采用折算系数整体校正ERA年降水数据;(2)流域内海拔高的观测站点ERA降水估计值与实测降水数据偏差明显增大,海拔低的观测站点ERA降水估计值与实测降水数据偏差相对较小,并且流域东南部的降水偏差整体小于流域西北部;(3)利用折算系数整体折算1979~2012年、夏、秋尺度各站点ERA插值降水数据,各站点拟合后年、夏、秋序列与实测降水偏差30%以内的站点合格率分别为98.46%,92.31%和70.77%。

长江中上游重要渔业水域环境质量评估

为准确评估长江中上游重要渔业水域水环境质量现状及变化趋势,提高水质评价效率,本研究基于11个水质参数,采用水质指数法(water quality index,WQI)对2006-2021年长江中上游三个重要渔业水域水质进行了综合评价,建立WQI min综合评价模型。结果显示:(1)长江中上游重要渔业水域的水温和高锰酸盐指数呈上升趋势;基于地表水环境质量标准(GB38338-2002),单因素水质评价结果表明监测水域内整体水质处于地表水Ⅴ类水标准,部分年份达劣Ⅴ类,主要污染指标为总氮。(2)通过综合评价方法分析,长江中上游重要渔业水域整体为“良”;2006~2021年长江中上游重要渔业水域水质质量呈逐年改善的趋势,且上游保护区的改善较大。(3)基于WQI方法,确定了长江中上游重要渔业水域的关键水质参数为:总氮、高锰酸盐指数、汞、溶解氧、氨氮、悬浮物以及水温,分别构建了上游保护区、中华鲟保护区以及四大家鱼保护区的WQI_(min)模型;考虑权重和不考虑权重的WQI min模型对比分析表明,考虑权重的WQI min模型的水质评价结果更加准确,该方法可有效评估长江中上游重要渔业水域的水质变化特征并可扩展用于其他水域。

2022年长江上游流域严重干旱对三峡水电站水力发电的影响分析

利用三峡水电站精细化水文数据推算了高时间分辨率的发电量数据,量化了2022年长江上游流域严重干旱对三峡水电站水力发电的影响,并结合汇流区域气象站点降水量数据,分析了汇流区域气象干旱对三峡水电站水力发电的影响机理。结果表明:2022年三峡水电站水力发电量的减少主要集中在7—11月,该时期总水力发电量较正常情况减少了241.10亿kW·h(44.75%);其中,9月水力发电量减少幅度最大,水力发电量较正常情况减少了68.43亿kW·h(61.05%)。2022年三峡水电站汇流区域7—8月的气象干旱快速传导为水文干旱;同时,6—11月三峡水电站对发电量的调节能力变弱,水文干旱对发电量影响较强;三峡水电站汇流区域7—8月发生的气象干旱与防汛库容的要求,对水力发电均产生了较强影响,其“蓄丰补枯”作用的发挥也受到了明显的不利影响。

禁捕初期长江上游宜宾段鱼类群落结构特征及年际变化

为了解禁捕初期长江上游宜宾段鱼类群落结构特征及年际变化,本研究基于2018-2022年共5年的鱼类科研捕捞监测数据进行统计分析,结果显示5年间共监测到鱼类90种,隶属于4目14科57属,其中长江上游特有鱼类18种,占总种类数的20%。等级聚类分析(Cluster)和非度量多维尺度分析(NMDS)显示,在42.16%的相似水平上,宜宾段鱼类群落可聚分为2组,分别为2018-2019年和2020-2022年。5年间鱼类优势种组成差异较大,优势种以瓦氏黄颡鱼和吻(Rhinogobio typus)等中小型鱼类为主,优势种种类及规格发生明显变化,禁捕后宜宾段瓦氏黄颡鱼优势体长与优势体重年际变化均呈增长趋势,显示小型化趋势得到一定的缓解。多样性指数显示Shannon-Wiener指数和Margalef指数在2022年达到顶峰,整体波动较大,Pielou指数和Simpson指数则较为稳定,无明显波动。ABC曲线结果显示,禁捕后宜宾段鱼类群落结构总体呈稳定态势。长江十年禁渔制度的全面实施有效缓解了长江上游鱼类小型化趋势,禁捕初期宜宾段鱼类群落结构总体稳定。

长江上游潜流带泥沙中石油烃吸附机理研究

生态优先、绿色发展是推动长江经济带发展必须坚持的战略定位,然而随着长江航运的迅猛发展,大量船舶溢油污染物在长江潜流带沉积,威胁生态安全。为研究船舶溢油在长江上游潜流带中的吸附规律,本研究选用长江航运广泛使用的0号柴油为实验用油,以长江上游潜流带泥沙为研究对象,通过室内平衡振荡实验分析不同浓度水溶态石油烃在不同粒径泥沙中的吸附机理。结果表明:长江上游潜流带泥沙颗粒对水溶态石油烃的吸附平衡时间均在2 h左右,吸附过程呈明显的二阶段特征,包括快速(0~1 h)和慢速(1~2 h)两个阶段,快速阶段吸附量在90%以上,吸附量与粒径大小关系显著,准二级动力学模型(R^(2)为0.995~0.997)拟合效果更好。潜流带泥沙吸附过程呈线性趋势特点明显,Henry线性等温吸附模型(R^(2)为0.918~0.996)对等温吸附实验结果的拟合度更高,呈现出强分配、弱吸附的特点。大多情况下石油烃浓度越高、泥沙粒径越小,泥沙单位吸附量则越多,但有机质含量的差异会影响这一规律;此外,水土比降低、盐度升高会使泥沙单位吸附量增加。研究显示,长江上游潜流带泥沙对水溶态石油烃的吸附速率主要受到化学吸附机理控制,以表面有机质溶解分配作用为主,以非均匀表面化学吸附为辅,石油烃浓度、泥沙粒径、水土比、盐度均对石油烃在潜流带中的吸附有一定影响。

长江上游典型深潭生境健康评价研究

作为水生态保护与修复的重要理论,鱼类栖息地健康评价一直是研究重点,但缺少量化综合评价的深入研究。以长江上游中的5处典型深潭生境为例,构建了鱼类栖息地健康状况量化评价体系。研究通过长江上游典型深潭生境健康评价(一级指标)为基准,分为了栖息地环境和栖息地功能(二级指标),涵盖了水质特性、生物环境、水文环境、鱼类资源状况、栖息地质量5个三级指标以及29个四级指标,基于熵权法构建栖息地健康综合评价数学模型,通过栖息地健康综合指数(Comprehensive Health Indicator,ρ)表征典型栖息地健康状态,并对其健康状况进行综合评价。研究结果表明:长江上游典型深潭生境有1处健康等级评价为Ⅰ级,处于非常健康状态;3处评价为Ⅱ级,处于健康状态;1处评价为Ⅲ级,处于亚健康状态,无不健康或劣汰的点。总体来看,长江上游典型栖息地基本处于健康状态,且表现出较强的空间异质性,该评价结果在一定程度上客观反映了长江上游典型栖息地的健康状况,最后根据评分等级探讨了长江上游鱼类栖息地生态系统中亟需解决的问题,针对性地提出了生境修复的对策与建议。

基于土地利用变化的长江上游生态系统服务价值核算及预测模拟

为研究长江上游地区土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值(ESV)的影响,基于GIS网格空间可视化表达技术,以土地利用和社会经济为数据源,采用土地利用动态度、ESV评估模型和空间自相关模型等方法,对研究区土地利用动态度和ESV时空变化特征及二者的相关性进行研究。结果表明,1)长江上游地区林地和草地是最主要土地利用类型,2000-2020年,林地、水域、建设用地、未利用地面积呈现增加趋势,其中建设用地面积在2020年较2000年增加148.66%,耕地和草地的面积呈现减少的趋势;2)在2050年未来气候情景下各类型土地利用变化差异较为显著,耕地、水域、建设用地和未利用地面积均减少,变化速度最快的是水域,而林地和草地面积呈增大趋势,未来2个不同气候情景下的土地利用综合变化速度稳定在0.80%~0.92%;3)长江上游地区土地利用存在很大开发潜力,2000-2020年及2050年未来气候情景下土地开发以中低强度为主,而高强度等级土地利用聚集分布于四川和重庆,特别在2050年未来2个气候情景下区域极核分布更为显著,需引起高度重视;4)研究区单位面积ESV以中和较高等级为主,总ESV稳定在80000亿元以上,呈先增后减的趋势,但空间分异较为显著,其中长江上游中部山地以及青藏高原部分区域单位面积生态系统服务价值较高,而四川、重庆主城区是较低和低级生态系统服务的集中分布区域,在未来气候变化下ESV呈下降趋势,中等排放情景ESV小于低排放情景ESV;5)ESV与综合土地利用强度呈正相关性,空间上主要以高-高聚集、高-低聚集和低-低聚集分布为主,高-高型主要分布于青藏高原和横断山脉的部分地区,高-低型集中分布于经济发展较快的四川、重庆地区,低-低型分布于草地广泛、经济发展较为落后的青藏西北地区。研究结果揭示了长江上游地区2000-2020年及未来气候变化下ESV与土地利用动态的时空演变规律及其相关性,可为制定科学合理的地区生态保护政策、建立生态保护修复的长效机制提供科学依据。