Ankle Fractures: A Literature Review of Current Treatment Methods

Ankle fracture is one of the most common lower limb fractures for they account for 9% of all fractures representing a significant portion of the trauma workload. Ankle fractures usually affect young men and older women, however, below the age of 50;ankle fractures are the commonest in men. Two commonly used classification systems for ankle fractures include the danis weber AO classification and the Lauge-Hansen classification. There is biomechanical evidence that posterior non-locking plates are superior in stability than laterally placed plates;however there is little clinical evidence. There are several different methods of ankle fracture fixation, however the goal of treatment remains a stable anatomic reduction of talus in the ankle mortise and correction of the fibula length as a 1 mm lateral shift of the talus in the ankle mortise reduces the contact area by 42%, and displacement (or shortening) of the fibula more than 2 mm will lead to significant increases in joint contact pressures. Further research both biomechanically and clinically needs to be undertaken in order to clarify a preferable choice of fixation.

The Current Treatment and Prevention of Post Herpetic Neuralgia

Post herpetic neuralgia (PHN) is a chronic neuropathic pain syndrome in the area of the herpes zoster (HZ) rash, persisting after the cutaneous lesions have subsided. Despite numerous treatment advances, many patients remain refractory to the current therapies and continue to have pain, physical, economical and psychological distress. In this review, we will focus on the current treatment and prevention of PHN.

Current Status of Mongolian Medicine Treatment for Breast Hyperplasia

Through literature and clinical research,the current status of Mongolian medicine treatment for breast hyperplasia is discussed,such as oral administration of Mongolian medicine for treatment,oral administration of Mongolian medicine combined with external application for treatment,combination of Mongolian medicine acupuncture therapy and oral administration of Mongolian medicine for treatment,integrated treatment of Mongolian and Western medicine,and combination therapy of Mongolian and traditional Chinese medicine,providing new ideas and choices for clinical research.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Co-28Cr-6Mo-0.22C investment castings by current solution treatment

This study examined the impact of current solution treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the Co-28Cr-6Mo-0.22C alloy investment castings.The findings reveal that the current solution treatment significantly promotes the dissolution of carbides at a lower temperature.The optimal conditions for solution treatment are determined as a solution temperature of 1,125°C and a holding time of 5.0 min.Under these parameters,the size and volume fraction of precipitated phases in the investment castings are measured as6.2μm and 1.1vol.%.The yield strength,ultimate tensile strength,and total elongation of the Co-28Cr-6Mo-0.22C investment castings are 535 MPa,760 MPa,and 12.6%,respectively.These values exceed those obtained with the conventional solution treatment at 1,200°C for 4.0 h.The findings suggest a phase transformation of M_(23)C_(6)→σ+C following the current solution treatment at 1,125°C for 5.0 min.In comparison,the traditional solution treatment at 1,200°C for 4.0 h leads to the formation of M_(23)C_(6)and M_(6)C carbides.It is noteworthy that the non-thermal effect of the current during the solution treatment modifies the free energy of both the matrix and precipitation phase.This modification lowers the phase transition temperature of the M_(23)C_(6)→σ+C reaction,thereby facilitating the dissolution of carbides.As a result,the current solution treatment approach achieves carbide dissolution at a lower temperature and within a significantly shorter time when compared to the traditional solution treatment methods.

CURRENT TREATMENT OF VITILIGO IN CHINA

Vitiligo is a systemic disease which affects the mucocutaneous melanocytes, and pigmentary cells in other parts of the body. Its cause is still unclear. The medicinal and surgical therapies for vitiligo at present in China are introduced below.

Combination of eddy current and heat treatment for crack healing and mechanical-property improvement in magnesium alloy tube

The continuous eddy current pulse treatment(ECPT)combined with heat treatment was employed to heal the microcracks in spin formed Mg alloy tubes and improve their mechanical properties in this study.The results show that all the microcracks in different tube specimens were almost healed after different continuous ECPT schemes up to 15 cycles.The schemes with less cooling intervals exhibited better healing effect and increased the strength and elongation of Mg alloy tubes more obviously.After aging treatment,the strength improvement of the specimens with ECPT was more remarkable than that of the specimens without ECPT,and the elongation decrease of the specimens with ECPT was less evident than that of specimens without ECPT due to the segregation of RE elements on the crack surface.Besides,after solution treatment,the strength reduction and ductility improvement of the specimens with ECPT were more pronounced than that of the specimens without ECPT owing to the notable decrease of dislocation density of the specimens with ECPT.Both narrowed cracks induced by ECPT and the segregation of precipitates in the vicinity of microcrack surface during aging treatment contributed to the maximum strength in the as-spun specimens with ECPT followed by aging treatment.

The current role of radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma

Local ablative therapy is used in treating liver tumors by either injection of cytotoxic agents（chemicals,radioactive isotopes,hyperthermic agents or chemotherapeutic agents）or application of an energy source to achieve thermal ablation,cryoablation or conformal external beam radiation（Table 1）.

Effect of melt pulse electric current and thermal treatment on A356 alloy

Effects of the melt pulse electric current and thermal treatment on solidification structures of A356 alloy were investigated. In the experiments, the low temperature melt(953 K and 903 K) treated by pulse electric current was mixed with high temperature melt(1 223 K). By the control experiments, the results show that the solidification structure of A356 alloy is refined apparently by the pulse electric current together with melt thermal treatment process, and the mechanical properties, especially the elongation ratio of the specimen treated is improved greatly. The structure change of the melt by pulse electric current and melt thermal treatment is the main reason for the refinement of the solidification structure of A356 alloy.

AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION: CURRENT ASPECTS OF PATHOGENESIS AND TREATMENT

About 1.1 million people are estimated to have age-related macular degeneration in West Germany. Anatomical aspects of the normal macula and physiological ageing processes in the retina will be discribed including alterations in the choroid, in Bruch's membrane, the pigment epithelium and the sensory retina. Risk factors for the development of age-related macular degeneration are age per se, perhaps ethnologic characteristics, ocular characteristics, and perhaps environmental factors. The histopathology...

Effect of surface treatment of GaN based light emitting diode wafers on the leakage current of light emitting diode devices

To form low-resistance Ohmic contact to p-type GaN, InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well light emitting diode wafers are treated with boiled aqua regia prior to Ni/Au （5 nm/5 nm） film deposition. The surface morphology of wafers and the current voltage characteristics of fabricated light emitting diode devices are investigated. It is shown that surface treatment with boiled aqua regia could effectively remove oxide from the surface of the p-GaN layer, and reveal defect-pits whose density is almost the same as the screw dislocation density estimated by x-ray rocking curve measurement. It suggests that the metal atoms of the Ni/Au transparent electrode of light emitting diode devices may diffuse into the p-GaN layer along threading dislocation lines and form additional leakage current channels. Therefore, the surface treatment time with boiled aqua regia should not be too long so as to avoid the increase of threading dislocation-induced leakage current and the degradation of electrical properties of light emitting diodes.

Correlation between current intensity and effective duration in the treatment of botulinus toxin for cerebral palsy by myoelectricity locating

BACKGROUND： Researches prove that the treatment of cerebral palsy by botulinus toxin （BTX-A） can improve effect and prolong effective duration. Current intensity is the important factor during injection. OBJECTIVE： To observe the changes of motor function and muscular intensity of children with spastic cerebral palsy after injecting BTX-A and analyze correlation between current intensity and effective duration. DESIGN： Cases control trial before and after nerves block SETTING： Capital University of Medical Sciences, China Rehabilitation Research Center PARTICIPANTS： From June 2002 to November 2004, 14 children with spastic cerebral palsy were treated by BTX-A block. All children were hospitalized in the Children Rehabilitation Department of China Rehabilitation Research Center. The children included 9 male and 5 female, and ranged from 4 to 13 years old, and average age was （6±2） years. Muscular tension ranged from grade 1 to grade 3. The diagnosis and the tape of cerebral palsy based on standard of the Fist Nationwide Cerebral Palsy Symposium, and all children were diagnosed with electroencephalogram （EEG）, CT and MRI, and permitted by their guardians. METHODS： （1） Locating and calculation： To locate block points by G6805-2A electro-therapeutic apparatus （Shanghai Huayi Electronic Instrument Plant） at the least stimulating current （continuous wave; impulse frequency; 2.667-83.333 Hz; current intensity： 0-6 mA; voltage： 6 V） to touch off muscles contraction. The current intensity of each point was recorded, and the average current intensity of each patient was calculated at the same time. （2） Dose of BTX-A： Basing upon the spastic degree and weight of patients, the dose was made certain： dose （IU）=（scores of Modified Ashworth Scale ＋2.5） xweight （kg）. The number of the block points was in all 4. The dose of injection ranged from 50 IU to 160 IU with the average of （73.6＋25.8） IU. The BTX-A was made by Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products, and each bottle contains 100 IU BTX-A. Muscular tension was evaluated by Modified Ashworth Scale. The scale ranged from grade 0 to grade 4, and the scores were from 0 to 4. The higher the scores were, the higher the muscular tension was. （3） Effect： Changes of muscular tension were evaluated by modified Ashworth Scale before and after block. Motor function was evaluated by Physician Rating Scale （PRS） before and after treatment. It contained Gait pattern, Hindfoot （ankle） position （stance-floor contact）, Hindfoot position （foot strike）, Knee position （degree of recurvation）, Crouch and Speed of gait. The scores ranged from 0 to 14. The higher the points were, the better the motor function was. （4） Effective duration： The duration was definited by the recovering of the Modified Ashworth Scale. （5） Statistic analysis： Firstly, the current intensity and the effect duration were analyzed by One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test, the current intensity： Z= 0.456, P= 0.985, the effective duration： Z= 0.557, P= 0.915. Both data were normal distribution. Secondly, both data were analyzed by Linear Regression. The efficiency of the BTX-A block was analyzed by paired-samples t test. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： （1） Changes of motor function of muscular tension; （2） correlation between current intensity and effective duration. RESULTS： Fourteen children with spastic cerebral palsy were all involved in the final analysis. （1） Therapeutic effect： The average score of Ashworth scale after block was lower than that before block [（1.02±0.34） points vs. （2.12±0.48） points, t= 3.644, P〈 0.01]. The average score of RPS after block was higherthan that before block [（9.75±2.78） points vs. （6.16±0.58） points, t =13.222, P〈 0.01]. （2） Relation between the current intensity and the effective duration： The current intensity was （0.1857±0.0506） mA, and the effective duration was （26.36±4.48） weeks. The current intensity was negative correlation with effective duration （r = -0.775, P = 0.01 ）. CONCLUSION： （1） BTX-A occlusion can decrease muscular tension and improve motor function of lower limbs of children with spastic cerebral palsy. （2） The lower the current intensity is, the longer the effective duration is.

TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER FROM AN ALUMINA PLANT BY MEMBRANE (Ⅰ) ——Measurement of Limiting Current Density of Electrodialysis

In order to design the technological process of desalination by electrodialysis for the industrial wastewater of an alumina plant, the limit current density of the industrial wastewater is measured, and the equations of limit current density, voltage drop of the unit membrane pair at the limiting current and desalination ratio at the limiting current were obtained.

乐山市中小学生平足症的现状调查与防治对策研究

目前国内关于平足症的预防筛查以及远期预后相关研究尚不全面,仍缺少标准化防治体系、专家共识及指南等相关指导,该研究以乐山市8所中小学10038名学龄儿童为研究对象,通过足骨形态测量、提踵实验、足印分析以及疼痛评分等方法筛查阳性平足症学龄儿童,进一步统计分析其年龄、体重指数(BMI)与平足分级相关性。结果表明:乐山市6~14岁学龄儿童平足症患病率为10.31%,轻度平足症850名(82.13%)、中度平足症144名(13.91%)、重度平足症41名(3.96%),乐山市学龄儿童平足症患病率与国际持平,患病率随着年龄的增长呈下降趋势。年龄较小、肥胖是平足症的危险因素(P<0.05)。基于该研究结果提出了相应防治措施,促进大众对平足症认知与重视,科学防治平足发生。

2A12铝合金预置裂纹脉冲电流处理分析

2A12铝合金强度高,是应用较广泛的金属合金之一,用于高负荷金属构件制作,构件出现裂纹会影响性能,脉冲电流处理法可有效降低裂纹出现的可能性。本文结合2A12铝合金成分组成与特性,研究脉冲电流处理法应用策略,分析铝合金构件裂纹处理结果,探究该方法修复裂纹的可行性,保证2A12铝合金构件性能达标,为开展构件裂纹修复工作提供参考。

废弃电器电子产品回收与处理体系研究及建议

随着全球电器电子产品的快速更新和迭代,电器电子产品呈现出生命周期缩短的新趋势。废弃电器电子产品(WEEE)对全球生态环境构成巨大威胁,解决这一问题势在必行,各国政府纷纷制定了相应的法律法规来应对这一挑战。首先,对世界各地区主要国家的法规建设情况进行了系统梳理;然后,对我国当前WEEE行业的发展现状进行分析并提出了发展中存在的问题;最后,从加快生产者责任延伸制度深化推广、提升正规回收企业的市场竞争力和加强WEEE相关技术能力3个方面提出了发展意见,以期为我国WEEE行业的发展提供一定的指导。

人表皮生长因子受体2低表达乳腺癌:过去、现在和未来

乳腺癌为全球高发病率的恶性肿瘤之一,临床主要依据人表皮生长因子受体2(HER2)及激素受体(HR)的不同表达情况来划分其分子亚型,根据分型选择进一步诊疗方案。既往乳腺癌患者HER2诊断标准仅分为HER2阳性和HER2阴性,但随着治疗手段的发展和进步,HER2分型的细化也越来越受到关注,HER2低表达这一概念也在2021年首次被引入乳腺癌诊疗指南。本文旨在对HER2低表达乳腺癌患者的临床特征、治疗现状及对未来的展望三个方面进行系统性综述,以期更好地理解“HER2低表达”乳腺癌亚型的临床特征,为乳腺癌的诊断和精准治疗提供科学依据。

脉冲电流对轧辊用AD180高碳半钢材料力学性能及组织的影响

为分析电流处理对轧辊材料的影响规律,通过改变电流密度和处理时间来调整AD180高碳半钢的微观组织和力学性能。使用万能拉伸试验机对电流处理后的试样进行单轴拉伸实验,并对试样进行SEM断口截面分析和EBSD微观表征,研究其力学性能和微观组织的变化规律。拉伸结果表明,在电流密度11.88 A·mm-2、通电5 min时,试样的综合性能最好,屈服强度提高6.5%,抗拉强度提高12.1%,伸长率提高了25.4%。通过断口截面分析发现,拉伸试样均为脆性断裂,未通电试样存在大量孔洞缺陷,而合适的电流密度和通电时间可以促进试样内部孔洞缺陷的“愈合”,其中,电流密度为11.88 A·mm^(-2)、通电5 min时,试样断口上的缺陷最少。EBSD微观表征结果表明,脉冲电流使试样在较低温度下发生了再结晶,细化了晶粒。由此可见,脉冲电流可以改善试样内部的组织结构和治愈微缺陷,提高其综合力学性能。

分级诊疗下不同基层医疗卫生机构医疗器械使用与管理现况调查

目的:调研分级诊疗下不同基层医疗卫生机构医疗器械使用及管理现况。方法:采用分层随机整群抽样法,对2023年5—8月份石家庄市辖区的50所乡镇及城市基层医疗卫生机构中的450名医务人员,进行医疗器械使用及管理现况问卷星网络调查,调查内容包括基层医疗机构常用医疗器械使用情况、维护保养情况和质量控制管理情况3个维度16个条目,对比分析不同基层医疗卫生机构医疗器械使用管理的差异。结果:发放450份问卷星调查问卷,回收有效问卷450份,其中乡镇基层问卷239份,城市基层问卷211份。211份城市基层问卷结果显示,城市基层医疗卫生机构医务人员使用医疗器械前进行培训和考核、了解器械参数和及时发现器械故障的构成比分别为62.6%(132/211)、77.7%(164/211)和70.1%(148/211),均高于乡镇基层医疗卫生机构,差异有统计学意义(x^(2)=17.750、29.649、22.384,P<0.05);城市基层医疗卫生机构有维护保养制度、有检查维护标准、有定期校验规定和有器械校验标准的构成比分别为64.0%(135/211)、53.6%(112/211)、55.9%(118/211)和55.0%(116/211),均高于乡镇基层医疗卫生机构,差异有统计学意义(x^(2)=5.834、34.728、6.004、25.540,P<0.05)。在质量控制管理情况的各个条目上,城市基层与乡镇基层差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:石家庄基层医疗卫生机构需要在医疗卫生人员使用医疗器械前加强培训和考核,完善医疗器械维护保养相关制度和标准,制定常用医疗器械质量控制管理制度,加强质量控制后的分析讨论,促进医疗器械质量管理持续改进。

我国医防融合实施现状及发展策略———基于机制设计理论

基于我国医防融合的现状及机制设计理论,从资源配置、信息利用和激励相容3个维度分别探讨我国医防融合实施过程中存在的问题与挑战。根据现实困境,从理论视域下提出均衡医疗资源配置、优化人才培养体系、合理公开医疗信息以及变革医疗考核机制等建议来促进医疗与预防的紧密结合,提高疾病预防与控制效果,助力防治工作推进。

热成型钢氢脆行为研究进展

提高汽车用钢的强度是实现汽车轻量化设计的有效途径。然而,随着热成型钢强度不断提高,其氢脆敏感性也相应增大,氢致开裂已成为阻碍超高强度热成型钢发展与应用的重要问题。对热成型钢氢脆的影响因素、研究方法、机理和防护方法这4个方面的最新研究进展进行了综述,为相关领域的研究人员提供参考。