Taper Angle Correction in Cutting of Complex Micro-mechanical Contours with Ultra-Short Pulse Laser

The objective of this work was to investigate the possibility of taper angle correction in cutting of complex micro-mechanical contours using a TruMicro ultra-short pulse laser in combination with the SCANLAB precSYS micro machining sub system. In a first step, the influence of the process parameters on the kerftaper angle of metallic alloys was systematically investigated without beam inclination. A set of base parameters was derived for the subsequent investigations. In a second step, the kerftaper angle was controlled by static beam inclination. In a third step, the same optics was used in its dynamic precession mode to fabricate micro-mechanical components of complex contours with perpendicular 0~ taper angles. It was found that taper angle adjustments of up to 7.5~ are possible with the used setup for cutting applications. Taper angle control is possible both in the static beam inclination mode and in the dynamic precession mode. The static mode could be interesting for contours with sharp inner radii and for achieving faster cutting times similar to results with fixed optics, but would require excellent synchronization of beam inclination and axis motion. The dynamic precession mode would allow an easier integration of the optics into a laser machine but will result in longer cutting times and limitations with respect to achievable inner radii.

Roll angle measurement system based on triaxial magneto-resistive sensor

Aiming at large error when inertial devices measure the roll angle under high overload conditions,the article designs one kind of roll angle measurement system based on magneto-resistive sensor which calculates the roll angle by micro controller STM32.Experiment results of a triaxial turntable show that using magneto-resistive sensor to measure roll angle is feasible and of high accuracy,and it can calculate the roll angle of the conventional projectile with the error in 1°.

基于IDBO-PID的联合收获机割台控制系统

该研究专注于提升无人农场联合收获机在复杂地形作业时,割台高度控制的精确性与响应速度。首先,提出了一种基于双倾角传感器的高度检测补偿方法,通过最小二乘法拟合建立割台倾角与高度的相关模型,相关系数0.9958,显著提高测量准确性。随后,引入群智能算法优化的PID控制策略,利用Bernoulli混沌映射、粒子群算法(PSO)、t分布扰动改进蜣螂优化算法,解决了传统PID控制的精度低和响应慢等问题。基于这些优化,IDBO-PID控制器在仿真对比中相较于DBO-PID和传统PID,具有更优的响应速度和稳定性。试验验证表明,改进的控制策略使割台的上升速度达到0.44m/s、下降速度达到0.32m/s,并且高度误差控制在0.02m内,满足作业需求。

Effect of Helix Pitch Angle on the Modal Dispersion Characteristic of Step-Index Optical Fiber

The general characteristic equation is derived for the helically cladded step-index optical fiber. The dispersion curves are drawn for the different pitch angles Ψ and mode order ν = 1. The effect of helix pitch angle on the dispersion characteristics and also on the modal cut-off condition is examined. Except for the lowest order mode, all the modes appear in pairs. The lowest order mode displays the negative dispersion for the some value of normalized frequency V and depends on the helix pitch angle Ψ.

The Paradigm of Surgical Ellipse Dimensions: Are the Length-to-Width Ratio of 3 to 4 and a Vertex Angle of 30ºCorrect?

Background: It has been postulated that elliptical cutaneous excisions must possess a length-to-width ratio of 3 to 4 and a vertex angle of 30o or less in order to be closed primarily without creating a “dog ear”. These dimensions became axiomatic in cutaneous surgery and have been taught in the apprenticeship model for years. The present article examines the validity of that paradigm. Methods: We collected data from two sources: ellipses described in the literature (57 cases);and elliptical excisions performed at the authors’ outpatient clinic (83 cases). The surgical ellipse lengths, widths, and vertex angles were analyzed, and the data were compared to a mathematical formula used to generate a fusiform ellipse. Results: The length-to-width ratio of 3 - 4 was found to be inconsistent with the recommended vertex angle of 30o. In fact, a length-to-width ratio of 3 - 4 determines a vertex angle of 48o - 63o. A 30o vertex angle is only feasible with long length-to-width ration of about 7.5. Conclusions: The paradigm that surgical ellipses should have a vertex angle of 30o with length-to-width ratio of 3 - 4 is incorrect. Evidence from actual surgical practice and from mathematical formulation shows that either the length-to-width ratio must be larger than 3 - 4 or the vertex angle must be larger than 30 degrees.

刀具材料及角度对7075-T6铝合金切削力的影响仿真

为了提高7075-T6铝合金的切削效率,采用单因素试验法基于ABAQUS软件分析不同刀具材料及刀具几何参数对切削力的影响。试验结果表明:使用YG8刀具切削加工7075-T6铝合金时受到的切削力最小;随着刀具前角的不断增大,切削力显著降低;随着刀具后角的不断增大,水平切削力的下降相对较缓,但垂直切削力显著降低。

Method to determine installing angle of conical point attack pick

In order to obtain the determining method of the installing angle and decrease the performance indices (cutting force and wearing rate) of the pick, the relationships among the installing angles (impact angle, inclination angle and the skew angle) were studied, and the static model of installing angles of the pick was built. The relationships among the impact angle, the tip angle of pick and the kinematics parameters of the pick were built, too. Moreover, the mechanic models of the maximum clearance angle and the wearing angle of the pick were set up. To research the relationships of the installing angles and the change law of the wearing angle along with the kinematics parameters, the simulation was done. In order to verify the correctness of the models, the cutting experiments were done by employing two picks with different pick tip angles. The results indicate that, the cutting force is the smallest when the direction of the resultant force of pick follows its axis, and the relationship derived among the installing angles should be satisfied. In addition, to decrease the cutting force and the wearing of the pick, the tip angle of pick should not be larger than the half of the difference between the minimum wearing angle and the impact angle of the pick, and the clearance angle must not be less than zero.

Mesoplasticity Approach to Studies of the Cutting Mechanism in Ultra-precision Machining

There have been various theoretical attempts by researchers worldwide to link up different scales of plasticity studies from the nano-, micro- and macro-scale of observation, based on molecular dynamics, crystal plasticity and continuum mechanics. Very few attempts, however, have been reported in ultra-precision machining studies. A mesoplasticity approach advocated by Lee and Yang is adopted by the authors and is successfully applied to studies of the micro-cutting mechanisms in ultra-precision machining. Traditionally, the shear angle in metal cutting, as well as the cutting force variation, can only be determined from cutting tests. In the pioneering work of the authors, the use of mesoplasticity theory enables prediction of the fluctuation of the shear angle and micro-cutting force, shear band formation, chip morphology in diamond turning and size effect in nano-indentation. These findings are verified by experiments. The mesoplasticity formulation opens up a new direction of studies to enable how the plastic behaviour of materials and their constitutive representations in deformation processing, such as machining can be predicted, assessed and deduced from the basic properties of the materials measurable at the microscale.

Layer regrouping for water-flooded commingled reservoirs at a high water-cut stage

Layer regrouping is to divide all the layers into several sets of production series according to the physical properties and recovery percent of layers at high water-cut stage, which is an important technique to improve oil recovery for high water-cut multilayered reservoirs. Dif- ferent regroup scenarios may lead to different production performances. Based on unstable oil-water flow theory, a multilayer commingled reservoir simulator is established by modifying the production split method. Taking into account the differences of layer properties, including per- meability, oil viscosity, and remaining oil saturation, the pseudo flow resistance contrast is proposed to serve as a characteristic index of layer regrouping for high water-cut multilayered reservoirs. The production indices of multi- layered reservoirs with different pseudo flow resistances are predicted with the established model in which the data are taken from the Shengtuo Oilfield. Simulation results show that the pseudo flow resistance contrast should be less than 4 when the layer regrouping is implemented. The K-means clustering method, which is based on the objec- tive function, is used to automatically carry out the layer regrouping process according to pseudo flow resistances. The research result is applied to the IV-VI sand groups of the second member of the Shahejie Formation in the Shengtuo Oilfield, a favorable development performance is obtained, and the oil recovery is enhanced by 6.08 %.

Preliminary Study on Water Demand Law of 1-0 Rooted Cuttings of Populus szechuanica

In order to provide theoretical basis and technical support for the afforestation and artificial water supply of P.szechuanica in arid areas,the characteristics of water consumption of P.szechuanica were explored,and the law of water demand of P.szechuanica was grasped.In this paper,potted seedlings of 1-0 rooted cuttings of P.szechuanica were taken as research objects,and change situation of water consumption under different water control gradients was measured regularly by using weighing method,further analyzing dynamic change of water consumption of P.szechuanica and revealing water demand law of 1-0 rooted cuttings of P.szechuanica.The results showed that total change of water consumption of 1-0 rooted cuttings of P.szechuanica had"slow-fast-slow-fast"double-peak trend in the growth period of the current year,and corresponded with univariate linear relation(R^(2)=0.7137),with significant difference.In whole growth period,water consumption in August was the highest,which was 2.7 times of that in June and July and 1.5 times of that after September.In different water control treatments,the dynamic changes of daily and monthly water consumption were significantly different.In seven water control treatments,monthly water consumption was between(6315.95±1690.70)and(10105.28±3065.30)g/month,and mean was(8211.07±2308.23)g/month.With intensification of water control treatment,water consumption increased,but there was no seedling death due to water shortage.P.szechuanica has great plasticity in water demand,and can survive in both arid and humid environments.Meanwhile,it is revealed that P.szechuanica is the most widely distributed tree species in the region.

Cu-Ni-Sn合金精加工表面残余应力有限元仿真研究

为研究Cu-Ni-Sn合金精加工后表面残余应力层深分布及大小,根据室温和高温下Cu-Ni-Sn合金流动应力—应变曲线数据,构建了试验条件下Cu-Ni-Sn合金的J-C本构模型,采用有限元分析法研究了切削参数和刀具几何角度对Cu-Ni-Sn合金加工表面残余应力的影响规律,并采用正交试验法和极差分析法对表面残余应力进行了优化分析。分析结果表明:Cu-Ni-Sn合金精车加工后,表层残余应力呈现“勺型”分布,表层残余拉应力沿深度方向转变为压应力;表层最大残余拉应力和最大残余压应力与切削速度和切削深度呈正相关,最大残余拉应力随刀具前角增大而减小;表层残余拉应力与最大残余压应力随刀具后角的增大而减小;采用正交试验法和极差分析法得到对表层最大残余拉应力的影响显著性排序为切削速度>刀具前角>刀具后角>切削深度。

双定刀滑切防缠式香蕉秸秆粉碎还田机设计与试验

针对我国香蕉秸秆粉碎还田作业过程中香蕉秸秆粉碎质量差,秸秆缠绕堵塞等问题,设计了一种双定刀滑切防缠式香蕉秸秆粉碎还田机。基于滑切定理,解析了粉碎刀随轴转动过程中的动态滑切角和粉碎定刀滑切角的相对作用原理,以等速螺线设计L形粉碎定刀刀刃曲线,确定了粉碎刀结构参数;对香蕉秸秆缠绕粉碎刀辊进行受力分析,设计防缠绕板并确定装配数量与结构参数;以装置前进速度、粉碎刀辊转速、防缠绕板高度为试验因素,以香蕉秸秆粉碎合格率、抛撒不均匀度和香蕉秸秆缠绕数量为评价指标进行三因素三水平正交试验,建立因素与指标的响应面数学模型。试验结果表明,最优参数组合为作业机前进速度1.5 m/s、防缠绕板高度41.6 mm、粉碎刀辊转速1800 r/min,此时香蕉秸秆粉碎合格率为93.8%,香蕉秸秆缠绕数量为26,香蕉秸秆抛撒不均匀度为12.1%。以最优组合进行田间试验验证,试验结果表明双定刀滑切防缠式香蕉秸秆粉碎还田机整机防缠性能优越,满足设计要求。

铡草机切碎辊作物喂入矢角参数模型建立与试验

饲草收获机作物喂入矢角(辊(叶片)轴心至喂入点矢径的水平夹角)对切碎辊转矩负荷及切碎性能有重要影响,通过检测传动带压力与作物喂入矢角的关系,对收获机切碎特性与作物切碎过程进行了运动学、动力学分析,揭示了饲草作物切碎质量、能耗与作物喂入矢角的关系,建立收获机切碎辊作物喂入矢角数学模型并进行了优化。试验结果表明,当优化参数组作物单位长度喂入量为5.5 kg/s、切碎辊转速为1600 r/min、传动带初始压力为1.2 MPa时,该作业参数组下切碎作物喂入矢角数学模型精度最高,准确率达79.52%,模型偏差为0.491 MPa(0.957 rad),能够有效表征铡草机切碎作业负荷,同时在保证作物切碎质量下提高了铡草机作业能力,优化的切碎喂入矢角模型下切碎扰动响应时间缩短约26.41%,单位作业能耗减小约11.36%。该切碎作物喂入矢角模型丰富了铡草机切碎作业的建模方法,为饲草作物类铡草机负荷控制系统设计提供了参考。

倾斜煤层厚硬顶板切顶留巷关键参数优化研究

为解决回采巷道倾斜厚硬顶板应力集中问题,降低顶板覆岩突然垮落的冲击扰动风险及提高倾斜厚硬顶板切顶留巷围岩控制效果,以长城六矿1301N运输巷切顶留巷为工程背景,综合采用理论分析、数值模拟及现场监测的研究方法开展倾斜煤层厚硬顶板切顶留巷关键参数优化研究。首先,基于岩石碎胀系数、砌体梁理论及现场地质资料,推导计算了1301N运输巷切顶高度和切顶角度的理论最小值。其次,为进一步验证并优化理论推导结果,利用PFC^(2D)数值软件建立了1301N工作面切顶留巷模型,采用控制变量法分析了不同切顶高度和切顶角度下留巷顶板应力、位移及组构张量响应特征。分析结果表明:切顶高度与卸压效果之间存在底数大于1的对数增长关系,即随着切顶高度增加,卸压效果逐渐增强但其增长幅度逐渐减小;切顶角度与卸压效果之间存在“S”型增长关系,即随着切顶高度增加,卸压效果先增强后减弱。卸压参数与卸压效果之间的变化规律揭示了切顶高度选择存在最适值,切顶角度选择存在最优解。综合理论分析、经济收益及数值模拟结果,确定长城六矿1301N运输巷倾斜厚硬顶板切顶留巷过程中最适切顶高度为13 m,最优切顶角度为10°。现场监测获得该切顶参数下围岩控制效果较好,留巷围岩变形量较小,可有效满足下一工作面开采需求,验证了优化切顶参数的有效性,为类似地质条件切顶留巷参数的选取提供理论依据和实践参考。

多分支水平井岩屑运移模型与实验研究

随着多分支水平井及复杂结构井钻井技术的不断发展,井眼清洁技术面临着新的困难和挑战。如何解决复杂地质条件与复杂井型条件下的岩屑床问题,对于判断与处理井下复杂情况是当前钻井工程面临的重要科学问题之一。通过岩屑颗粒受力分析建立了岩屑运移环空临界流速模型;基于室内可视化岩屑运移实验,探究了岩屑运移影响规律。结果表明:井斜角为36°时岩屑临界启动速度最大,携岩最为困难;模型预测结果与实验结果吻合度较好,且基于实例井的预测结果与现场作业情况一致,验证了所建模型的可靠性。该研究可为大位移大井斜井及水平井井眼清洁提供理论依据和技术支持。

基于Normalized Cut的图像分割改进算法

用Normalized Cu(tN-Cut)准则分割图片时,会出现诸如过分割或者欠分割的不理想情况。在N-Cut结果的基础上提出了一种改进算法:利用合并-分裂方法,将颜色和纹理相似的区域合并,并对某些区域做进一步N-Cut分割。实验证明,改进后的算法不仅保留了N-Cut方法的优点,而且从一定程度上解决了过分割和欠分割的缺点,能够处理一些自然界的彩色图片,得到了比较理想的分割结果。

基于Deform-3D的车削残余应力分析

切削加工残余应力是零件疲劳强度的重要影响因素,因此对残余应力的研究具有很大的实际指导作用。文章根据热—弹塑性有限元理论,在DEFORM-3D中建立铝合金7075的三维有限元模型,对车削加工表面残余应力进行分析,得到不同切削用量和前角对表面残余应力的影响规律。结果表明:在切削用量和前角一定变化范围内,工件表面在切削方向主要产生残余压应力;在进给方向主要产生残余拉应力,随着距表面层深度的增加,残余拉应力逐渐变为残余压应力。

切削-挤压翅片管成形过程的研究

采用无屑切削-挤压成形技术加工翅片管。对翅片的成形过程和加工刀具的特点进行了研究,建立了翅片尺寸的理论模型;通过单因素试验,获得了主偏角、切削深度、进给量、切削速度等工艺参数对翅片尺寸的影响规律;以正交试验为基础,获得了翅片高度和厚度的经验公式。理论和试验研究表明,切削用量参数和刀具几何参数的精确匹配是翅片成形的关键。

混联机器人UD-CFRP铣削过程切削力及加工质量分析

随着碳纤维增强复合材料(Carbon fiber reinforced plastic,CFRP)在航空航天领域应用比例的增多,其切削加工也逐渐成为研究热点。基于TriMule混联机器人加工平台,通过螺旋立铣刀CFRP铣削实验,识别了不同切削条件下对应的切削力系数,发现CFRP铣削过程中的径向、切向切削力系数可以表示为纤维切削角的三角函数。结合不同切削参数的CFRP铣削实验对所提出的铣削力模型的准确性进行验证,分析了纤维切削角对CFRP铣槽加工质量的影响规律。在CFRP铣削加工中,毛刺按照其形成机理可以分为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型两种,其中Ⅰ型毛刺由纤维在切削平面的弯曲变形引起,Ⅱ型毛刺由纤维在切削平面和垂直于切削平面的弯曲变形引起。试验结果表明,Ⅰ型毛刺长度随起始纤维切削角βs的增大而减小,Ⅱ型毛刺长度随截止纤维切削角βe的增大而增大。