Digital Twins and Cyber Physical Systems toward Smart Manufacturing and Industry 4.0:Correlation and Comparison

State-of-the-art technologies such as the Internet of Things(IoT),cloud computing(CC),big data analytics(BDA),and artificial intelligence(AI)have greatly stimulated the development of smart manufacturing.An important prerequisite for smart manufacturing is cyber-physical integration,which is increasingly being embraced by manufacturers.As the preferred means of such integration,cyber-physical systems(CPS)and digital twins(DTs)have gained extensive attention from researchers and practitioners in industry.With feedback loops in which physical processes affect cyber parts and vice versa,CPS and DTs can endow manufacturing systems with greater efficiency,resilience,and intelligence.CPS and DTs share the same essential concepts of an intensive cyber-physical connection,real-time interaction,organization integration,and in-depth collaboration.However,CPS and DTs are not identical from many perspectives,including their origin,development,engineering practices,cyber-physical mapping,and core elements.In order to highlight the differences and correlation between them,this paper reviews and analyzes CPS and DTs from multiple perspectives.

Research on Cyber-Physical Modeling for Smart Distribution Grid

Smart distribution network will achieve the optimal operation of the distribution network, provide high-quality and reliable power, guarantee the development of modern social economy. The deep integration of cyber system and power physical system is the key to smart distribution network. The emergence of cyber-physical system (CPS) provides a new way to solve this problem, the cyber-physical model for smart distribution grid becomes an urgent problem to be solved. In this paper, the content and method of cyber-physical model for smart distribution grid are analyzed by combining with the coupling of information flow and power flow of smart distribution network from the perspective of cyber-physical model. At last, taking 110 kV typical substation as an example, the coupling mechanism and function of power flow and information flow is studied.

A Study on Quantitative Methodology to Assess Cyber Security Risk of Smart Grid

This paper aims to identify and clarify the cyber security risks and their interaction with the power system in Smart Grid. The SCADA system and other communication networks interact with the power system on a real time basis, so it is important to understand the interaction between two layers to protect the power system from potential cyber threats. This paper has shown the risks of the open architecture SCADA in a quantitative method and proposed effective security measures through case studies.

Cyber-Security of Smart Grids: Attacks, Detection, Countermeasure Techniques, and Future Directions

One of the significant challenges that smart grid networks face is cyber-security. Several studies have been conducted to highlight those security challenges. However, the majority of these surveys classify attacks based on the security requirements, confidentiality, integrity, and availability, without taking into consideration the accountability requirement. In this survey paper, we provide a classification of attacks based on the OSI model and discuss in more detail the cyber-attacks that can target the different layers of smart grid networks communication. We also propose new classifications for the detection and countermeasure techniques and describe existing techniques under each category. Finally, we discuss challenges and future research directions.

高校智慧教育环境中网络数据安全防护面临的挑战与应对策略

随着智慧教育的发展,高校网络数据面临着前所未有的安全挑战。围绕数据治理、技术基础设施的安全性、混合式教学环境下的网络边界防护、高级持续性威胁(APT)的网络防御,以及校园网络安全文化和行为管理等关键问题,提出了一系列综合性防护策略。这些策略涉及加强数据治理体系、提升技术基础设施安全、优化混合教学环境中的网络边界防护措施、有效应对高级持续性威胁(APT),以及培育校园网络安全文化和行为管理。强调构建持续监控与评估的策略体系,动态调整安全措施,以确保高校智慧教育系统的稳定运行。

智能交通系统的发展现状及未来展望

为了更直观地了解到智能交通系统的重要性和发展趋势,本文首先分析了智能交通系统技术的国内外研究现状,包括合作式自适应巡航控制、网络攻击对自动驾驶车辆的影响、分布式共识策略在车队编队中的应用,以及无人机技术在智能交通系统中的运用。其次,分析了智慧高速公路设计、智能交通系统的不足以及中国智能交通系统研究趋势。最后对现阶段智能交通系统存在的不足提出了未来的展望。全球化趋势下,中国需发展具有中国特色的智能交通系统核心技术、加强研究与法规制定以提高交通安全。

计及物理-信息耦合的多微网分布式控制策略

从信息物理设备交互影响的角度出发,将智能电网中的各微网类比为一个信息物理电力智能体,整个智能电网视为一个多智能体系统,根据分布式多智能体协同控制的相关理论,提出一种基于类比集群控制算法的协同控制策略,通过控制分布式储能设备作为调节功率的手段,能快速恢复故障系统的暂态稳定。最后,将控制策略应用在IEEE39节点系统进行仿真验证,并在不同的最大输出容量的情况下,将稳定效果与另外三种控制器进行对比,仿真结果验证了所提控制策略能够在更短的时间内恢复系统的暂态稳定。

混合同步课堂境域下的计算思维教学模式理论建构研究——以智慧教室为环境支撑

混合同步课堂是促进教育均衡的一项重要措施,融合了混合学习和同步课堂各自的优势,以线上线下同步教学的方式使远端名师与本地学生进行积极高效的互动.以往的混合同步课堂相关研究较少关注如何促进学生计算思维的发展,而计算思维是应对人工智能时代挑战所不可或缺的能力.针对此现状,从理论上构建了以智慧教室为环境支撑的混合同步课堂计算思维教学模式,包括模式基础、教学目标、学习空间、操作流程、教学评价等维度,以期能够提升学生的计算思维水平.

基于混合多阶集成模型的非平衡热轧带钢凸度智能诊断

为了提升带钢热轧加工过程的智能化水平,基于数字孪生(DT)和信息物理系统(CPS),文本采用数据驱动方法以诊断热轧带钢凸度。因为热轧工艺具有遗传性、非线性和强耦合性的特点,因此带钢凸度诊断是一个决策边界不明确的非平衡问题。现有回归方法倾向于从多数类样本学习信息,而忽略了少数类的缺陷凸度。为了解决这一问题,本文提出了一个混合多阶集成模型(HMSEN)分类带钢凸度。首先,提出了一个新的采样方法,该方法结合了自适应采样(ADASYN)和重复编辑近邻样本(RENN)以强化对缺陷凸度的关注。随后,基于增加的数据,建立了一个多阶集成模型以提升分类精度。同时,通过分析不同基分类器的组合确定了最佳性能的混合多阶集成模型。实验结果表明,相比于其它采样方法,本文提出的采样方法更适合凸度数据集。此外,混合多阶集成模型的性能要优于现有回归方法和机理模型。因此,对于非平衡热轧带钢凸度智能诊断,本文提出的混合多阶集成模型是一种有效且鲁棒的方法。

Challenges and Requirements for the Application of Industry 4.0:A Special Insight with the Usage of Cyber-Physical System

Considered as a top priority of industrial devel- opment, Industry 4.0 （or Industrie 4.0 as the German ver- sion） has being highlighted as the pursuit of both academy and practice in companies. In this paper, based on the review of state of art and also the state of practice in dif- ferent countries, shortcomings have been revealed as the lacking of applicable framework for the implementation of Industrie 4.0. Therefore, in order to shed some light on the knowledge of the details, a reference architecture is developed, where four perspectives namely manufacturing process, devices, software and engineering have been highlighted. Moreover, with a view on the importance of Cyber-Physical systems, the structure of Cyber-Physical System are established for the in-depth analysis. Further cases with the usage of Cyber-Physical System are also arranged, which attempts to provide some implications to match the theoretical findings together with the experience of companies. In general, results of this paper could be useful for the extending on the theoretical understanding of Industrie 4.0. Additionally, applied framework and proto- types based on the usage of Cyber-Physical Systems are also potential to help companies to design the layout of sensor nets, to achieve coordination and controlling of smart machines, to realize synchronous production with systematic structure, and to extend the usage of information and communication technologies to the maintenance scheduling.

Engineering the Smart Factory

The fourth industrial revolution promises to create what has been called the smart factory. The vision is that within such modular structured smart factories, cyber-physical systems monitor physical processes, create a virtual copy of the physical world and make decentralised decisions. This paper provides a view of this initiative from an automation systems perspective. In this context it considers how future automation systems might be effectively configured and supported through their lifecycles and how integration, application modelling, visualisation and reuse of such systems might be best achieved. The paper briefly describes limitations in current engineering methods, and new emerging approaches including the cyber physical systems （CPS） engineering tools being developed by the automation systems group （ASG） at Warwick Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick, UK.

A quantitative analysis model of grid cyber physical systems

Conventional power systems are being developed into grid cyber physical systems(GCPS) with widespread application of communication, computer, and control technologies. In this article, we propose a quantitative analysis method for a GCPS. Based on this, we discuss the relationship between cyberspace and physical space, especially the computational similarity within the GCPS both in undirected and directed bipartite networks. We then propose a model for evaluating the fusion of the three most important factors: information, communication, and security. We then present the concept of the fusion evaluation cubic for the GCPS quantitative analysis model. Through these models, we can determine whether a more realistic state of the GCPS can be found by enhancing the fusion between cyberspace and physical space. Finally, we conclude that the degree of fusion between the two spaces is very important, not only considering the performance of the whole business process, but also considering security.

Cyber Attack Protection and Control of Microgrids

Recently, the smart grid has been considered as a next-generation power system to modernize the traditional grid to improve its security, connectivity, efficiency and sustainability.Unfortunately, the smart grid is susceptible to malicious cyber attacks, which can create serious technical, economical, social and control problems in power network operations. In contrast to the traditional cyber attack minimization techniques, this paper proposes a recursive systematic convolutional(RSC) code and Kalman filter(KF) based method in the context of smart grids.Specifically, the proposed RSC code is used to add redundancy in the microgrid states, and the log maximum a-posterior is used to recover the state information, which is affected by random noises and cyber attacks. Once the estimated states are obtained by KF algorithm, a semidefinite programming based optimal feedback controller is proposed to regulate the system states, so that the power system can operate properly. Test results show that the proposed approach can accurately mitigate the cyber attacks and properly estimate and control the system states.

A Systematic Approach for Cyber Security in Vehicular Networks

Vehicular Networks (VANET) are the largest real-life paradigm of ad hoc networks which aim to ensure road safety and enhance drivers’ comfort. In VANET, the vehicles communicate or collaborate with each other and with adjacent infrastructure by exchanging significant messages, such as road accident warnings, steep-curve ahead warnings or traffic jam warnings. However, this communication and other assets involved are subject to major threats and provide numerous opportunities for attackers to launch several attacks and compromise security and privacy of vehicular users. This paper reviews the cyber security in VANET and proposes an asset-based approach for VANET security. Firstly, it identifies relevant assets in VANET. Secondly, it provides a detailed taxonomy of vulnerabilities and threats on these assets, and, lastly, it classifies the possible attacks in VANET and critically evaluates them.

Analysis Markov Delay Control Strategy for Smart Home Systems

with the development of science and technology, smart home systems require better, faster to meet the needs of human. In order to achieve this goal, the human-machine-items all need to interact each other with understand, efficient and speedy. Cps could unify combination with the human-machine-items; realize the interaction between the physical nformation and the cyber world. However, information interaction and the control task needs to be completed in a valid time. Therefore, the transform delay control strategy becomes more and more important. This paper analysis Markov delay control strategy for smart home systems, which might help the system decrease the transmission delay.

智慧机场物联网应用及网络安全挑战

为推进机场运行协同化、作业智能化和建养数字化,提升其安全保障能力和协同运行效率,物联网技术在智慧机场中得到了广泛应用。首先,基于智慧机场物联网三层架构,详细分析了其感知层、网络层和应用层的构成及特点;然后,结合机场核心业务,归纳了物联网在智慧机场空侧、航站楼和陆侧的典型应用场景;最后,全面分析了智慧机场物联网面临的主要安全挑战。

Big Data Analysis in Smart Manufacturing: A Review

The technological evolution emerges a unified (Industrial) Internet of Things network, where loosely coupled smart manufacturing devices build smart manufacturing systems and enable comprehensive collaboration possibilities that increase the dynamic and volatility of their ecosystems. On the one hand, this evolution generates a huge field for exploitation, but on the other hand also increases complexity including new challenges and requirements demanding for new approaches in several issues. One challenge is the analysis of such systems that generate huge amounts of (continuously generated) data, potentially containing valuable information useful for several use cases, such as knowledge generation, key performance indicator (KPI) optimization, diagnosis, predication, feedback to design or decision support. This work presents a review of Big Data analysis in smart manufacturing systems. It includes the status quo in research, innovation and development, next challenges, and a comprehensive list of potential use cases and exploitation possibilities.

虚实融合驱动智慧港口发展研究

承担着全球90%以上贸易运输的航运业拥有丰富的数字化场景,通过智慧港口建设赋能航运业、港口与虚实融合技术深度结合形成智慧港口数字底座,成为业界共识。本文界定了智慧港口与虚实融合技术体系的基本内涵,从作业计划、活动实施、设备运维、安全应急、能源绿色5个方面分析了港口生产运营对虚实融合技术的需求,总结了系统仿真、扩展现实、信息物理系统、数字孪生、平行系统、元宇宙6种虚实融合技术图谱及其在智慧港口中的应用场景。在梳理发展思路、凝练科学问题的基础上,论证提出了虚实融合驱动智慧港口高质量发展的“13531”体系框架,涵盖技术体系发展定位、关键技术发展方向、重点领域研究方向等。从深化应用、政策激励、科技示范、人才培养等方面提出了发展建议,以期为稳健推动虚实融合技术体系在智慧港口中的工程应用提供先导性参考。

计及混合通信组网的信息物理主动配电系统协调规划

为充分提高配电系统调度和控制的灵活性,建设和落实以智能化和主动化为导向,以信息通信技术为支撑的信息物理主动配电系统(cyber-physical active distribution system,CPADS)显得至关重要。基于此,提出计及混合通信组网的CPADS协调规划方法。首先,将信息域混合通信组网策略和物理域主动配电系统时空运行策略有机统一,建立旨在最小化投资–运行总成本的CPADS协调规划模型。具体而言,综合考虑主动控制设备投资成本、有线/无线组网投资成本、网损成本、弃光成本、失负荷成本、电压偏差优化成本等建立多维度投资运行目标函数。然后,综合考虑物理域主动控制设备的选址或选型、信息域有线组网和无线组网的差异性构建投资约束;充分考虑设备主动控制策略、电压偏差等构建CPADS时空运行约束。最后,综合考虑场景概率分布不确定性置信度集合的1-范数和∞-范数约束,将所提规划模型重构为一个数据驱动下的分布鲁棒协调规划框架,并利用列与约束生成(columnandconstraintgeneration,CCG)算法迭代求解。

Ontology-Based Semantic Multi-agent Framework for Micro-grids with Cyber Physical Concept

The distributed hierarchical control based on multi-agent system(MAS) is the main control method of micro-grids.By allowing more flexible interactions between computing components and their physical environments,cyber physical system(CPS) presents a new approach for the distributed hierarchical engineering system,with micro-grids included.The object of this paper is to integrate the CPS concept with MAS technology and propose a new control framework for micro-grids.With the analysis of the operating mode and control method of micro-grids,the cyber physical control concepts of ontologybased semantic agent are discussed.Then an MAS-based architecture of cyber physical micro-grid system and an intelligent electronic device(IED) function structure are proposed.Finally,in order to operate and test the cyber physical micro-grid concept,an integrated simulation model is presented.