A macroscopic multi-mechanism based constitutive model for the thermo-mechanical cyclic degeneration of shape memory effect of NiTi shape memory alloy

A macroscopic based multi-mechanism constitutive model is constructed in the framework of irreversible thermodynamics to describe the degeneration of shape memory effect occurring in the thermo-mechanical cyclic deformation of NiTi shape memory alloys (SMAs). Three phases, austenite A, twinned martensite and detwinned martensite , as well as the phase transitions occurring between each pair of phases (, , , , and are considered in the proposed model. Meanwhile, two kinds of inelastic deformation mechanisms, martensite transformation-induced plasticity and reorientation-induced plasticity, are used to explain the degeneration of shape memory effects of NiTi SMAs. The evolution equations of internal variables are proposed by attributing the degeneration of shape memory effect to the interaction between the three phases (A, , and and plastic deformation. Finally, the capability of the proposed model is verified by comparing the predictions with the experimental results of NiTi SMAs. It is shown that the degeneration of shape memory effect and its dependence on the loading level can be reasonably described by the proposed model.

Experimental investigation of the cyclic degradation of the one-way shape memory effect of NiTi alloys

Based on stress-and strain-controlled cyclic tension-unloading-heat-cooling tests,cyclic degradation of the one-way shape memory effect(OWSME)of NiTi shape memory alloys(SMAs)was investigated.It was seen,in thermo-mechanical coupled cyclic tests,that residual strain after each cycle accumulated,but the martensite reorientation stress and dissipation energy-per-cycle decreased as the number of cycles increased.Meanwhile,the cyclic degradation of OWSME was aggravated by increasing the stress/strain amplitude.In addition,the stress-strain response of NiTi SMAs was further investigated by performing simultaneous thermo-mechanical coupled cyclic tests with various phase-angle differences between the mechanical and thermal cyclic loadings.It can be concluded that such cyclic response depends significantly on prescribed phase-angle differences.Obtained experimental results are helpful for both the development of constitutive models and engineering applications of NiTi SMAs.

SHAPE MEMORY EFFECT OF PU IONOMERS WITH IONIC GROUPS ON HARD-SEGMENTS

SMPU （shape memory polyurethane） non-ionomers and ionomers, synthesized with poly（c-caprolactone） （PCL）, 4, 4＇-diphenylmethane diisocyanate （MDI）, 1,4-butanediol （BDO）, dimethylolpropionic acid （DMPA） were measured with cyclic tensile test and strain recovery test. The relations between the structure and shape memory effect of these two series were studied with respect to the ionic group content and the effect of neutralization. The resulting data indicate that, with the introduction of asymmetrical extender, the stress at 100% elongation is decreased for PU non-ionomer and ionomer series, especially lowered sharply for non-ionomer series; the fixation ratio of ionomer series is not affected obviously by the ionic group content; the total recovery ratio of ionomer series is decreased greatly. After sufficient relaxation time for samples stretched beforehand, the switching temperature is raised slightly, whereas the recovery ratio measured with strain recovery test method is lowered with increased DMPA content. The characterization with FT-IR, DSC, DMA elucidated that, the ordered hard domain of the two series is disrupted with the introduction of DMPA which causes more hard segments to dissolve in soft phase; ionic groups on hard segment enhance the cohesion between hard segments especially at high ionic group content and significantly facilitate the phase separation compared with the corresponding non-ionomer at moderate ionic group content.

Martensite Aging Effect and Thermal Cyclic Characteristics in Ti-Pd and Ti-Pd-Ni High Temperature Shape Memory Alloys

The effect of thermal cycling and aging in martensitic state in Ti-Pd-Ni alloys were investigated by DSC and TEM observations. It is shown that the thermal cycling causes the decreases in M8 and Af temperatures in Ti50Pd50-xNix, (x=10, 20, 30) alloys, but no obvious thermal cycling effect was observed in Ti50Pd50Pd40Ni10 alloys and the aging effect shows a curious feature, i.e., the Af temperature does not saturate even after relatively long time aging, which is considered to be due to the occurrence of recovery recrystallization during aging.

New finite strain elastoplastic equations for accurately and explicitly simulating pseudoelastic-to-plastic transition effects of shape memory alloys

A new finite strain elatoplastic J2-flow model with coupling effects of both isotropic and anisotropic hardening is proposed with the co-rotational logarithmic rate.In terms of certain single-variable shape functions representing uniaxial loading and unloading curves,explicit multi-axial expressions for the three hardening quantities incorporated in the new model proposed are derived in unified forms for the purpose of automatically and accurately simulating complex pseudoelastic-to-plastic transition effects of shape memory alloys(SMAs)under multiple loading-unloading cycles.Numerical examples show that with only a single parameter of direct physical meaning for each cycle,accurate and explicit simulations may be achieved for extensive data from multiple cycle tests.

A macroscopic constitutive model of shape memory alloy considering cyclic effects

This paper presents a macroscopic constitutive model reproducing the hysteretic behaviors of the superelastic shape memory alloy (SMA) under cyclic loading. The progressive increase of residual strain with the increased cycle number in such materials is assumed to be a consequence of the progressive increase of residual stress-induced martensitic volume fraction upon the cyclic effects. The progressive decrease of phase transformation critical stresses with the increased cycle number in such materials is assumed to be a result from the progressive increase of phase transformation critical temperatures upon the cyclic effects. A cyclic evolution equation is supposed to describe the influences of cycle effects on the material properties of the SMA under cyclic loading. A phase transformation equation expressing the phase transformation behaviors of the SMA under cyclic loading is established based on the differential relationship between martensitic volume fraction and the free energy increment of phase transformation. A mechanical constitutive equation predicting the mechanical characteristics of the SMA under cyclic loading is developed on the basis of thermodynamics and continuum mechanics. The cyclic evolution equation, phase transformation equation, and mechanical constitutive equation together compose the presented macroscopic constitutive model considering cyclic effects. Results of the numerical simulations illustrate that it can well reproduce the superelastic hysteretic behaviors of the SMA under cyclic loading.

考虑残余变形的SMA棒材数值模拟方法研究

为了模拟实际情况中超弹性形状记忆合金(shape memory alloy,SMA)棒材在循环拉伸荷载作用下的残余应变,解决SMA棒材在自复位体系中应用时结构的自复位性能数值模拟结果偏于理想的问题,提出了一种可以考虑残余变形的SMA棒材数值模拟方法。采用基于唯象理论的Auricchio本构模型,对4个超弹性SMA棒材算例进行有限元模拟,在此基础上,采用材料置换的思路,以等效弹塑性金属的塑性变形来反映SMA棒材受力后的残余变形,给出了具体的SMA棒材残余变形有限元模拟方法,并根据试验数据对模拟结果进行了验证。研究结果表明,基于Auricchio本构模型的SMA棒材有限元模拟结果无法表现材料的残余变形,而采用所提出的可以考虑残余变形的SMA棒材数值模拟方法能够较好地反映SMA棒材包括残余应变在内的各项力学性能。

热机械循环方法对训练NiTi合金双程形状记忆效应的影响

采用4种典型的热机械循环方法训练获取具有双程形状记忆效应的镍钛合金丝,从双程形状回复量、高温相形状、低温相形状和相变温度的变化等方面系统研究了训练方法对双程形状记忆效应训练效果的影响。结果表明,在不同训练方法中镍钛合金丝被加载应变时所处的物质相态的差异是造成不同训练效果的主要原因,其中在马氏体相变过程中因加载引入的位错最有利于双程形状记忆效应的形成。

循环载荷下TiNi记忆合金涂层表面裂纹扩展驱动力分析

TiNi记忆合金在一定温度范围内具有超弹特性(SE)的重要力学特征。把TiNi合金作为涂层材料可以有效地增强涂层的抗裂能力,延长涂层的使用寿命,是一种具有良好应用前景的功能涂层材料。本文通过数值模拟分析了循环载荷下TiNi记忆涂层表面裂纹的力学响应,研究了裂尖应力应变场及相应的裂纹扩展驱动力,并与常规涂层进行了对比分析,为TiNi记忆涂层的工程应用提供了一定的力学基础。

考虑循环效应的镍钛合金超弹性细观本构模型

超弹性是形状记忆合金最主要的特性之一,本文假设其在相变过程中具有层状微结构,利用理想界面条件推导出相变发展过程的单晶本构关系,同时引入临界应力,累积残余应变和累积马氏体体积分数3个变量,利用临界应力,循环次数N构造相变驱动力随循环次数N变化的表达式。在每一次加载中相变驱动力作为一个材料参数控制正相变和逆相变的发生过程,联合累积马氏体体积分数和累积残余应变就得到考虑循环效应的单晶本构模型。利用Taylor假设推广到多晶模型。最后为证实本模型的可行性,进行了数值模拟,结果与实验结果吻合较好。

镍钛形状记忆合金热机械循环变形行为试验研究

镍钛形状记忆合金在应用过程中,不可避免地承受热机械循环载荷作用,进而导致材料的结构性和功能性疲劳失效。热力学循环变形试验在自主开发的热机械循环试验平台上开展,并实时采集力、位移和温度信号,提取循环应力、应变和温度演化曲线,研究热机械循环变形对形状记忆效应的劣化作用。试验结果表明:机械循环载荷将轻微降低镍钛形状记忆合金在升温过程中的应变回复能力;同时,形状记忆效应随着热机械循环和温度循环次数的增加出现显著劣化。研发的热机械循环变形试验平台可用于揭示镍钛形状记忆合金功能性退化机理,为进一步对形状记忆合金器件的性能评估提供有益参考。

形状记忆合金的一维连续超弹性滞回模型

当前,关于形状记忆合金(SMA)滞回模型的种类很多,其中Graesser模型被认为是较为实用且相对简单的以连续方式表达的模型。然而,Graesser模型并没有考虑应变速率的影响,因此仅对低速加载的SMA比较理想。在利用SMA的超弹性(PE)进行被动耗能时,SMA是在一定速度下进行的,因此考虑应变率的影响更具有普遍意义。本文目的是以SMA拉伸滞回试验为基础,建立考虑应变率影响的一维连续超弹性滞回模型。在Graesser模型的基础上,采用数值分析和实验验证相结合的方法,重点考虑应变率的影响。首先,进行不同条件下的SMA循环拉伸试验,明确主要影响因素;其次,在循环试验的基础上建立超弹性状态下的滞回模型,并确定有关参数;最后,通过其它实验条件下的结果验证所提出模型的有效性,并进行数值仿真分析。数值分析和实验结果均表明所建立的考虑应变率影响的SMA一维超弹性滞回模型可以有效体现其基本力学性能,且简单实用,可用于利用SMA超弹性的结构的动力反应分析。

基于多级松弛机制的形状记忆聚氨酯循环热-力学本构模型

松弛作为形状记忆聚合物的固有特性,在其机械变形和形状记忆行为中起着至关重要的作用.在形状记忆过程中,松弛行为包含了短期、中期和长期机制,这些机制共同组成了多级松弛机制.基于多级松弛机制,结合热弹性行为和相转变模型,在有限变形框架下建立了热致形状记忆聚氨酯的循环热-力学本构模型。在此模型中,着重考虑黏度随温度的变化,优化了相转变模型框架中温度对机械变形的影响。为了进一步描述橡胶相和冻结相之间的循环转变行为,引入循环的储存应变比,表征了循环形状记忆过程中变形的储存和释放机制与相转变之间的关系。与不同应变幅值和应变速率下的循环形状记忆实验结果对比,验证了所建立的基于多级松弛机制的循环热-力学本构模型能合理地描述形状记忆聚氨酯的循环形状记忆行为.