Role of cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase-stimulator of interferon genes pathway in diabetes and its complications

Diabetes mellitus(DM)is one of the major causes of mortality worldwide,with inflammation being an important factor in its onset and development.This review summarizes the specific mechanisms of the cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase(cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes(STING)pathway in mediating inflammatory responses.Furthermore,it compre-hensively presents related research progress and the subsequent involvement of this pathway in the pathogenesis of early-stage DM,diabetic gastroenteropathy,diabetic cardiomyopathy,non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,and other complic-ations.Additionally,the role of cGAS-STING in autonomic dysfunction and intes-tinal dysregulation,which can lead to digestive complications,has been discuss-ed.Altogether,this study provides a comprehensive analysis of the research advances regarding the cGAS-STING pathway-targeted therapeutic agents and the prospects for their application in the precision treatment of DM.

Effects of plant extract neferine on cyclic adenosine monophosphate and cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels in rabbit corpus cavernosum in vitro

Aim： To further investigate the relaxation mechanism of neferine （NED, a bis-benzylisoquinoline alkaloid extracted （isolated） from the green seed embryo of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn in China, on rabbit corpus cavernosum tissue in vitro. Methods： The effects of Nef on the concentrations of cyclic adenosine monophosphate （cAMP） and cyclic guanosine monophosphate （cGMP） in isolated and incubated rabbit corpus cavernosum tissue were recorded using ^125I radioimmunoassay. Results： The basal concentration of cAMP in corpus cavernosum tissue was 5.67 ± 0.97 pmol/mg. Nef increased the cAMP concentration in a dose-dependent manner （P 〈 0.05）, but this effect was not inhibited by an adenylate cyclase inhibitor （cis-N-[2-phenylcyclopentyl]azacyclotridec-1-en-2-amine, MDL-12, 330A） （P 〉 0.05）. The accumulation of cAMP induced by prostaglandin Et （PGEt, a stimulator of cAMP production） was also augmented by Nef in a dose-dependent manner （P 〈 0.05）. The basal concentration of cGMP in corpus cavernosum tissue is 0.44 ± 0.09 pmol/mg. Nef did not affect this concentration of cGMP, either in the presence or in the absence of a guanyl cyclase inhibitor （1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one, ODQ） （P 〉 0.05）. Also, sodium nitroprusside （SNP, a stimulator of cGMP production）-induced cGMP production was not enhanced by Nef （P 〉 0.05）. Conclusion： Nef, with its relaxation mechanism, can enhance the concentration of cAMP in rabbit corpus cavernosum tissue, probably by inhibiting phosphodiesterase activity. （Asian JAndro12008 Mar; 10： 307-312）

Low-power laser irradiation promotes the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells via cyclic adenosine monophosphate

Retaining or improving periodontal ligament （PDL） function is crucial for restoring periodontal defects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological effects of low-power laser irradiation （LPLI） on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human PDL （hPDL） cells. Cultured hPDL cel Is were irradiated （660 nm） daily with doses of O, 1, 2 or 4 J .cm-2. Cell proliferation was evaluated by the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide （MTT） assay, and the effect of LPLI on osteogenic differentiation was assessed by Alizarin Red S staining and alkaline phosphatase （ALP） activity. Additionally, osteogenic marker gene expression was confirmed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR）. Our data showed that LPLI at a dose of 2 J.cm-2 significantly promoted hPDL cell proliferation at days 3 and 5. In addition, LPLI at energy doses of 2 and 4 J.cm-2 showed potential osteogenic capacity, as it stimulated ALP activity, calcium deposition, and osteogenic gene expression. We also showed that cyclic adenosine monophosphate （cAMP） is a critical regulator of the LPLI-mediated effects on hPDL cells. This study shows that LPLI can promote the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of hPDL cells. These results suggest the potential use of LPLI in clinical applications for periodontal tissue regeneration.

Icariin upregulates phosphorylated cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein levels in the hippocampus of the senescence-accelerated mouse

At 8 weeks after intragastric administration of icariin to senescence-accelerated mice （P8 strain）, Morris water maze results showed that escape latency was shortened, and the number of platform crossings was increased. Immunohistochemical staining and western blot assay detected significantly increased levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein These results suggest that icariin upregulates phosphorylated cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein levels and improves learning and memory functions in hippocampus of the senescence-accelerated mouse.

Analysis of the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway in experimental liver cirrhosis suggests phosphodiesterase-5 as potential target to treat portal hypertension

AIM To investigate the potential effect of inhibitors of phosphodiesterase-5(PDE-5) for therapy of portal hypertension in liver cirrhosis.METHODS In the rat model of thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis/cirrhosis the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate(NO-cGMP) pathway was investigated. Expression and localization of PDE-5, the enzyme that converts vasodilating cGMP into inactive 5'-GMP, was in the focus of the study. Hepatic gene expression of key components of the NO-cGMP pathway was determined by qRT-PCR: Endothelial NO synthase(eNOS), inducible NO synthase(iNOS), soluble guanylate cyclase subunits α1 and β1(sGCa1, sGCb1), and PDE-5. Hepatic PDE-5 protein expression and localization were detected by immunohistochemistry. Serum cGMP concentrations were measured using ELISA. Acute effects of the PDE-5 inhibitor Sildenafil(0.1 mg/kg or 1.0 mg/kg) on portal and systemic hemodynamics were investigated using pressure transducers.RESULTS Hepatic gene expression of eNOS(2.2-fold; P = 0.003), sGCa1(1.7-fold; P = 0.003), sGCb1(3.0-fold; P = 0.003), and PDE-5(11-fold; P = 0.003) was increased in cirrhotic livers compared to healthy livers. Overexpression of PDE-5(7.7-fold; P = 0.006) was less pronounced in fibrotic livers. iNOS expression was only detected in fibrotic and cirrhotic livers. In healthy liver, PDE-5 protein was localized primarily in zone 3 hepatocytes and to a lesser extent in perisinusoidal cells. This zonation was disturbed in cirrhosis: PDE-5 protein expression in perisinusoidal cells was induced approximately 8-fold. In addition, PDE-5-expressing cells were also found in fibrous septa. Serum cGMP concentrations were reduced in rats with cirrhotic livers by approximately 40%. Inhibition of PDE-5 by Sildenafil caused a significant increase in serum cGMP concentrations [+ 64% in healthy rats(P = 0.024), + 85% in cirrhotic rats(P = 0.018)]. Concomitantly, the portal venous pressure was reduced by 19% in rats with liver cirrhosis. CONCLUSION Overexpression and abrogated zonation of PDE-5 likely contribute to the pathogenesis of cirrhotic portal hypertension. PDE-5 inhibition may therefore be a reasonable therapeutic approach for portal hypertension.

Efficient production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate from adenosine triphosphate by the N-terminal half of adenylate cyclase from Escherichia coli

In this study,we aimed at developing an efficient biocatalytic process for bio-production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate(c AMP)from adenosine triphosphate(ATP).First,adenylate cyclase from Escherichia coli MG1655(EAC)and Bordetella Pertussis(BAC)were expressed in E.coli BL21(DE3)and comparatively analyzed for their activities.As a result,EAC from E.coli MG1655 exhibited a higher activity.However,amount of EAC were obtained in an insoluble form.Therefore,we expressed the first 446 amino acids of EAC(EAC446)to avoid the inclusion body.The effects of induction temperature,incubation time,and incubation p H were further evaluated to improve the expression of EAC446.Subsequently,the reaction process for the production of c AMP with ATP as a starting material was investigated.As none of c AMP was detected in the whole-cell based biocatalytic process,the reaction catalyzed by the crude enzyme was determined for c AMP production.What's more,the reaction temperature,reaction p H,metal ion additives and substrate concentration was optimized,and the maximum c AMP production of 18.45 g·L^-1was achieved with a yield of 95.4%after bioconversion of 6 h.

Existence of Heme Oxygenase-carbon Monoxide-cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate Pathway in Human Trabecular Meshwork Cells In Vitro

To confirm the existence of heme oxygenase (HO)-carbon monoxide (CO)- cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway in the cultured human trabecular meshwork cells (HTMCs) in vitro, and to evaluate the inductive role of hemin on this pathway, HTMCs of the third to fourth generation were cultured in vitro. Reverse transcripase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was employed for detection of HO-1 and HO-2 mRNA. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect HO-1 and HO-2 proteins. Hemin was added into the culture solution. The HO-1 mRNA levels were quantified by RT-PCR. The relative amount of carbon monoxide released into the media was measured with the quantifying carbon monoxide hemoglobin (HbCO) by spectrophotometry. Radioimmunoassay was used to determine changes of cGMP in HTMCs. The results showed that cultured cells had the specific characteristics of HTMCs. Both HO-1 and HO-2 genes were expressed in HTMCs, as well as HO-1 and HO-2 proteins in HTMCs. Hemin induced HO-1 mRNA, HbCO and cGMP in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, HO-CO-cGMP pathway exists in the cultured HTMCs and can be induced by hemin. Pharmacological stimulation of HO-CO-cGMP pathway may constitute a novel therapeutic approach to rescuing glaucoma.

Sevoflurane effects on cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein,phosphorylated cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein,and Livin expression in the cortex and hippocampus of a vascular cognitive impairment rat

BACKGROUND： Neuronal necrosis and apoptosis play important roles in the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia and resulting cognitive impairment. However, inhibition of neuronal necrosis and apoptosis has been shown to attenuate cognitive impairment following cerebral ischemia. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the effects of sevoflurane on cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein （CREB）, phosphorylated CREB （pCREB）, and Livin expression in the cortex and hippocampus of a rat model of vascular cognitive impairment.DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A randomized, controlled experiment was performed in the Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology between June 2007 and July 2008.MATERIALS： Sevoflurane was provided by Abbott Laboratory, UK; Morris water maze was provided by Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China; goat anti-rat CREB, goat anti-rat pCREB and goat anti-rat Livin antibodies were provided by Biosource International, USA. METHODS： A total of 42 female, Wistar rats were randomly assigned to the following groups： sham operation, vascular cognitive impairment, and sevoflurane treatment. The vascular cognitive impairment rat model was established by permanent bilateral occlusion of both common carotid arteries, and 1.0 MAC sevoflurane was immediately administered by inhalation for 2 hours. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： CREB, pCREB, and Livin expression was measured in the cortex and hippocampus by Western blot and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Behavior was evaluated with Morris water maze. RESULTS： CREB, pCREB, and Livin expression in the sevoflurane treatment group was significantly greater than the vascular cognitive impairment group （P 〈 0.01）. However, expression of CREB and pCREB was significantly less in the sevoflurane treatment and vascular cognitive impairment groups, compared with the sham operation group （P 〈 0.01）. Livin expression in the sevoflurane treatment and vascular cognitive impairment groups was significantly greater than the sham operation group （P 〈 0.01）. Learning, memory, and behavior disorders were observed in the vascular cognitive impairment group. Sevoflurane treatment significantly improved these observed disorders. CONCLUSION： Sevoflurane improved cognitive impairment due to permanent bilateral occlusion of both common carotid arteries. Improved function was associated with increased CREB, pCREB, and Livin expression in the cortex and hippocampus.

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate signal pathway is involved in regulation of triacylglycerol biosynthesis following nitrogen deprivation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

The unicellular green alga,Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a model organism for studying various biological processes,such as photosynthesis,flagellar motility,and lipid metabolism.To find some novel genes regulating the lipid metabolism under various stress conditions,the paromomycin resistance gene aphVIII was transferred into the genome of C.reinhardtii to establish a mutant library.Two genes mutated in two of the TAG-reduced mutants(Cre06.g278111 in M2 mutant,Cre06.g278110 in M6 mutants)were neighboring in the genome,and their expression levels were down-regulated in their corresponding mutants in parallel with their reduced TAG levels following N deprivation.The proteins encoded by these two genes(KCN11 by Cre06.g278111,ACYC3 by Cre06.g278110)contained a conversed cyclic mononucleotide phosphate(cNMP)binding protein and an adenylate domain,respectively.Since cNMP binding protein and adenylate domain have been known as important components of cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP)signaling pathway,suggesting that these two genes might af fect cellular TAG biosynthesis through cAMP signal pathway.

Studies on Relationship between Serum Nitric Oxide and Plasma Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate and Prolonged Bleeding after Medical Abortion as well as Prophylaxis and Treatment of Bleeding with Traditional Chinese Medicine

Objectives To study the relationship between serum nitric oxide (NO and plasma cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and prolonged bleeding after medical abortion. Methods A total of 120 women having received medical abortions at random were recruited and divided into two groups: the one (Group A,n=60) taking 'Gong Fu Mixture(Uterus Recovering Mixture)' and the other (Group B,n=60) not taking it after abortion. On d 10, 20 and 30 after medical abortion, serum NO and plasma cGMP were tested before and after mifepristone administration and 10 d later by Gresis reaction method and radioimmunoassay respectively. Results NO concentration in serum and cGMP concentration in plasma decreased significantly after taking mifepristone given (P<0.05). Ten days later, the number of those with bleeding discontinuation in the group A was significantly greater than that in the group B (P<0.05). Serum NO level and plasma cGMP level in the group A decreased more significantly than those in the group B (P<0.05). Conclusion The slow decrease of serum NO and plasma cGMP is closely related to prolonged bleeding after medical abortion. “Gong Fu Mixture (uterus recovering mixture)” is effective in prevention and treatment of prolonged bleeding.

Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-9 secretion by dimethyl sulfoxide and cyclic adenosine monophosphate in human monocytes

BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteinases(MMPs),including MMP-9,are an integral part of the immune response and are upregulated in response to a variety of stimuli.New details continue to emerge concerning the mechanistic and regulatory pathways that mediate MMP-9 secretion.There is significant evidence for regulation of inflammation by dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO)and 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP),thus investigation of how these two molecules may regulate both MMP-9 and tumor necrosis factorα(TNFα)secretion by human monocytes was of high interest.The hypothesis tested in this study was that DMSO and cAMP regulate MMP-9 and TNFαsecretion by distinct mechanisms.AIM To investigate the regulation of lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-stimulated MMP-9 and tumor necrosis factorαsecretion in THP-1 human monocytes by dimethyl sulfoxide and cAMP.METHODS The paper describes a basic research study using THP-1 human monocyte cells.All experiments were conducted at the University of Missouri-St.Louis in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry.Human monocyte cells were grown,cultured,and prepared for experiments in the University of Missouri-St.Louis Cell Culture Facility as per accepted guidelines.Cells were treated with LPS for selected exposure times and the conditioned medium was collected for analysis of MMP-9 and TNFαproduction.Inhibitors including DMSO,cAMP regulators,and anti-TNFαantibody were added to the cells prior to LPS treatment.MMP-9 secretion was analyzed by gel electrophoresis/western blot and quantitated by ImageJ software.TNFαsecretion was analyzed by enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay.All data is presented as the average and standard error for at least 3 trials.Statistical analysis was done using a two-tailed paired Student t-test.P values less than 0.05 were considered significant and designated as such in the Figures.LPS and cAMP regulators were from Sigma-Aldrich,MMP-9 standard and antibody and TNFαantibodies were from R&D Systems,and amyloid-βpeptide was from rPeptide.RESULTS In our investigation of MMP-9 secretion from THP-1 human monocytes,we made the following findings.Inclusion of DMSO in the cell treatment inhibited LPSinduced MMP-9,but not TNFα,secretion.Inclusion of DMSO in the cell treatment at different concentrations inhibited LPS-induced MMP-9 secretion in a dosedependent fashion.A cell-permeable cAMP analog,dibutyryl cAMP,inhibited both LPS-induced MMP-9 and TNFαsecretion.Pretreatment of the cells with the adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin inhibited LPS-induced MMP-9 and TNFαsecretion.Pretreatment of the cells with the general cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor IBMX reduced LPS-induced MMP-9 and TNFαin a dose-dependent fashion.Pre-treatment of monocytes with an anti-TNFαantibody blocked LPSinduced MMP-9 and TNFαsecretion.Amyloid-βpeptide induced MMP-9 secretion,which occurred much later than TNFαsecretion.The latter two findings strongly suggested an upstream role for TNFαin mediating LPS-stimulate MMP-9 secretion.CONCLUSION The cumulative data indicated that MMP-9 secretion was a distinct process from TNFαsecretion and occurred downstream.First,DMSO inhibited MMP-9,but not TNFα,suggesting that the MMP-9 secretion process was selectively altered.Second,cAMP inhibited both MMP-9 and TNFαwith a similar potency,but at different monocyte cell exposure time points.The pattern of cAMP inhibition for these two molecules suggested that MMP-9 secretion lies downstream of TNFαand that TNFαmay a key component of the pathway leading to MMP-9 secretion.This temporal relationship fit a model whereby early TNFαsecretion directly led to later MMP-9 secretion.Lastly,antibody-blocking of TNFαdiminished MMP-9 secretion,suggesting a direct link between TNFαsecretion and MMP-9 secretion.

黄芩苷调节cAMP/PKA/CREB信号通路对湿疹大鼠皮肤屏障功能的影响

目的探讨黄芩苷(BA)调节环磷酸腺苷(cAMP)/蛋白激酶A(PKA)/cAMP反应元件结合蛋白(CREB)通路对湿疹大鼠皮肤屏障功能的影响。方法将SD大鼠随机分为对照组(NC组)、Model组、低剂量BA组(BA-L组,25 mg/kg)、中剂量BA组(BA-M组,50 mg/kg)、高剂量BA组(BA-H组,100 mg/kg)、泼尼松组(PNS组,25 mg/kg)、BAH+cAMP抑制剂(SQ22536)组(100 mg/kg+2.13 mg/kg)、BA-H+PKA抑制剂(H-89)组(100 mg/kg+5 mg/kg),每组12只。除NC组外,其余组大鼠均构建湿疹大鼠模型。建模成功2 d后,分组进行给药处理。检测湿疹面积及严重度指数(EASI)评分、经皮肤水分流失量(TEWL)、角质层含水量(WCSC)变化;酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测大鼠血清中免疫球蛋白E(IgE)、干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)、白细胞介素-4(IL-4)水平及大鼠背部受试区皮损组织中c AMP蛋白表达;HE染色检测大鼠背部受试区皮损组织病理变化;Western blot检测大鼠背部受试区皮损组织中水通道蛋白3(AQP3)、cathelicidin相关抗菌肽(CRAMP)、p-PKA、p-CREB蛋白表达。结果与NC组比较,Model组大鼠背部受试区皮损组织病理损伤严重,EASI评分、TEWL、IgE、IL-4水平升高,WCSC、IFN-γ水平、AQP3、CRAMP、cAMP、p-PKA、p-CREB蛋白水平降低(P<0.05)。与Model组比较,BA-L组、BA-M组、BA-H组、PNS组大鼠背部受试区皮损组织病理损伤减轻,EASI评分、TEWL、IgE、IL-4水平降低,WCSC、IFN-γ水平、AQP3、CRAMP、cAMP、p-PKA、p-CREB蛋白水平升高(P<0.05);且BA-L组、BA-M组、BA-H组上述指标变化呈剂量依赖性。SQ22536或H-89减弱了高剂量BA对湿疹大鼠皮肤屏障功能的改善作用。结论BA可能通过激活cAMP/PKA/CREB信号通路改善湿疹大鼠皮肤屏障功能。

Adenosine cyclic phosphate with ultrasonic-assisted pectinase extraction alleviated allergic reactions in RBL-2H3 through inhibiting the influx of intracellular Ca^(2+)

Jujube contains abundant cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP)and the ultrasonic-assisted pectinase extraction(UAPE)conditions for obtaining the maximum cAMP yield from jujube were optimized.Orthogonal array design was applied to evaluate the effects of 4 variables by UAPE on cAMP yield.The results showed that the optimal cAMP yield(783.0μg/g)was derived at ratio of liquid to solid 5 mL/g,ratio of pectinase to raw material 1.5%,time 60 min and temperature 40℃.Moreover,the effect of cAMP on the anti-allergic function of action induced by immunoglobulin E(IgE)and its meschanism was investigated through establishing the sensitized cell model in rat basophilic leukemia(RBL-2 H3)cells using dinitrophenylated(DNP)-bovine serum albumin(BSA)-IgE.The results showed that cAMP interfered with sensitized cells,effectively inhibited the occurrence of basophil degranulation in dose dependence,and significantly reduced the activity ofβ-hexosamindase(β-hex),at the optimal concentration of 50μg/mL.The level of anti-inflammatory factor interleukin-10(IL-10)was promoted and the content of pro-inflammatory factor tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)was suppressed by cAMP.In addition,influx of intracellular Ca^(2+) was repressed effectively.Our results demonstrate that jujube cAMP regulated the cytokine balance in the allergy pathway through blocking the influx of extracellular Ca^(2+),with the prevention of allergy symptoms.

淫羊藿苷调控mTOR/Akt/CREB通路对高糖诱导的足细胞自噬及凋亡的影响

目的 探讨淫羊藿苷对高糖诱导的足细胞自噬、凋亡及哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)/丝氨酸苏氨酸蛋白激酶(Akt)/环磷酸腺苷反应元件结合蛋白(CREB)通路的影响。方法 将小鼠足细胞MPC5分为5组:正常对照组(5.5 mmol·L^(-1)葡萄糖)、高糖组(30 mmol·L^(-1)葡萄糖)、淫羊藿苷组(30 mmol·L^(-1)葡萄糖+5μmol·L^(-1)淫羊藿苷)、GDC-0349组(30 mmol·L^(-1)葡萄糖+50μmol·L^(-1)GDC-0349)、淫羊藿苷+GDC-0349组(30 mmol·L^(-1)葡萄糖+5μmol·L^(-1)淫羊藿苷+50μmol·L^(-1)GDC-0349)。培养48 h后,噻唑蓝法检测MPC5细胞活力;吖啶橙染色观察MPC5细胞自噬情况;流式细胞术检测MPC5细胞凋亡;蛋白印迹法检测MPC5细胞自噬[微管相关蛋白1轻链3(LC3)Ⅱ、LC3Ⅰ、自噬相关蛋白(Beclin-1)]、凋亡[Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bax)、B淋巴细胞瘤-2(Bcl-2)]和mTOR/Akt/CREB通路相关蛋白的表达。结果 与正常对照组比较,高糖组MPC5细胞活力、Bcl-2、磷酸化mTOR(p-mTOR)/mTOR、磷酸化Akt(p-Akt)/Akt、磷酸化CREB(p-CREB)/CREB蛋白表达水平显著降低(P<0.05),自噬能力增强,自噬体表现出橙色荧光,细胞凋亡率、LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ、Beclin-1、Bax蛋白表达水平显著升高(P<0.05)。与高糖组比较,淫羊藿苷组MPC5细胞活力、LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ、Beclin-1、Bcl-2、p-mTOR/mTOR、p-Akt/Akt、p-CREB/CREB蛋白表达水平显著升高,自噬能力进一步增强,自噬体数量增多,自噬体呈现出砖红色荧光(P<0.05),细胞凋亡率、Bax蛋白表达水平显著降低(P<0.05);GDC-0349组MPC5细胞活力、LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ、Beclin-1、Bcl-2、p-mTOR/mTOR、p-Akt/Akt、p-CREB/CREB蛋白表达水平显著降低,自噬能力减弱,自噬体数量减少,自噬体表现出橙色荧光(P<0.05),细胞凋亡率、Bax蛋白表达水平显著升高(P<0.05);淫羊藿苷+GDC-0349可逆转淫羊藿苷对高糖诱导MPC5细胞的作用效果(P<0.05)。结论 淫羊藿苷通过激活mTOR/Akt/CREB通路促进高糖诱导的足细胞自噬抑制细胞凋亡。

胡黄连苷Ⅱ调节cAMP/PKA信号轴对脊髓损伤大鼠神经功能恢复的影响

目的探讨胡黄连苷Ⅱ(PicrosideⅡ,PⅡ)对脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury,SCI)大鼠神经功能恢复的影响及对环磷酸腺苷(cAMP)-蛋白激酶A(PKA)信号通路的调节作用。方法建立SCI大鼠模型,大鼠分为正常组(CT组)、SCI模型组(SCI组)、PⅡ低剂量组(PⅡL组,5 mg·kg^(-1)·d^(-1))、PⅡ高剂量组(PⅡH组,20 mg·kg^(-1)·d^(-1))和PⅡ高剂量+PKA抑制剂组(PⅡH+H-89组,20 mg·kg^(-1)·d^(-1) PⅡ+5 mg·kg^(-1)·d^(-1)),每组18只。Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan(BBB)评分评价SCI大鼠运动功能,HE染色评价脊髓组织病理学特征,劳克坚牢蓝(LFB)染色观察脱髓鞘情况,免疫荧光检测胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)、离子钙结合适配器分子-1(IBA-1)表达,ELISA检测丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、环腺苷酸(cAMP)的含量,Western blot检测磷酸化(p)-PKA、PKA、p-环磷酸腺苷反应成分结合蛋白(CREB)、CREB蛋白表达。结果与CT组比较,SCI组大鼠脊髓组织缺损、空腔,大量炎性细胞浸润,脱髓鞘以及GFAP、IBA-1、MDA表达增加,BBB评分以及SOD、cAMP、p-PKA/PKA、p-CREB/CREB表达减少(P<0.05);与SCI组比较,PⅡL组、PⅡH组组织损伤改善,空腔及炎性细胞减少,脱髓鞘以及GFAP、IBA-1、MDA表达降低,BBB评分以及SOD、cAMP、p-PKA/PKA、p-CREB/CREB表达增加(P<0.05);与PⅡH组比较,PⅡH+H-89组组织损伤严重,脱髓鞘以及GFAP、IBA-1、MDA表达增加,BBB评分以及SOD、cAMP、p-PKA/PKA、p-CREB/CREB表达减少(P<0.05)。结论PⅡ可能通过激活cAMP/PKA信号轴促进SCI大鼠神经功能恢复。

补阳还五汤对糖尿病周围神经病变大鼠的止痛作用及机制研究

【目的】探讨补阳还五汤对糖尿病周围神经病变(DPN)大鼠的止痛作用及机制。【方法】将60只大鼠分为正常组,模型组(MNCV)和感觉神经传导速度(SNCV),中药低、中、高剂量组,中药高剂量+H-89[蛋白激酶A(PKA)抑制剂]组,每组10只。除正常组,其他各组大鼠采用高脂高糖饲料饲喂结合腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)法构建DPN模型。给药结束后,检测大鼠足热痛阈值,测定大鼠运动神经传导速度(MNCV)和感觉神经传导速度(SNCV),免疫组织化学法观察表皮内神经纤维密度(IENF),酶联免疫吸附分析(ELISA)检测血清空腹胰岛素(FINS)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR),白细胞介素(IL)-1β、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α),血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、血管生成素1(Ang-1)、CD34水平,坐骨神经组织中环磷酸腺苷(cAMP)浓度,Western Blot法检测坐骨神经组织中PKA和反应元件结合蛋白(CREB)表达水平。【结果】与正常组比较,模型组足热痛阈值,TC、TG、LDL-C、HOMA-IR,IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α水平均显著增加(P<0.05),HDL-C、FINS,VEGF、Ang-1、CD34,IENF,MNCV和SNCV值,cAMP浓度水平,PKA和CREB磷酸化水平均显著降低(P<0.05);与模型组比较,中药低、中、高剂量组上述指标均得到显著改善(P<0.05),且呈剂量依赖性;与中药高剂量+H-89组比较,中药高剂量组各指标水平均被逆转。【结论】补阳还五汤可改善DPN大鼠胰岛素抵抗、血脂代谢,减轻肢体疼痛,改善局部微循环障碍,保护神经功能,体现了“活血通络止痛”的治疗特点;补阳还五汤的止痛作用可能与改善局部微循环障碍、抑制炎症因子释放及调节cAMP/PKA/CREB信号通路蛋白表达有关。

青蒿琥酯调节cGAS-STING信号通路对抑郁症模型小鼠神经炎性反应的影响

目的探讨青蒿琥酯(ART)调节环磷酸鸟苷-腺苷酸合成酶(cGAS)-干扰素基因刺激因子(STING)通路对抑郁症小鼠神经炎性反应的影响。方法小鼠分为模型组、对照组、ART低剂量组、ART高剂量组、氟西汀组、ART高剂量+RocA(cGAS-STING通路激活剂)组。糖水消耗实验、强迫游泳实验评估小鼠的抑郁行为;HE染色检测海马组织病理变化;ELISA检测白细胞介素(IL)-6、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、五羟色胺(5-HT)、多巴胺(DA)水平;TUNEL染色检测神经元凋亡;Western blot检测Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bax)、p53、cGAS、STING蛋白。结果与对照组相比,模型组小鼠表现出神经元性脓疱变性,糖水消耗率、5-HT、DA水平降低,强迫游泳静止时间延长,IL-6、TNF-α水平、神经元凋亡率及Bax、p53、cGAS、STING蛋白表达升高(P<0.05);与模型组相比,ART低剂量组、ART高剂量组、氟西汀组小鼠海马神经元损伤有所缓解,糖水消耗率、5-HT、DA水平升高,强迫游泳静止时间缩短,IL-6、TNF-α水平、神经元凋亡率及Bax、p53、cGAS、STING蛋白表达降低(P<0.05);RocA逆转了高剂量ART对小鼠抑郁症的改善作用。结论ART抑制抑郁症小鼠神经炎性反应及神经元凋亡,上调胺类神经递质水平的机制可能与阻断cGAS-STING通路有关。

磷酸二酯酶5在心力衰竭中作用的研究进展

磷酸二酯酶5(PDE5)是环磷酸鸟苷(cGMP)特异性水解酶,是由一氧化氮(NO)激活的可溶性鸟苷酸环化酶(sGC)靶向cGMP产生的。PDE5催化cGMP中磷酸二酯键的水解,从而将cGMP转化为无活性的5′-GMP形式,cGMP-PKG轴功能障碍将引起心脏重塑,是心力衰竭(HF)的主要原因之一。但PDE5抑制剂治疗心力衰竭的临床疗效存在争议。本文总结了近年来PDE5在心力衰竭中的作用机制和研究进展,对未来临床应用PDE5靶向治疗心力衰竭具有重要的指导意义。

环磷酸腺苷在大面积烧伤患者全身麻醉手术中的肝保护作用分析

目的:分析环磷酸腺苷(cAMP)在大面积烧伤患者全身麻醉手术中的肝保护作用。方法:选取2022年1月—2024年1月内蒙古包钢医院收治的大面积烧伤患者60例作为研究对象,采用单双号法随机分为对照组与观察组,各30例。两组均给予气管插管全身麻醉,观察组给予cAMP。比较两组肝功能指标及麻醉效果。结果:手术开始后5 min、手术开始后60 min、手术开始后90 min、手术开始后120 min,两组外周血丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶、总胆红素、间接胆红素水平高于治疗前,但观察组低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组麻醉苏醒时间、住院时间短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:cAMP在大面积烧伤患者全身麻醉手术中的肝保护作用显著,患者术中血清肝功能指标稳定,麻醉及术后恢复快。

红景天苷改善顺铂引起的小鼠耳蜗毛细胞和螺旋神经节神经元损伤的机制

目的探究红景天苷(SAL)改善顺铂(CIS)引起的耳蜗毛细胞(CHC)和螺旋神经节神经元(SGN)损伤的作用及其与环磷腺苷(cAMP)/蛋白激酶A(PKA)/cAMP效应元件结合蛋白(CREB)通路的关系。方法分离新生C57BL/6小鼠的耳蜗基底膜,分为对照组(C组)、CIS组、SAL组、SAL+SQ22536(cAMP抑制剂)组和SAL+H-89(PKA抑制剂)组,每组20条。C组仅加入无血清BME培养液;CIS组在培养液中加入15μmol/L CIS;SAL组在CIS组基础上加入5μmol/L SAL;SAL+SQ22536组在CIS组基础上加入5μmol/L SAL和5μmol/L SQ22536;SAL+H-89组在CIS组基础上加入5μmol/L SAL和30μmol/L H-89。各组在培养箱中孵育48 h后,免疫荧光染色观察各组CHC和SGN损伤;试剂盒检测各组耳蜗基底膜中ROS和cAMP含量;Western blot检测各组PKA、p-CREB、CREB、Bcl-2、BDNF、NF-M蛋白水平。结果CIS组CHC排列混乱、体积肿大,SGN细胞核破碎、神经突缺失,SAL可减轻CHC和SGNs损伤。与C组相比,CIS组CHC、SGN数量较少(P<0.05),ROS、cAMP含量、PKA、BDNF、NF-M、Bcl-2蛋白及p-CREB/CREB水平较高(P<0.05);与CIS组相比,SAL组CHC、SGN数量较多(P<0.05),ROS含量较低(P<0.05),cAMP含量、PKA、BDNF、NF-M、Bcl-2蛋白及p-CREB/CREB水平较高(P<0.05)。SQ22536和H-89均可逆转SAL对CHC和SGN的保护作用。结论SAL可能通过激活cAMP/PKA/CREB通路,促进抗凋亡蛋白和神经保护因子表达,缓解CIS引起的CHC和SGN损伤。