Natural variation in the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5B OsCOX5B regulates seed vigor by altering energy production in rice

Seed vigor is a crucial trait for the direct seeding of rice.Here we examined the genetic regulation of seed vigor traits in rice,including germination index(GI)and germination potential(GP),using a genome-wide association study approach.One major quantitative trait locus,qGI6/qGP6,was identified simultaneously for both GI and GP.The candidate gene encoding the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5B(OsCOX5B)was validated for qGI6/qGP6.The disruption of OsCOX5B caused the vigor traits to be significantly lower in Oscox5b mutants than in the japonica Nipponbare wild type(WT).Gene co-expression analysis revealed that OsCOX5B influences seed vigor mainly by modulating the tricarboxylic acid cycle process.The glucose levels were significantly higher while the pyruvic acid and adenosine triphosphate levels were significantly lower in Oscox5b mutants than in WT during seed germination.The elite haplotype of OsCOX5B facilitates seed vigor by increasing its expression during seed germination.Thus,we propose that OsCOX5B is a potential target for the breeding of rice varieties with enhanced seed vigor for direct seeding.

Phylogeny of Apaturinae Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Based on Mitochondrial Cytochrome OxidaseⅠ Gene

The phylogenetic relationships of genera in the subfamily Apaturinae were examined using mtDNA sequence data from 1,471 bp of cytochrome oxidase subunit Ⅰ （COI）. The mitochondrial COI gene from a total of 16 species in 11 genera were sequenced to obtain mtDNA data, along with those of 4 species obtained from GenBank, to construct the MP and the NJ trees using Athyma jina, Penthema adelma, Polyura nepenthes, and Charaxes bernardus as outgroups. The transitions at the third codon positions of the COI data set were found saturated, but they were retained for analysis, because they contain the majority of the phylogenetic information. The impacts of equal weight assumptions for all characters in the parsimonious analysis were assessed by potential alternations in clades in response to different transition/transversion weighting schemes. The results indicated four distinct major groups in Apaturinae. Moreover, several well supported and stable clades were found in the Apaturinae. The study also identified undetermined taxon groups whose positions were weakly supported and were subject to changes under different weighting schemes. Within the Apaturinae, the clustering results are approximately identical to the classical morphological classification. The mtDNA data suggest the genus Mimathyma as a monophyletic group. Lelecella limenitoides and Dilipa fenestra have close relationship with very strong support in all phylogenetic trees. It also supports the taxonomic revision of removing several species from Apatura to other genera, namely Mimathyma schrenckii, M. chevana, M. nycteis, Chitoria subcaerulea, C. fasciola, C. pallas, and Helcyra subalba.

The Phylogenetic Relationships among Four Subspecies of the Genus Locusta Based on Sequences of Three Subunit of Cytochrome Oxidase

[Objective] The aim was to explore the phylogenetic relationships among four subspecies of the genus Locusta.[Method] The sequences of three subunits of cytochrome oxidase of Locusta migratoria tibetensis and Locusta migratoria manilensis were amplified and sequenced（COⅠ 1 539 bp,COⅡ 684 bp,CO Ⅲ 792 bp,with the total of 3 015 bp）.The corresponding sequenses of Locusta migratoria migratoria and Locusta migratoria migratorioides were obtained from GenBank and constructed a multiple alignment.Phylogenic trees of four subspecies of L.migratoria were constructed by Neighbor-Joining,Maximum-parsimony and Bayesian,respectively.[Result] The average content of A ＋ T in three subunits of four subspecies was 69.57%;the third site of codon showed the highest A ＋ T content,and the COⅠ had the highest A ＋ T content（87.6%）;The nucleotide substitution mainly occurred at the third site of codon,and the nucleotide replacement rate of CO Ⅱ was the highest.The second site of codon was conservative,so the replacement rate was in the range of 5.9%-15%.The start codon of COⅠ was CCG or ACG.Genetic distances among four subspecies were ranged from 0.001 to 0.076.The relationship between L.m.tibetensis and Locusta migratoria manilensis was the closest,followed by L.m.migratorioides and L.m.migratorioides,while the genetic distance between L.m.tibetensis and L.m.migratorioides was the largest.[Conclusion] The phylogenetic relationships among four subspecies of Locusta migratoria is L.m.tibetensis,L.m.manilensis,L.m.migratoria,L.m.migratorioides.

Cancer and age related colonic crypt deficiencies in cytochrome c oxidase Ⅰ

AIM: To investigate whether defi ciency of expressionof cytochrome c oxidase I (CcOI) in colonic crypts is associated with colon cancer.METHODS: The pattern and level of expression of CcOI in non-neoplastic colonic crypts,and in dysplastic tissues,was assessed using standard immunohis-tochemical methods.Biopsies were obtained from individuals undergoing colonoscopies for screening purposes or for a medically indicated reason.Tissue samples were also obtained from surgical colonic resections.Samples from resections were taken from colonic mucosa 1 and 10 cm from tumors and from the tumors themselves.Samples were evaluated for frequency of crypts with reduced or absent expression of CcOI.In most crypts the loss was apparent throughout the entire crypt,while in a small minority the loss was segmental.The strong immunoreactivity using this monoclonal antibody makes the scoring unambiguous.The percent of crypts with reduced or absent expression of CcOI or (infrequent) segmented loss of expression was then calculated.Data analyses were performed using SPSS statistical package 17.0.RESULTS: The average frequency of CcOI deficient crypts (CcOI-DC) is low in individuals between 20 and 39 years of age,with 0.48% ± 0.40% CcOI-DC for women and 1.80% ± 0.35% for men.CcOI-DC increases after age 40 years,so that between the ages of 40 and 44 years the average frequency of CcOI- DC goes up to 5.89% ± 0.84% in women and 2.15% ± 1.27% in men.By 80-84 years of age,the average frequency of CcOI-DC goes up in women to 15.77% ± 0.97% and in men to 22.6% ± 0.65%.The increases in CcOI-DC from ages 40-44 years compared to 80-84 years in women and men are significantly different with P < 0.01.For women over age 60 years,deficiency of CcOI expression is greater in those women who have had a cancer in their colon.The frequency of CcOI-DC,measured in men,increased in tissues adjacent to colon cancer,being 4.03% ± 0.27% in individuals free of neoplasia in the age range 55-64 yearsand 14.13% ± 0.35% in resected histologically normal tissue of men with cancer in the same age range,P < 0.001.Similar signifi cant differences were noted in older age ranges.The frequency of CcOI-DC crypts in the cecum and sigmoid colon of an individual are signifi cantly correlated,with an R2 = 0.414 for women and R2 = 0.528 for men,P < 0.001.This suggests that the factors determining the level of CcOI deficiency act throughout the colon.Most defective crypts are in clusters of two or more,a likely consequence of crypt fission.In the non-neoplastic margins of cancers,crypts are frequently defi cient for CcOI,and such crypts may appear in large clusters,some containing more than 100 defi cient crypts.CcOI defi ciency is also apparent in colon cancers and sometimes involves a large section of the tumor.Overall,CcOI deficient cells can be visualized in segments of crypts,in whole crypts that increase in frequency with age,in crypts undergoing f ission,in clusters of crypts where the clusters increase in size with age,in increased frequency near tumors,in large clusters in the intimate margins of tumors,and in the tumors themselves.There is no clear dividing line between early stages that can be considered aspects of aging and later stages that can be considered aspects of the progression to cancer.This ambiguity may re ect a rather general situation leading to adult cancer where the early stages of cellular change appear to be relatively innocuous features of the aging process but over decades may evolve into malignancy.CONCLUSION: CcOI defi cient crypts increase in frequency with age,and clusters of defi cient crypts are associated with,and may give rise to,colon cancer.

Phylogeny of Limenitidinae Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Inferred from Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I Gene Sequences

The phylogenetic analyses of the subfamily Limenitidinae are performed based on 1 471 bp of mtDNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I （COI） gene sequence data which were obtained from 21 individuals spanning 9 genera, along with those of 17 species obtained from GenBank, using Apatura iris, Aglais urticae, and Polyura dolon as outgroup species. Although the transitions at the third codon positions of the COI data set were highly saturated, they were still retained for analysis as they contain the majority of the phylogenetic information, and thus, the maximum pasimony （MP） under different weighting schemes and maximum likelihood （ML） trees were reconstructed in this study. The results showed that within this subfamily, the results based on the COI gene sequences are approximately identical to the traditional classification results. However, the clustering of Lexias pardalis and Tanaecia julii within the genus Euthalia as well as the clustering of Phaedyma aspasia within the genus Neptis with weak support are different from that of the current classification scheme made by Chinese scholars. The genus Limenitis is splited into two subclusters in the trees constructed by using MP and ML methods. These results support one of the strongest hypotheses for the tribe relationships within Limenitidinae.

Artesunate Effect on Schistosome Thioredoxin Glutathione Reductase and Cytochrome c Peroxidase as New Molecular Targets in Schistosoma mansoni-infected Mice

Objective To investigate the possible effect of artesunate （ART） on schistosome thioredoxin glutathione reductase （TGR） and cytochrome c peroxidase （CcP） in Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice. Methods A total of 200 laboratory bred male Swiss albino mice were divided into 4 groups （50 mice in each group）. Group I： infected untreated group （Control group） received a vehicle of 1% sodium carbonyl methylcellulose （CMC-Na）; Group II： infected then treated with artesunate; Group III infected then treated with praziquantel, and group IV： infected then treated with artesunate then praziquantel. Adult S. mansoni worms were collected by Animal Perfusion Method, tissue egg counted, TGR, and CcP mRNA Expression were estimated of in $. mansoni adult worms by semi-quantitative rt-PCR. Results Semi-quantitative rt-PCR values revealed that treatment with artesunate caused significant decrease in expression of schistosome TGR and CcP in comparison to the untreated group. In contrast, the treatment with praziquantel did not cause significant change in expression of these genes. The results showed more reduction in total worm and female worm count in combined ART-PZQ treated group than in monotherapy treated groups by either ART or PZO, Moreover, complete disappearance （100%） of tissue eggs was recorded in ART-PZQ treated group with a respective reduction rate of 95.9% and 68.4% in ART- and PZQ-treated groups. Conclusion The current study elucidated for the first time that anti-schistosomal mechanisms of artesunate is mediated via reduction in expression of schistosome TGR and CcP. Linking these findings, addition of artesunate to praziquantel could achieve complete cure outcome in treatment of schistosomiasis.

Hippocampal mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase activity and gene expression in a rat model of chronic cerebral ischemia

The present study established a rat model of chronic cerebral ischemia using bilateral common carotid artery permanent ligation to analyze cytochrome C oxidase activity and mRNA expression in hippocampal mitochondria. Results showed significantly decreased cytochrome C oxidase activity and cytochrome C oxidase II mRNA expression with prolonged ischemia time. Further analysis revealed five mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase II gene mutations, two newly generated mutations, and four absent mutational sites at 1 month after cerebral ischemia, as well as three mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase III gene mutations, including two newly generating mutations, and one disappeared mutational site at 1 month after cerebral ischemia. Results demonstrated that decreased cytochrome C oxidase gene expression and mutations, as well as decreased cytochrome C oxidase activity, resulting in energy dysmetabolism, which has been shown to be involved in the DatholoQical Process of ischemic brain iniurv.

Regulation of cytochrome c oxidase contributes to health and optimal life

The generation of cellular energy in the form of ATP occurs mainly in mitochondria by oxidative phosphorylation.Cytochrome c oxidase(CytOx),the oxygen accepting and rate-limiting step of the respiratory chain,regulates the supply of variable ATP demands in cells by“allosteric ATP-inhibition of CytOx.”This mechanism is based on inhibition of oxygen uptake of CytOx at high ATP/ADP ratios and low ferrocytochrome c concentrations in the mitochondrial matrix via cooperative interaction of the two substrate binding sites in dimeric CytOx.The mechanism keeps mitochondrial membrane potentialΔΨm and reactive oxygen species(ROS)formation at low healthy values.Stress signals increase cytosolic calcium leading to Ca^2+-dependent dephosphorylation of CytOx subunit I at the cytosolic side accompanied by switching off the allosteric ATPinhibition and monomerization of CytOx.This is followed by increase ofΔΨm and formation of ROS.A hypothesis is presented suggesting a dynamic change of binding of NDUFA4,originally identified as a subunit of complex I,between monomeric CytOx(active state with highΔΨm,high ROS and low efficiency)and complex I(resting state with lowΔΨm,low ROS and high efficiency).

Histochemical Study and Microspectrophotometric Analysis of Regional Distribution of Cytochrome Oxidase in Normal Rat Brain.

Histochemical study and determination of cytochrome oxidase (CTO) relative activ-ity with a Leitz MPV-III microspectrophotometer in different regions of normal rat brain werecarried out.9 healthy male Wistar rats were divided randomly into 2 groups;an enzyme activi-ty studied group and a control group with HE staining.It was found that 2 kinds of CTO distri-bution areas exist in the brain of rats;the high activity area including cerebral cortex,corpusstriatum (gray matter),thalamus,cerebellar cortex,etc,and low activity area including corpuscallosum,corpus striatum (white matter),hippocampus,cerebellar white matter,etc.The dif-ference of CTO activity between the 2 areas is statistically significant (P【0.01).Moreover,according to the intensity of positive response to CTO detecting stain,the granular layer of thecerebellum can be classified as cytochrome oxidase richly-contained area(CTORA)orcytochrome oxidase poorly-contained area (CTOPA).The CTO activity of the former issignificantly higher than that of the latter(P【0.01).

Enzymatic Activity of Escherichia Coil Lactate Dehydrogenase and Cytochrome c Oxidase

The catalytic activity of two common bacterial enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase （LDH） and cytochrome c oxidase （COX） from Escherichia coli was examined following bacterial exposure to microwave （MW） radiation under well-defined experimental conditions. The experiments were conducted in a specialized microwave processing apparatus, with an exposure frequency of 18 GHz, and a temperature profile that was restricted to below 40℃ to avoid thermal degradation of the bacteria. The absorbed power was calculated to be 1,500 kW/m3 and the electric field was determined to be 300 Wm. Both values were theoretically confirmed using Computer Simulation Technology （CST） Microwave Studio 3D Electromagnetic Stimulation Software. Results showed that the activity of both enzymes was increased following MW radiation compared to negative controls and thermally treated samples subjected to similar temperature profiles. It is suggested that the increase in COX and LDH enzyme activity could not be explained by conventional heating alone, but was rather a result of micro-thermal effects that incorporated ＇undetectable＇ thermal mechanisms.

Simplifying the Analysis of Enzyme Kinetics of Cytochrome <i>c</i>Oxidase by the Lambert-W Function

Conventional analysis of enzyme-catalyzed reactions uses a set of initial rates of product formation or substrate decay at a variety of substrate concentrations. Alternatively to the conventional methods, attempts have been made to use an integrated Michaelis-Menten equation to assess the values of the Michaelis-Menten KM and turnover kcat constants directly from a single time course of an enzymatic reaction. However, because of weak convergence, previous fits of the integrated Michaelis-Menten equation to a single trace of the reaction have no proven records of success. Here we propose a reliable method with fast convergence based on an explicit solution of the Michaelis-Menten equation in terms of the Lambert-W function with transformed variables. Tests of the method with stopped-flow measurements of the catalytic reaction of cytochrome c oxidase, as well as with simulated data, demonstrate applicability of the approach to de termine KM and kcat constants free of any systematic errors. This study indicates that the approach could be an alternative solution for the characterization of enzymatic reactions, saving time, sample and efforts. The single trace method can greatly assist the real time monitoring of enzymatic activity, in particular when a fast control is mandatory. It may be the only alternative when conventional analysis does not apply, e.g. because of limited amount of sample.

Retinal ganglion cells of high cytochrome oxidase activity in the rat

Retinal ganglion cells in the rat were studied using the heavy metal intensified oytochrome oxidase and horseradish peroxidase histochemieal methods. The results show that a population of large retinal ganglion cells was consistently observed with the eyto3hrome oxidase staining method in retinas of normal rats or rats which received unilateral thalamotomy at birrth. These oytochrome oxidase rich ganglion cells appeared to have large somata, 3-6 primary dendrites and extensive dendritic arbors, and are comparable to ganglion cells labeled by the wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP). However, the morphological details of some of the cells revealed by the cytoahrome oxidase staining method are frequently better than those shown by the HRP histochemieal method. These results suggest that the mit03hondrial enzyme oytoohrome oxidase can be used as a simple but reliable marker for identifying and studying a population of retinal ganglion cells with high metabolie rate in the rat.

Microevolution of Mitochondrial Cytochrome oxidase subunit I in Drosophila melanogaster at ＂Evolution Canyon＂, Israel

We determined the sequence of mitochondrial Cytochrome oxidase subunit I （CO1） in two Drosophila melanogaster strains originating at ＂Evolution Canyon＂, Israel. CO1 nucleotide sequences from two iso-female strains, 2-1 and 6-1, were 1,534 and 1,543 base-pairs, respectively. In each strain, ATAA was used in initiation of translation. Exchange rates for nucleotide and amino acid sequences were larger in the 6-1 strain than in the 2-1 strain when Oregon-R was used as the standard. Non-synonymous exchange rate was larger than synonymous exchange rate among the three strains.

Construction of Cox7a2 fluorescent vector and its effect on cytochrome C oxidase activity in mouse Sertoli cell line TM4

Objective To construct Cox7a2 fluorescent vector and study its effect on cytochrome C oxidase ( COX) activity in mouse Sertoli cell line TM4. Methods The coding region of CoxTa2 was amplified from mouse Sertoli cell line TM4 by RT-PCR. PCR product was

基于线粒体COⅠ基因序列的梭鲈野生群体遗传结构

为了解梭鲈种群的遗传结构,实验利用线粒体细胞色素c氧化酶Ⅰ亚基(COⅠ)基因部分序列分析了中国6个和中亚2个群体的遗传差异,并与欧洲群体的单倍型序列进行了比较。结果在640 bp的COⅠ基因序列中检测到5个变异位点,定义了7种单倍型,发现Hap1为8个梭鲈群体的共享单倍型,且与欧洲群体的HapA相同,在中国群体所占比例(93.36%)高于中亚群体(72.58%)和欧洲群体(53.85%);Hap2和Hap3是中国群体的特异单倍型,而Hap4~Hap7为中亚群体的特异单倍型。单倍型序列的聚类图和网络图均显示Hap1/A为梭鲈群体的原始单倍型,中国和中亚群体的特异单倍型相对于原始单倍型仅有1~2个位点的变异,属于Hap1/A的亚型,与欧洲群体的特异单倍型具有较大的差异。每个群体检测到1~4种单倍型,斋桑湖(ZS)群体单倍型最多,而中国的腾格里湖(NX)、兴凯湖(XK)和鸭绿江(YJ)群体仅有1个单倍型(Hap1);塔什干(TS)群体的单倍型多样性(Hd)和核苷酸多样性(π)最高(Hd=0.514±0.069;π=0.00079±0.00011),其次是ZS群体,而中国梭鲈群体的多样性参数较低。AMOVA分析结果显示,梭鲈群体间遗传变异占20.74%,群体间遗传分化程度较高(0.15≤F_(st)=0.20736<0.25),TS群体与ZS群体和中国群体间的遗传分化极大(F_(st)>0.25),中国群体中仅黑河(HH)群体与其他群体的遗传分化较大,而中国其他5个群体间无遗传分化。基于群体间遗传距离的系统进化树显示,来自中国的6个梭鲈群体与哈萨克斯坦的ZS群体聚为一支,而乌兹别克斯坦的TS群体独立为一支。研究结果为梭鲈群体的繁殖及放流管理提供了参考。

慢性血管疾病患者抗血小板药物治疗反应及其与CYP2C19、APOE基因突变研究进展

慢性血管疾病(CVD)应用抗血小板药物已经成为不可或缺的常规性辅助治疗方案,然而在使用抗血小板药物的患者中,发生抗血小板药物抵抗或出血风险等不良反应的情况时有发生,不但影响疗效,还会威胁患者的生命,抗血小板药物的安全性问题备受关注。临床资料表明患者的某些基因突变与治疗效果有明显的差异,细胞色素P450氧化酶2C19(CYP2C19)和载脂蛋白E(APOE)主要参与血小板活性和脂蛋白的转化与代谢过程,其基因突变是CVD患者抗血小板药物反应差异的重要机制之一,近年来CYP2C19、APOE基因突变在CVD中的表征及其与抗血小板药物研究取得许多新进展。

α-细辛醚上调细胞色素C及Caspase-3表达影响食管癌Eca-109细胞的生物学行为

目的:分析α-细辛醚上调细胞色素C(cytochrome C,cytC)及Caspase-3表达对食管癌Eca-109细胞生物学行为的影响。方法:将食管癌Eca-109细胞随机等量分为4组,即低、中及高剂量(分别给予25、50及100 mg/L的α-细辛醚),另随机取等量细胞加入等体积培养液作为空白组,培养48 h后通过平板克隆实验检测4组细胞增殖情况,Annexin V/PI法检测细胞凋亡情况,RT-qPCR及Western Blot法检测细胞中cytC及Caspase-3 mRNA及蛋白表达。结果:(1)细胞克隆数在空白组最高,低剂量组显著高于高剂量组;凋亡率在空白组最低,低剂量组显著低于高剂量组。(2)4组细胞迁移至小室下的细胞数空白组>低剂量组>中剂量组>高剂量组。(3)CytC及Caspase-3蛋白在高剂量组表达显著高于空白组及低剂量组,且中剂量组表达高于空白组。(4)CytC及Caspase-3 mRNA的表达:高剂量组>中剂量组>低剂量组>空白组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论:α-细辛醚抑制Eca-109细胞增殖及侵袭,并且可能通过上调cytC及Caspase-3表达促进调亡。

Effects of High Concentration Glucose on the Expression of NF-κB,Bax and Cytochrome C and Apoptosis of Islet Cells in Mice

The roles of NF-kappaB （NF-κB） expression, Bax activity and cytochrome C （Cyt C） release, apoptosis of islet cells induced by high concentration glucose were explored in vitro. Pancreatic islet cells, which were isolated from Kunming mice, were cultured with different concentrations of glucose in DMEM, and divided into the following groups： G1, G2, G3, G4, G5, and G6 groups, corresponding to the glucose concentrations of 5.6, 7.8, 11.1, 16.7, 22.5, and 27.6 mmol/L, respectively. After culture for 120 h, insulin secretion was evaluated by radioimmunoassay, and the NF-rd3 expression was detected by immunocytochemistry. Bax activity and Cyt C release were measured by immunofluorescence, and apoptosis was examined by Hoechst33342 assay. The results showed that in GI, G2 and G3 groups, insulin secretion was enhanced with the increase of glucose concentration, and the NF-κB expression was also increased （P〈0.05）, but Bax activity, Cyt C release and apoptosis rate showed no significant difference among them. However, in G4, G5, and G6 groups, apoptosis rate of islet cells, NF-rd3 expression, Bax activity, and Cyt C release were all significantly increased, and insulin secretion was impaired as compared with G1, G2, and G3 groups （P〈0.05）. It was concluded that the exposure of islet cells to high glucose could induce islet cells apoptosis as well as impaired insulin secretion. The NF-κB signaling pathway and mitochondria pathway in islet cells might play some roles in the progressive loss of islet cells in diabetes. The inhibition of the NF-κB expression could be an effective strategy for protecting pancreatic islet cells.

Interaction of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T,cytochrome P4502E1 polymorphism and environment factors in esophageal cancer in Kazakh population

AIM： To evaluate the association and interaction of genetic polymorphisms in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase （MTHER） and cytochrome P4502E1 （CY- P4502E1）, environment risk factors with esophageal cancer （EC） in Kazakh, a high EC incidence area of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. METHODS： A 1：2 matched case-control study was conducted with 120 cases of EC and 240 populationor hospital-based controls. The controls were matched for sex, nationality, area of residence and age within a 5-year difference. MTHER and CYP4502E1 genotypes were identified by PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism （RFLP）. A conditional logistic regression model was established to identify risk factors. The strata method was adopted in interaction analysis. RESULTS： Low consumption of green vegetables and fresh fruits, alcohol drinking, and unsafe water （shallow well, or river） were found to be the risk factors for EC. Individuals with the MTHFR677 （C/T ＋ T/T） genotype had a 2.62-fold （95% CI： 1.61-4.28） risk of developing EC compared with those who carried the C/C genotype. Individuals with the CYP4502EIC1/C1 genotype had a 3.00-fold （95% CI： 1.82-4.96） risk compared with those who carried the CYP4502E1 （C1/C2 ＋ C2/C2） genotype. Gene-environment interaction analysis showed that MTHFR677 gene polymorphism was correlated with consumption of green vegetables and fresh fruit, while CYP4502E1 C1/C1 was correlated with alcohol drinking and unsafe drinking water. MTHFR and CYP4502E1 analysis of gene-gene interaction showed that individuals with the MTHFR677 （C/T ＋ T/T） and CYP4502EIC1/ C1 genotypes had a 7.41-fold （95% CI： 3.60-15.25） risk of developing EC compared with those who carried the MTHFR677C/C and CYP4502E1 RsaI C1/C2 ＋ C2/C2 genes, and the interaction rate was higher than that of the two factors alone. CONCLUSION： Low consumption of green vegetables and fresh fruits, alcohol drinking, and unsafe water （shallow well, or river） and polymorphisms in MTHFR and CYP4502E1 genes are important risk factors for EC. There is a synergistic interaction among polymorphisms in MTHFR and CYP4502E1 genes and environment factors. MTHFR and CYP4502E1 genes can be used as biomarkers for prevention of EC in Kazakh, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China.

Mechanisms of Cytochrome C Extraction by Reverse Micelles

The extraction of cytochrome C was carried out by means of phase transfer technique with three different reverse micellar systems, i.e. , a CTAB micellar solution in n butyl alcohol chloroform(volume ratio 4∶1), an AOT micellar solution in isooctane and a SDSS D 2EHPA micellar solution in isooctane. The extraction mechanisms were studied. The results show that the extraction mechanisms for the same proteins with different types of reverse micellar systems can be distinct. The extraction of cytochrome C with CTAB and SDSS D 2EHPA reverse micellar systems are carried out according to the mechanism of electrostatic interaction. However, in the extraction of cytochrome C with the AOT reverse micellar system, the electrostatic interaction between the protein and the surfactant is not important.