The impact of epigenetic modifications like DNA methylation on plant phenotypes has expanded the possibilities for crop development.DNA methylation plays a part in the regulation of both the chromatin structure and ge...The impact of epigenetic modifications like DNA methylation on plant phenotypes has expanded the possibilities for crop development.DNA methylation plays a part in the regulation of both the chromatin structure and gene expression,and the enzyme involved,DNA methyltransferase,executes the methylation process within the plant genome.By regulating crucial biological pathways,epigenetic changes actively contribute to the creation of the phenotype.Therefore,epigenome editing may assist in overcoming some of the drawbacks of genome editing,which can have minor off-target consequences and merely facilitate the loss of a gene’s function.These drawbacks include gene knockout,which can have such off-target effects.This review provides examples of several molecular characteristics of DNA methylation,as well as some plant physiological processes that are impacted by these epigenetic changes in the plants.We also discuss how DNA alterations might be used to improve crops and meet the demands of sustainable and environmentally-friendly farming.展开更多
Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a maternally inherited trait that suppresses the production of viable pollen. CMS is a useful biological tool for confinement strategies to facilitate coexistence of genetically mod...Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a maternally inherited trait that suppresses the production of viable pollen. CMS is a useful biological tool for confinement strategies to facilitate coexistence of genetically modified (GM) and non-GM crops in case where it is required. The trait is reversible and can be restored to fertility in the presence of nuclear restorer genes (Rf genes) and by environmental impacts. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the level of irrigation on the stability of CMS maize hybrids under defined greenhouse conditions. Additionally the combination of irrigation and air temperature was studied. Three CMS maize hybrids were grown with different levels of irrigation and in different temperature regimes. Tassel characteristics, pollen production and fertility were assessed. The CMS stability was high in hot air temperatures and decreased in lower temperatures. The level of irrigation had no major effect on the level of sterility. The extent of these phenomena was depending on the genotype of CMS maize and should be known before using CMS for coexistence purposes.展开更多
Northern blot analysis was conducted with mitochondrial RNA from seedling leaves, floral buds, and developing seeds of NCa CMS, maintainer line and fertile F1 using ten mitochondrial genes as probes. The results revea...Northern blot analysis was conducted with mitochondrial RNA from seedling leaves, floral buds, and developing seeds of NCa CMS, maintainer line and fertile F1 using ten mitochondrial genes as probes. The results revealed that 9 out of the 10 mitochondrial genes, except for atp6, showed no difference in different tissues of the corresponding materials of NCα CMS system and that they might be constitutively expressed genes. Eight genes, such as orf139, orf222, atpl, cox1, cox2, cob, rm5S, and rm26S, showed no difference among the three tissues of all the materials detected. So the expression of these eight genes was not regulated by nuclear genes and was not tissue-specific. The transcripts of atp9 were identical among different tissues, but diverse among different materials, indicating that transcription of atp9 was neither controlled by nuclear gene nor tissue-specific. Gene atp6 displayed similar transcripts with the same size among different tissues of all the materials but differed in abundance among tissues of corresponding materials and its expression might be tissue-specific under regulation of nuclear gene. Moreover, three transcripts of orf222 were detected in the floral buds of NCa cms and fertile F1, but no transcript was detected in floral buds of the maintainer line.The transcription of orf139 was similar to that of orf222 but only two transcripts of 0.8 kb and 0.6 kb were produced. The atp9 probe detected a single transcript of 0.6 kb in NCa cms and in maintainer line and an additional transcript of 1.2 kb in fertile F1. The relationship of expression of orf222, orf139, and atp9 with NCa sterility was discussed.展开更多
Ogura cytoplasmic male sterility(Ogura CMS)is extensively applied in hybrid seed production in cruciferous crops.However,the posttranscriptional molecular basis of Ogura CMS in cruciferous crops remains elusive.Here,a...Ogura cytoplasmic male sterility(Ogura CMS)is extensively applied in hybrid seed production in cruciferous crops.However,the posttranscriptional molecular basis of Ogura CMS in cruciferous crops remains elusive.Here,a data-independent acquisition-based proteomic approach coupled with a parallel reaction monitoring-based targeted proteomic assay was used to analyze the proteome dynamics of Ogura CMS cabbage line RM and its maintainer line RF during floral bud development to obtain insights into the mechanism underlying Ogura CMS in cruciferous crops.A total of 9162 proteins corresponding to 61464 peptides were identified in RM and RF floral buds.The proteomic fluctuation of RM was weaker than that of RF.Differences in protein expression between RM and RF gradually enlarged with floral bud development.Fifteen continually up-regulated and eight continually down-regulated proteins were found in RM relative to RF throughout floral bud development.Differentially expressed proteins between RM and RF during floral bud development were implicated in the endoplasmic reticulum(ER)-associated protein processing pathway,in which most of them exhibited down-regulated expression in RM.These data suggest that ER-associated protein processing may be involved in pollen abortion in Ogura CMS cabbage by inhibiting the expression of critical factors.Our findings not only deepen the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of Ogura CMS in cruciferous crops but also provide better guidance for applying Ogura CMS in the hybrid breeding of cruciferous crops.展开更多
The inheritance of the sterility maintenance ability was studied for three types of CMS lines (Zhenshan97A, XieqingzaoA and II-32A) and several lines in indica rice. The result showed that the abilities to keep the ma...The inheritance of the sterility maintenance ability was studied for three types of CMS lines (Zhenshan97A, XieqingzaoA and II-32A) and several lines in indica rice. The result showed that the abilities to keep the male sterility of the maintainer lines strengthened obviously with the progressive backcrossing. The critical stage to maintain the sterility of CMS lines happened usually in BC5-6 generation. The selection of the recurrent parent gave an obvious influence on the pollen fertility distribution of the later generations. The author has discussed ways of improving of the maintainer lines.展开更多
Somatic hybridization is performed to obtain significant cytoplasmic male sterility （CMS） lines, whose CMS genes are derived either from the transfer of sterile genes from the mitochondrial genome of donor parent to...Somatic hybridization is performed to obtain significant cytoplasmic male sterility （CMS） lines, whose CMS genes are derived either from the transfer of sterile genes from the mitochondrial genome of donor parent to the counterpart of receptor or production of new sterile genes caused by mitochondrial genome recombination of the biparent during protoplast fusion. In this study, a novel male sterile line, SaNa-IA, was obtained from the somatic hybridization between Brassica napus and Sinapis alba. The normal anther development of the maintainer line, SaNa-IB, and the abortive process of SaNa-IA were described through phenotypic observations and microtome sections. The floral organ of the sterile line SaNa-IA was sterile with a shortened filament and deflated anther. No detectable pollen grains were found on the surface of the sterile anthers. Semi-thin sections indicated that SaNa-IA aborted in the pollen mother cell （PMC） stage when vacuolization of the tapetum and PMCs began. The tapetum radically elongated and became highly vacuolated, occupying the entire locule together with the vacuolated microspores. Therefore, SaNa-IA is different from other CMS lines, such as ogu CMS, pol CMS and nap CMS as shown by the abortive process of the anther.展开更多
In order to screen molecular markers linked to fertility restoring genes and further improve the breeding efficiency of restorer lines, in this study, wheat varieties 18A, 18B and 99AR144-1 were used as experimental m...In order to screen molecular markers linked to fertility restoring genes and further improve the breeding efficiency of restorer lines, in this study, wheat varieties 18A, 18B and 99AR144-1 were used as experimental materials to establish F2 fertility-segregating population. Plant quantitative trait ＂major gene ＋ polygene mixed mo- del＂ separation analysis method and simple sequence repeat （SSR） molecular markers were adopted for genetic analysis of four generations, including the parents （P~ and P2）, and hybrid （G and G） populations. The results show that AL-type fertility restoring gene is controlled by two pairs of additive-dominant-epistatic genes and addi- tive-dominant polygene; two primers linked to fertility restoring genes were selected by SSR molecular markers, including Xgwm95 on chromosome 2A and Barc61 on chromosome 1B, with the linkage distance of 15.0 cM and 18.0 cM, respectively. Based on verification, these two markers are reliable for distinguishing AL-type wheat ste- rile lines and restorer lines.展开更多
[Objectives]This study was conducted to explore the mechanism of soybean cytoplasmic-nuclear male sterility.[Methods]With soybean cytoplasmic-nuclear male sterile line JLCMS9 A and its homotype maintainer line JLCMS9 ...[Objectives]This study was conducted to explore the mechanism of soybean cytoplasmic-nuclear male sterility.[Methods]With soybean cytoplasmic-nuclear male sterile line JLCMS9 A and its homotype maintainer line JLCMS9 B as experimental materials,the activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD),peroxidase(POD)and catalase(CAT),malondialdehyde(MDA)content,starch content,soluble protein content,soluble sugar content and free proline content in flower buds,alabastrums and mature flowers were determined,and the contents and changes of auxin(IAA),gibberellin(GA3),isopentenyl adenosine(iPA)and abscisic acid(ABA)at the three stages were analyzed.[Results]The activity of SOD and CAT and the contents of MDA and free proline in the sterile line at the flower bud stage were lower than those of the maintainer line,but the opposite was true at the alabastrum stage and the flowering stage,and their values were higher than those of the maintainer line;the POD activity of the sterile line was significantly lower than that of the maintainer line at the flower bud stage,and the opposite was true at the alabastrum stage and the flowering stage,and its values were higher than those of the maintainer line;and the starch content and soluble sugar content of sterile line 9 A showed an overall upward trend,and were significantly lower than those of the maintainer line 9 B at the alabastrum stage and the flowering stage.During the whole development process of floral organs,the content of IAA in sterile line 9 A showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing,and the content of iPA increased gradually.The contents of hormones in the sterile line were lower than those in the maintainer line.The ratios of IAA/ABA,IAA/GA3,IAA/iPA and ABA/GA3 in the sterile line were significantly different from those in the maintainer line.It is inferred that the abnormal physiological characteristics of floral organ development are related to the cytoplasmic-nuclear male sterility of soybean.The alabastrum stage may be a critical period for the occurrence of abnormal physiological and biochemical indexes in the floral organs of soybean cytoplasmic-nuclear male sterile lines.[Conclusions]This study provides a theoretical basis for the breeding of fine sterile lines of soybean and the research on the mechanism of sterility.展开更多
Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a maternally inherited trait characterized by the inability of a plant to produce functional pollen, which is widespread among higher plants. CMS system is a valuable tool for plant
文摘The impact of epigenetic modifications like DNA methylation on plant phenotypes has expanded the possibilities for crop development.DNA methylation plays a part in the regulation of both the chromatin structure and gene expression,and the enzyme involved,DNA methyltransferase,executes the methylation process within the plant genome.By regulating crucial biological pathways,epigenetic changes actively contribute to the creation of the phenotype.Therefore,epigenome editing may assist in overcoming some of the drawbacks of genome editing,which can have minor off-target consequences and merely facilitate the loss of a gene’s function.These drawbacks include gene knockout,which can have such off-target effects.This review provides examples of several molecular characteristics of DNA methylation,as well as some plant physiological processes that are impacted by these epigenetic changes in the plants.We also discuss how DNA alterations might be used to improve crops and meet the demands of sustainable and environmentally-friendly farming.
文摘Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a maternally inherited trait that suppresses the production of viable pollen. CMS is a useful biological tool for confinement strategies to facilitate coexistence of genetically modified (GM) and non-GM crops in case where it is required. The trait is reversible and can be restored to fertility in the presence of nuclear restorer genes (Rf genes) and by environmental impacts. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the level of irrigation on the stability of CMS maize hybrids under defined greenhouse conditions. Additionally the combination of irrigation and air temperature was studied. Three CMS maize hybrids were grown with different levels of irrigation and in different temperature regimes. Tassel characteristics, pollen production and fertility were assessed. The CMS stability was high in hot air temperatures and decreased in lower temperatures. The level of irrigation had no major effect on the level of sterility. The extent of these phenomena was depending on the genotype of CMS maize and should be known before using CMS for coexistence purposes.
基金This work was supported by the National High Technology R&D Project of China (No.2002AA207009) and Wuhan Dawn Project for Youth (No. 20035002016-36).
文摘Northern blot analysis was conducted with mitochondrial RNA from seedling leaves, floral buds, and developing seeds of NCa CMS, maintainer line and fertile F1 using ten mitochondrial genes as probes. The results revealed that 9 out of the 10 mitochondrial genes, except for atp6, showed no difference in different tissues of the corresponding materials of NCα CMS system and that they might be constitutively expressed genes. Eight genes, such as orf139, orf222, atpl, cox1, cox2, cob, rm5S, and rm26S, showed no difference among the three tissues of all the materials detected. So the expression of these eight genes was not regulated by nuclear genes and was not tissue-specific. The transcripts of atp9 were identical among different tissues, but diverse among different materials, indicating that transcription of atp9 was neither controlled by nuclear gene nor tissue-specific. Gene atp6 displayed similar transcripts with the same size among different tissues of all the materials but differed in abundance among tissues of corresponding materials and its expression might be tissue-specific under regulation of nuclear gene. Moreover, three transcripts of orf222 were detected in the floral buds of NCa cms and fertile F1, but no transcript was detected in floral buds of the maintainer line.The transcription of orf139 was similar to that of orf222 but only two transcripts of 0.8 kb and 0.6 kb were produced. The atp9 probe detected a single transcript of 0.6 kb in NCa cms and in maintainer line and an additional transcript of 1.2 kb in fertile F1. The relationship of expression of orf222, orf139, and atp9 with NCa sterility was discussed.
基金supported by Heilongjiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.YQ2022C012)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2022MD713728)+1 种基金Heilongjiang Provincial Postdoctoral Fund(Grant No.LBHZ21046)the Open Project of Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops(Northeast Region),Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,and National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2023YFD1201501).
文摘Ogura cytoplasmic male sterility(Ogura CMS)is extensively applied in hybrid seed production in cruciferous crops.However,the posttranscriptional molecular basis of Ogura CMS in cruciferous crops remains elusive.Here,a data-independent acquisition-based proteomic approach coupled with a parallel reaction monitoring-based targeted proteomic assay was used to analyze the proteome dynamics of Ogura CMS cabbage line RM and its maintainer line RF during floral bud development to obtain insights into the mechanism underlying Ogura CMS in cruciferous crops.A total of 9162 proteins corresponding to 61464 peptides were identified in RM and RF floral buds.The proteomic fluctuation of RM was weaker than that of RF.Differences in protein expression between RM and RF gradually enlarged with floral bud development.Fifteen continually up-regulated and eight continually down-regulated proteins were found in RM relative to RF throughout floral bud development.Differentially expressed proteins between RM and RF during floral bud development were implicated in the endoplasmic reticulum(ER)-associated protein processing pathway,in which most of them exhibited down-regulated expression in RM.These data suggest that ER-associated protein processing may be involved in pollen abortion in Ogura CMS cabbage by inhibiting the expression of critical factors.Our findings not only deepen the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of Ogura CMS in cruciferous crops but also provide better guidance for applying Ogura CMS in the hybrid breeding of cruciferous crops.
基金supported by a grant from China Key Technology Program and Zhejiang province‘8812’Program.
文摘The inheritance of the sterility maintenance ability was studied for three types of CMS lines (Zhenshan97A, XieqingzaoA and II-32A) and several lines in indica rice. The result showed that the abilities to keep the male sterility of the maintainer lines strengthened obviously with the progressive backcrossing. The critical stage to maintain the sterility of CMS lines happened usually in BC5-6 generation. The selection of the recurrent parent gave an obvious influence on the pollen fertility distribution of the later generations. The author has discussed ways of improving of the maintainer lines.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31330057)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions+1 种基金the Program of International S&T Cooperation of China(1021)the Jiangsu Province Graduate Innovation Fund(XCLX13_899),China
文摘Somatic hybridization is performed to obtain significant cytoplasmic male sterility （CMS） lines, whose CMS genes are derived either from the transfer of sterile genes from the mitochondrial genome of donor parent to the counterpart of receptor or production of new sterile genes caused by mitochondrial genome recombination of the biparent during protoplast fusion. In this study, a novel male sterile line, SaNa-IA, was obtained from the somatic hybridization between Brassica napus and Sinapis alba. The normal anther development of the maintainer line, SaNa-IB, and the abortive process of SaNa-IA were described through phenotypic observations and microtome sections. The floral organ of the sterile line SaNa-IA was sterile with a shortened filament and deflated anther. No detectable pollen grains were found on the surface of the sterile anthers. Semi-thin sections indicated that SaNa-IA aborted in the pollen mother cell （PMC） stage when vacuolization of the tapetum and PMCs began. The tapetum radically elongated and became highly vacuolated, occupying the entire locule together with the vacuolated microspores. Therefore, SaNa-IA is different from other CMS lines, such as ogu CMS, pol CMS and nap CMS as shown by the abortive process of the anther.
基金Special Foundation for "12th Five-year" Biological Germplasm Resources Innovation&Functional Gene Discovery and Utilization of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps(No.2012BB047)"12th Five-year" Breeding Tacking Program of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps(No.2011BA002)
文摘In order to screen molecular markers linked to fertility restoring genes and further improve the breeding efficiency of restorer lines, in this study, wheat varieties 18A, 18B and 99AR144-1 were used as experimental materials to establish F2 fertility-segregating population. Plant quantitative trait ＂major gene ＋ polygene mixed mo- del＂ separation analysis method and simple sequence repeat （SSR） molecular markers were adopted for genetic analysis of four generations, including the parents （P~ and P2）, and hybrid （G and G） populations. The results show that AL-type fertility restoring gene is controlled by two pairs of additive-dominant-epistatic genes and addi- tive-dominant polygene; two primers linked to fertility restoring genes were selected by SSR molecular markers, including Xgwm95 on chromosome 2A and Barc61 on chromosome 1B, with the linkage distance of 15.0 cM and 18.0 cM, respectively. Based on verification, these two markers are reliable for distinguishing AL-type wheat ste- rile lines and restorer lines.
基金Supported by Doctoral Research Start-up Fund(BS514)Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Science and Technology Reserve Project(2018MDCB02)+1 种基金Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Science and Technology Planning Project(2018KJJH1702)Scientific Research Project of Inner Mongolia Minzu University(NMDSS2159)。
文摘[Objectives]This study was conducted to explore the mechanism of soybean cytoplasmic-nuclear male sterility.[Methods]With soybean cytoplasmic-nuclear male sterile line JLCMS9 A and its homotype maintainer line JLCMS9 B as experimental materials,the activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD),peroxidase(POD)and catalase(CAT),malondialdehyde(MDA)content,starch content,soluble protein content,soluble sugar content and free proline content in flower buds,alabastrums and mature flowers were determined,and the contents and changes of auxin(IAA),gibberellin(GA3),isopentenyl adenosine(iPA)and abscisic acid(ABA)at the three stages were analyzed.[Results]The activity of SOD and CAT and the contents of MDA and free proline in the sterile line at the flower bud stage were lower than those of the maintainer line,but the opposite was true at the alabastrum stage and the flowering stage,and their values were higher than those of the maintainer line;the POD activity of the sterile line was significantly lower than that of the maintainer line at the flower bud stage,and the opposite was true at the alabastrum stage and the flowering stage,and its values were higher than those of the maintainer line;and the starch content and soluble sugar content of sterile line 9 A showed an overall upward trend,and were significantly lower than those of the maintainer line 9 B at the alabastrum stage and the flowering stage.During the whole development process of floral organs,the content of IAA in sterile line 9 A showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing,and the content of iPA increased gradually.The contents of hormones in the sterile line were lower than those in the maintainer line.The ratios of IAA/ABA,IAA/GA3,IAA/iPA and ABA/GA3 in the sterile line were significantly different from those in the maintainer line.It is inferred that the abnormal physiological characteristics of floral organ development are related to the cytoplasmic-nuclear male sterility of soybean.The alabastrum stage may be a critical period for the occurrence of abnormal physiological and biochemical indexes in the floral organs of soybean cytoplasmic-nuclear male sterile lines.[Conclusions]This study provides a theoretical basis for the breeding of fine sterile lines of soybean and the research on the mechanism of sterility.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China （30370978）.
文摘Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a maternally inherited trait characterized by the inability of a plant to produce functional pollen, which is widespread among higher plants. CMS system is a valuable tool for plant
