Effects of Transformer DC Bias and the Relationship Between UHVDC Grounding Current and Grounding Resistances

Recently years,UHVDC transmission system is paid more attention to in the field of China's power system.It takes key part in the China electrical power development stratagem.But,many problems are caused by UHVDC system,such as DC bias,corrosion of metal underground and so on.DC bias is harm to the transformers nearby UHVDC grounding polar.In this paper,the influences of DC grounding current on transformer are introduced and some suggestions of DC bias solution were provided.And,the relationship between UHVDC Grounding Current and grounding Resistance of Substation was analyzed.Firstly,two-part network circuit was used to equivalent the grounding circuit.Then,an analysis of rules was done between DC bias current and grounding resistance.Finally,the conclusion is given that DC bias current rises fast as DC grounding resistance or AC grounding resistance rises.It drops when resistance of AC transmission line or interaction resistance between DC grounding system and AC grounding system rises.Decreasing AC grounding resistance and DC grounding resistance is important to restrain DC bias current.Increasing resistance of AC transmission line such as adding resistance into transformer neutral-point grounding is a useful way to limit DC bias current.

Vibration and noise mechanism of a 110 kV transformer under DC bias based on finite element method

Global energy and environmental issues are becoming increasingly problematic,and the vibration and noise problem of 110 kV transformers,which are the most widely distributed,have attracted widespread attention from both inside and outside the industry.DC bias is one of the main contributing factors to vibration noise during the normal operation of transformers.To clarify the vibration and noise mechanism of a 110 kV transformer under a DC bias,a multi-field coupling model of a 110 kV transformer was established using the finite element method.The electromagnetic,vibration,and noise characteristics during the DC bias process were compared and quantified through field circuit coupling in parallel with the power frequency of AC,harmonic,and DC power sources.It was found that a DC bias can cause significant distortions in the magnetic flux density,force,and displacement distributions of the core and winding.The contributions of the DC bias effect to the core and winding are different at Kdc=0.85.At this point,the core approached saturation,and the increase in the core force and displacement slowed.However,the saturation of the core increased the leakage flux,and the stress and displacement of the winding increased faster.The sound field distribution characteristics of the 110 kV transformer under a DC bias are related to the force characteristics.When the DC bias coefficient was 1.25,the noise sound pressure level reached 73.6 dB.

Effect of applied dc bias voltage on composition, chemical bonding and mechanical properties of carbon nitride films prepared by PECVD

Carbon nitride films were deposited on Si (100) substrates using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) technique from CH4 and N2 at different applied dc bias voltage. The microstructure, composition and chemical bonding of the resulting films were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The mechanical properties such as hardness and elastic modulus of the films were evaluated using nano-indentation. As the results, the Raman spectra, showing the G and D bands, indicate the amorphous structure of the films. XPS and FTIR measurements demonstrate the existence of various carbon-nitride bonds in the films and the hydrogenation of carbon nitride phase. The composition ratio of N to C, the nano-hardness and the elastic modulus of the carbon nitride films increase with increasing dc bias voltage and reach the maximums at a dc bias voltage of 300 V, then they decrease with further increase of the dc bias voltage. Moreover, the XRD analyses indicate that the carbon nitride film contains some polycrystalline C3N4 phase embedded in the amorphous matrix at optimized deposition condition of dc bias voltage of 300 V.

First IEC standard of DC bias suppression devices to be issued

IEC TS 60076-23,the first IEC standard on DC bias suppression devices approved by IEC/TC 14 in November 2017,is expected to be published and put into force in 2018,overcoming the lack of such IEC standards in the field.The Shanghai branch of SGCC has carried out studies and researches on DC bias effect for more than 10 years,and it has led the standard development based on its R&D and the application of DC bias suppression devices in China.

Study on Earth Surface Potential and DC Current Distribution around DC Grounding Electrode

DC magnetic biasing problem,caused by the DC grounding electrode, threatened the safe operation of AC power grid. In this paper, the characteristics of the soil stratification near DC grounding electrode was researched. The AC-DC interconnected large-scale system model under the monopole operation mode was established. The earth surface potential and DC current distribution in various stations under the different surface thickness was calculated. Some useful conclusions are drawn from the analyzed results.

Dynamic physical characteristics of DC arc on arcing horn for HVDC grounding electrode line

The dynamic physical characteristics of a DC arc on an arcing horn for a high voltage direct current(HVDC)grounding electrode line are significantly different from those of the switching device arc,secondary arc,AC fault arc and pantograph-catenary arc.In this work,an experimental platform for the DC arc on the arcing horn was built,and mechanisms of the arc column short circuit and arc root movement were studied.This work further analyzes the characteristics and mechanisms of the arc motion when wind speed and direction,magnetic field and the expansion angle of the electrode are varied.Arc root movement is more likely to occur at the upper electrode.There is a competitive relationship between arc expansion and the transferring effect.The effect of wind on the arc column is greater than the effect on the arc root.The magnetic field has a significant driving effect on both the arc column and the arc root.The research results provide a comprehensive experimental basis for forther probing the method of DC arc suppression,and the improvement of the arcing horn.

Research on Common Grounding Electrode Technique in HVDC

This paper discusses the characteristics of DC transmission common system ground electrode type and shared ground electrode, established the mathematical model of two circuit DC systems share ground electrode, analyze effects of the shared loop ground DC transmission system electrode on the operation of HVDC system size under different operation modes, and compare with the independent ground electrode, ground electrode impact on environment under different operation mode, and the paper finally puts forward some solving measures for the influence of the shared ground electrode on the environment and public ground electrode effects on DC system operation problems.

Finite Element Simulation and Experimental Study on Vibration Characteristics of Converter Transformer Under DC Bias

To clarify the electromagnetic,vibration,and loss characteristics of the internal components of a converter transformer under DC bias conditions and their influencing mechanisms,a series of studies are conducted using the finite element method and model experiments.This paper quantifies the influence of different DC contents on the magnetic flux density,force,and displacement distribution characteristics of the iron core and winding and analyzes the internal relationship between various indicators.The inflection point of the DC bias coefficient on the vibration is obtained and the contribution mechanism of the different responses of the iron core and winding to this inflection point is explained.The value of the DC bias coefficient for changing the main vibration frequency is determined.When the DC bias coefficient is 1.0 and 1.5,the main frequency of vibration moves to the right to 250 Hz and 350 Hz.Based on the principle of similarity,a DC bias vibration experimental platform for converter transformers is developed,and DC bias magnetic experiments are conducted to verify the reliability of the simulation results.

DC BIAS ELECTRIC FIELD DEPENDENT PIEZOELECTRICITY FOR[001]POLED Pb(In_(1/2)Nb_(1/2))O_(3)-Pb(Mg_(1/3)Nb_(2/3))O_(3)-PbTiO_(3) CRYSTALS

The longitudinal piezoelectric response of[001]poled rhombohedral and orthorhombic Pb(In_(1/2)Nb_(1/2))O_(3)-Pb(Mg_(1/3)Nb_(2/3))O_(3)-PbTiO_(3)crystals were investigated with respect to DC bias electric field,being in the range of-2-15 kV/cm.For rhombohedral crystals with compo-sitions far away from morphotropic phase boundary(MPB),the piezoelectric response generally decreased with increasing positive DC bias field,while for crystals with MPB compositions,the piezoelectric response firstly decreased and then increased as function of DC bias.The piezo-electric response was found to decrease drastically when DC bias larger than phase transition feld.On the other hand,the piezoelectric response was slightly enhanced for all the crystals as function of negative DC bias prior to the depolarization.To explain the obtained results,the field dependent piezoelectric cofficients in domain engineered crystals were analyzed based on ther-modynamic approach.

Effects of DC Magnetic Bias on the Magnetic and Sound Fields of Transformer

DC bias current flowing into the neutral point of power transformer will seriously affect the normal operation of AC power system. In this paper, exciting current, harmonic component of the excitation current, magnetic flux density and noise of transformer were analyzed when the transformer is in the no-load operation state based on field-circuit coupled method. Through the calculation and analysis, some reference bases are provided for design of transformer.

EFFECT OF NEGATIVE BIAS ON DIAMOND NUCLEATION IN MICROWAVE PLASMA ASSISTED CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION SYSTEM

Effect of direct current negative bias on diamond nucleation in microwave plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition system was discussed. The influence of the magnitude of negative bias value,bias duration and methane concentration in the gas mixture on nucleation density of diamond films was studied respectively. It is demonstrated that direct current negative bias can drastically enhance the diamond nucleation at a suitable value.Long bias duration and high methane concentration are helpful for diamond nucleation.

基于最优特征训练支持向量机的MMC-HVDC输电线路故障检测方法

准确辨识MMC-HVDC系统的线路故障类型对于快速恢复故障线路正常运行有着重要的意义,但高阻接地故障一直是识别的难点。为此,提出了一种基于支持向量机的故障类型检测方法。该方法利用经验模态分解提取故障电压信号中的若干个高频模态量,通过粒子群优化算法寻找各个模态量的最优权值后重构波形信号作为特征样本训练分类模型。仿真结果验证,利用优化样本训练出的分类模型可以在低采样频率和较少故障波形采样点的情况下完成对不同类型故障的准确识别。

HVDC中直流偏磁电力变压器叠片铁心损耗及磁通分布

为了研究高压直流输电系统中直流偏磁电力变压器叠片铁心中的损耗及磁通分布,提出并研制了完全按照电力变压器铁心的标准设计和叠装工艺制作的叠片铁心模型。通过模型实验获得了叠片材料在不同偏置磁场作用时的损耗曲线,解决了直流偏磁条件下叠片铁心三维电磁场数值计算中所需要的材料性能数据问题。考察了不同偏置磁场作用下变压器铁心取向硅钢片中的损耗和磁通分布,研究不同偏置磁场强度对取向硅钢片特性的影响,提出解决计算三维非线性和各向异性涡流问题的实用措施。研究表明,不同偏磁工况下模型铁损和磁通的计算结果和测量结果具有较好一致性,所得结果和结论有助于通过优化设计来提高电力变压器的性能指标。

UHVDC圆环接地极接地性能分析

为研究UHVDC圆环接地极接地性能,用三维有限元法计算了考虑钢体自身电阻率时其性能参数,在相同电极长度下计算比较了单圆环、双圆环和三圆环3种不同电极型式的接地特性,结果表明引流电缆注入点处的电极电位和温升略高于电极其它部位,且单圆环电极的最高电位升、接地电阻和最高温升最小,双圆环次之,三圆环最大;还分析了双层土壤上下层电阻率、电极埋深等参数对接地性能的影响。结果表明,电极埋深越大,最高电位升和接地电阻越小,但随着埋深的增加,温度却难以扩散,导致电极最高温升变大。此外土壤电阻率是影响接地性能的重要因素,随着土壤电阻率的增大,最高电位升和接地电阻等指标均有不同程度的上升,电极埋设层土壤电阻率对接地性能的影响较下层土壤电阻率的影响更大。

HVDC直流偏磁电力变压器铜屏蔽中涡流损耗分析与仿真

为了研究高压直流输电系统中直流偏磁电力变压器铜屏蔽中涡流损耗分布,基于Problem 21基准族中的P21c-EM1简化模型进行了详细实验研究和仿真分析。重点考察不同激励方式下变压器结构件(如:变压器油箱等)铜屏蔽中涡流损耗的分布,研究交流激励源和直流激励源之间的交叉作用对铜屏蔽损耗特性的影响。通过模型实验分别获得了电力变压器铜屏蔽在不同直流偏置磁场强度作用时和标准的正弦激励作用时的损耗分布情况并进行了对比分析。提出采用三维瞬态场计算电力变压器直流偏置涡流场的实用措施,不同偏磁工况下,模型涡流损耗的计算结果和测量结果具有较好一致性,所得结果和结论有助于通过优化设计来提高电力变压器的性能指标。

适用于架空线路输电的新型双极MMC-HVDC拓扑

在充分借鉴传统直流输电工程结线方式的基础上,提出了一种适用于架空线路输电的新型双极模块化多电平换流器型高压直流输电(MMC-HVDC)系统拓扑。该拓扑中换流器采用基于箝位双子模块的改进型模块化多电平换流器(MMC),接地极线从上下2个换流器串联构成的双极结构中间引出。重点分析了换流器在故障条件下的等值电路和直流闭锁机理,并设计了直流侧故障后的详细控制策略,并用PSCAD/EMTDC仿真软件验证了该系统拓扑的有效性和可行性。结果表明:双极拓扑具有运行方式灵活、系统可靠性高等优点;由于二极管反向阻断和箝位作用,换流器在封锁所有绝缘栅双极型晶体管(IGBT)触发脉冲后数ms内就能实现直流闭锁,因此无需交流断路器动作,仅依靠换流器自身动作就能抑制短路电流;所设计的控制时序可有效处理直流侧的故障,并在暂时性故障下帮助系统迅速重启动,减少系统停运时间。

DCS网络噪声干扰原因分析及对策

DCS系统的抗干扰能力是攸关整个控制系统安全运行的关键因素之一,而接地系统是DCS安全和应用过程中的重要环节。针对某电厂DCS存在的网络噪声干扰问题,从系统接地类型、方式及接地装置等方面,对该电厂DCS接地系统进行了全面的研究和测试。分析了该电厂DCS系统内、外部干扰产生的原因,并提出了相应的解决和预防措施,由此确保了DCS系统的长期稳定运行。

HVDC地中直流对交流系统影响的防范措施

针对直流输电系统处于单极大地回路运行方式时对交流电网运行带来的噪声、谐波、振动等不利影响,比较全面地对各种抑制地中直流影响的措施进行了对比分析。基于地中电流的成因与流散规律分析,提出了采用直流接地极与交流变电站选址优化、无接地极运行或多极共址运行方式、合理结构型式变压器的选择等主动防范措施减小地中直流的影响。结合作者的研究成果,就国内外目前抑制变压器中性点直流采取的注入反向电流、中性点串入电容、中性点串入电阻等措施进行了对比分析。通过分析串电阻措施的关键问题,认为该方案结构简洁,长期运行可靠性高,不会产生谐振,成本低廉,建议在现场使用。该研究成果为解决交直流电网并列运行安全稳定运行提供了有益的建议。

两电平VSC-HVDC系统直流侧接地方式选择

基于开关函数法对两电平电压源换流器型高压直流(VSC-HVDC)系统进行了建模,分析了正弦脉宽调制(SPWM)时VSC的谐波特性,指出零序的载波频率次谐波电压、电流是VSC交流侧的主要谐波分量,推导了该零序谐波电流经开关函数中的基波分量作用后将在直流侧形成载波频率次不平衡谐波电流。发现了直流侧不平衡谐波电流流通路径与直流侧的接地方式密切相关,只有VSC-HVDC系统两端直流侧都接地,直流侧不平衡谐波电流才能通过本端直流侧接地点和交流侧高通滤波器接地点流通而被限制在本地,否则该高频谐波电流将在输电线路上流通,从而引发一系列危害。在PSCAD/EMTDC下搭建VSC-HVDC系统进行了仿真分析,验证了以上结果,提出了两电平VSC-HVDC系统需要采用两端直流侧都接地的拓扑结构。