A Fault Current Limiting Hybrid DC Circuit Breaker

Due to the low impedance characteristic of the high voltage direct current(HVDC)grid,the fault current rises extremely fast after a DC-side fault occurs,and this phenomenon seriously endangers the safety of the HVDC grid.In order to suppress the rising speed of the fault current and reduce the current interruption requirements of the main breaker(MB),a fault current limiting hybrid DC circuit breaker(FCL-HCB)has been proposed in this paper,and it has the capability of bidirectional fault current limiting and fault current interruption.After the occurrence of the overcurrent in the HVDC grid,the current limiting circuit(CLC)of FCL-HCB is put into operation immediately,and whether the protected line is cut off or resumed to normal operation is decided according to the fault detection result.Compared with the traditional hybrid DC circuit breaker(HCB),the required number of semiconductor switches and the peak value of fault current after fault occurs are greatly reduced by adopting the proposed device.Extensive simulations also verify the effectiveness of the proposed FCL-HCB.

Key technologies for medium and low voltage DC distribution system

Development of the medium and low voltage DC distribution system is of great significance to a regional transmission of electric energy,increasing a penetration rate of new energy,and enhancing a safety of the operation of the AC/DC interconnected grid.This paper first summarizes the medium and low voltage DC distribution system schemes and plans put forward by many countries,and then elaborate status of under-construction medium and low voltage DC distribution system project cases in China.Based on these project cases,this paper analyzes key issues involved in the medium and low voltage DC distribution system topologies,equipment,operation control technologies and DC fault protections,in order to provide theoretical and technical reference for future medium and low voltage DC distribution system-related projects.Finally,this paper combines a current China research status to summarize and give a prediction about the future research direction of medium and low voltage DC distribution system,which can provide reference for the research of medium and low voltage DC distribution system.

DC faults ride-through capability analysis of Full-Bridge MMC-MTDC System

Full-Bridge Modular Multilevel Converter(FBMMC) has strong ability to ride through serious DC faults,thus it is very suitable for multi-terminal flexible HVDC applications.However,no references have reported the locating and isolating of DC faults and corresponding DC faults ride-through capability evaluation index.This paper introduces the topology mechanism of FBMMC and its loss reduction operation mode,theoretically certifies that the universal decoupled control strategy of Voltage Source Converter(VSC) and the similar modulation strategies of Half-Bridge MMC(HBMMC) can be applied to FBMMC for constructing complete closed-loop control system.On the basis of the existing DC faults locating and isolating schemes of 2-level VSC based Multi-Terminal HVDC(VSC-MTDC) system and the particularity of FBMMC,this paper proposes the DC faults wire selection "handshaking" method of the FBMMC-MTDC system,and proposes the DC Fault Ride-Through Capability Index(DFRTI) for evaluating the DC faults suppressing capability of the VSC-MTDC systems,including FBMMC-MTDC.Simulations of FBMMC-MTDC in PSCAD/EMTDC validate the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed control strategy and evaluation index.

DC fault analysis for modular multilevel converter-based system

DC fault protection is the key technique for the development of the DC distribution and transmission system. This paper analyzes the transient characteristics of DC faults in a modular multilevel converter(MMC) based DC system combining with the numerical method. Meanwhile,lots of simulation tests based on MATLAB/Simulink are carried out to verify the correctness of the theoretical analysis. Finally, the technological difficulties of and requirements for the protection and isolation are discussed to provide the theoretical foundation for the design of dc fault protection strategy.

A comprehensive review of DC fault protection methods in HVDC transmission systems

High voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission is an economical option for transmitting a large amount of power over long distances. Initially, HVDC was developed using thyristor-based current source converters (CSC). With the development of semiconductor devices, a voltage source converter (VSC)-based HVDC system was introduced, and has been widely applied to integrate large-scale renewables and network interconnection. However, the VSC-based HVDC system is vulnerable to DC faults and its protection becomes ever more important with the fast growth in number of installations. In this paper, detailed characteristics of DC faults in the VSC-HVDC system are presented. The DC fault current has a large peak and steady values within a few milliseconds and thus high-speed fault detection and isolation methods are required in an HVDC grid. Therefore, development of the protection scheme for a multi-terminal VSC-based HVDC system is challenging. Various methods have been developed and this paper presents a comprehensive review of the different techniques for DC fault detection, location and isolation in both CSC and VSC-based HVDC transmission systems in two-terminal and multi-terminal network configurations.

Hybrid MMC with Low Voltage Operations and DC Fault Ride-through Capabilities Based on Auxiliary Full-bridge Converter

The hybrid modular multilevel converter(MMC)based on half-bridge sub-modules(HBSMs)and full-bridge submodules(FBSMs)can operate at low DC voltages and clear DC side fault currents.However,the costs and power losses are much higher in hybrid converters.An auxiliary full-bridge converter(AFC)is designed to reconstruct the converter structure in the arm level,and the HBSMs output capacitor voltage through the AFC can attain similar capabilities to hybrid MMCs.The operational principle of the auxiliary full-bridge converter is discussed,and the low voltage operation and non-blocking fault ride through control are verified in a two-terminal DC network simulation.Through economic analysis,the power loss of the AFC is similar to a HBSM MMC but the total investment is lower than a hybrid MMC,making the AFC a promising solution to improve the existing HBSM converter with more controllability.

Coordination Method for DC Fault Current Suppression and Clearance in DC Grids

The modular multilevel converter(MMC)based DC grid is considered as a future solution for bulk renewable energy integration and transmission.However,the high probability of DC faults and their rapid propagation speed are the main challenges in the development of DC grids.Existing research primarily focuses on the DC fault clearance methods,while the fault current suppression methods are still barely researched.Additionally,the coordination method of fault current suppression and clearance needs to be optimized.In this paper,the technical characteristics of the current suppression methods are studied,and the coordinated methods of fault current suppression and clearance are proposed.At last,a cost comparison of these methods is presented.The research results show that the proposed strategies can reduce the cost of the protection equipment.

A Three-phase Integrated Power Electronic Transformer with the Capability of DC Fault Clearance

This paper presents a three-phase integrated power electronic transformer(PET)topology with the capability of DC fault clearance based on the investigation of PET topology.The proposed PET has three ports of high-voltage AC,high-voltage DC and low-voltage DC,which can achieve the flexible access of distributed energy resources・The power unit of the PET adopts a three-phase integrated topology,and the single-phase fluctuating power in the DC-link capacitor is reduced by a 4-port DC/DC converter,thereby reducing the capacitance of the DC-link capacitor;Meanwhile,the power unit uses the clamp double sub-module(CDSM)to allow for self-clearing of the short-circuit fault on the high-voltage DC side.Finally,this paper verifies the proposed PET through an EMT simulation and experimental prototype.

Optimal Allocation of Fault Current Limiter in MMC-HVDC Grid Based on Transient Energy Flow

Economical and reliable protection of DC-side shortcircuit faults has become a key technology for promoting the development of module multilevel converters based on the high voltage direct current grid(MMC-HVDC-Grid).The fault current limiter(FCL)can effectively suppress the rapid development of the fault current and reduce the current breaking capacity of the circuit breaker.In this paper,a method based on transient energy flow(TEF)analysis is proposed to optimize the allocation of a resistive and inductive FCL in the MMC-HVDC-Grid.In the proposed method,the electromagnetic TEF is measured first,and then,the TEF suppression rate and suppression efficiency are defined as optimization objectives,and the installation location of the FCL and its impedance parameters as optimization variables.To test the proposed method,two-terminal and four-terminal bipolar MMC-HVDC-Grids with single-pole-to-ground DC faults are modeled in the PSCAD/EMTDC so that the TEF data can be acquired.The optimal FCLs’location and parameter values are determined through investigating the evolution paradigm of TEF along with changes of the FCL position and parameters.The results prove that the selected parameters can effectively slow down the DC fault current rising rate,thus reducing the requirements on tripping current of the DC breakers.

Neutral-point-clamped hybrid multilevel converter with DC fault blocking capability for medium-voltage DC transmission

This paper proposes a novel hybrid multilevel converter with DC fault-blocking capability, i.e., the neutral-point clamped hybrid multilevel converter(NHMC).By employing two types of unipolar full-bridge submodules along with director switches, which are composed of seriesconnected insulated-gate bipolar transistors, the NHMC combines the features and advantages of the neutral-point clamped converter and the modular multilevel converter.The basic topology, operating principles, modulation scheme, and energy-balancing scheme of the NHMC are presented. The DC fault-blocking capability of the NHMC is investigated. The number of power electronic devices used by the NHMC is calculated and compared with other multilevel converters, showing that the proposed NHMC can be an economical and feasible option for medium-voltage DC transmission with overhead lines. Simulation results demonstrate the features and operating scheme of the proposed NHMC.

Novel Modular Multilevel Converter Against DC Faults for HVDC Applications

In view of the DC fault current isolation deficiency for the conventional half-bridge sub-module(HBSM)based modular multilevel converter(MMC),this paper presents an improved MMC topology.Both quasi reverse blocking submodules(QRBSMs)and current limit modules(CLMs)are employed to improve the DC fault handling capability for HVDC applications.This paper analyzes such a new converter configuration and operation principles.Then the DC pole-to-pole short circuit fault is taken into consideration for further study,as well as the fault current blocking mechanism and quantitative relationship between system electrical stress and key parameters.To validate the feasibility of the proposed topology and fault protection theory,extensive simulation results are demonstrated.It is concluded that the QRB-MMC can effectively block the fault current under DC fault condition.In addition,CLMs play an important role in further accelerating fault current attenuation.Moreover,QRB-MMC employs the original control and modulation strategies under normal operation conditions;thus,it further reduces the complexity of industry design.

Study on Clamping Type DC Circuit Breaker with Short Fault Isolation Time and Low Energy Dissipation

The development of DC grids faces challenges from DC fault protection.The conventional DC circuit breaker(DCCB)employs metal-oxide varistor(MOV)to isolate the faulted line,in which the fault isolation process is coupled with the energy dissipation process.In this study,a clamping type DCCB(CTCB)using internal capacitors to clamp the converter voltage is proposed.Thanks to the proposed configuration,fault isolation and energy dissipation are decoupled,resulting in a fast fault isolation and low energy dissipation compared to the conventional DCCB.The working principle of the proposed CTCB is presented and verified in a DC grid simulation model.A comparison is made with the traditional DCCB.The fault isolation time can be reduced by 34.5%.The dissipated energy can be reduced by 17.4%.The energy dissipation power can be reduced by 76.2%.

Reclosing Current Limiting for DC Line Faults in VSC-HVDC Systems

The problem of reclosing current limiting in voltage source converter based high-voltage direct current(VSCHVDC)systems is becoming more and more serious.A soft reclosing scheme for DC permanent faults is presented in this paper.Because the converter voltages of stations at both terminals of the disconnected faulty line may be different,the choice of which terminal to reclose first will affect the reclosing overcurrent.A method for selecting the terminal to reclose first is investigated to achieve a minimum peak overcurrent during the reclosing process.In order to ensure that the hybrid DC circuit breaker(HDCCB)adapts to the needs of the reclosing process better,the traditional HDCCB is improved by adding a soft reclosing module(SRM).The energy dissipated in the arresters is significantly reduced when using the improved HDCCB.The improved HDCCB will be able to reclose multiple times safely and thus increase the possibility of successful reclosing.Moreover,the recovery time after the HDCCB is successfully reclosed is very short with the improved HDCCB and its control principles.Simulation results show that this proposed scheme is capable of limiting the reclosing overcurrent when the fault still exists.

Modeling of High-frequency Electromagnetic Oscillation for DC Fault in MMC-HVDC Systems

DC short-circuit faults pose a hazard to the operation of a modular multilevel converter(MMC)-based high voltage direct current(HVDC)system,necessitating reliable fault clearing solutions with rapid reaction.However,because the parasitic capacitances of the main equipment oscillate with the lumped inductances of the HVDC system,strong electromagnetic oscillations with multiple frequencies occur during clearance transients.These oscillations will disturb the HVDC system’s protection and control systems.Therefore,this paper focuses on the modeling of these oscillations.First,an equivalent circuit for the MMC-based HVDC system is proposed,taking into account the parasitic capacitances of the system’s major components,such as DC reactors,connecting cables,and DC circuit breakers(DCCBs).Second,four distinct oscillation stages are postulated based on action coordination of MMCs and DCCBs,and the associated analytical equations for the oscillation frequencies are derived.Third,a 200 kV MMC-based DC converter station is subjected to an 6ms/6kA pole-to-pole(PTP)short-circuit test.Electromagnetic oscillations have a frequency range of several kHz to several hundreds of kHz.The measured waveforms correspond well with simulated results,including the parasitic characteristics.Additionally,the relative errors between the simulated and measured frequencies are less than 5%.

Research on fast solid state DC breaker based on a natural current zero-crossing point

The DC fault characteristics of voltage source converter based high voltage direct current(VSC-HVDC)systems are analyzed in this paper.The phenomenon whereby the capacitor on DC side discharges quickly during a DC fault contributes to a large short-circuit fault current.Neither traditional DC breakers nor DC switches can cut off the fault current under this condition.A fast solid state DC breaker design method is proposed in this paper.This method is based on the fault current characteristics of the inverter in multi-terminal HVDC systems(MTDC),where a fault current appears at the natural zerocrossing point near the inverter.At this point,by coordinating the AC breakers near the rectifier,the DC breaker could reliably cut off the DC fault current and protect the system.A detailed model for this fast solid state DC breaker and its operation sequence are studied,based on this design method.Simulations modeling a five-terminal meshed DC grid and a fast DC breaker were carried out with PSCAD/EMTDC using this design method.The results from the simulations confirmed the validity of the design method.

Modular Reciprocating HVDC Circuit Breaker with Current-limiting and Bi-directional Series-parallel Branch Switching Capability

The high-voltage direct current(HVDC)circuit breaker is becoming popular with the rapid development of the flexible HVDC grid for efficient DC fault ride-through purposes.This paper proposes a novel module for reciprocating HVDC circuit breaker topology,whose branch connections are able to switch between series and parallel modes to limit the rising rate and interrupt the DC fault currents.Diode-bridge submodules(DBSMs)are used to compose the main branch for current interruption.Besides fault clearance,the proposed topology has the advantageous function of DC fault current limiting by employing DBSMs with bi-directional conduction capability.The topology can easily switch among branch connection modes through the assembled trans-valves,and their resistance and reactance are very small in the normal state when branches are in parallel and the values become promptly large in the transient state when the branches are series connected.With the modular design,it is easy to change the number of branches or sub-modules and the types of sub-modules to adapt to more specific needs.A 6-terminal modular multi-level converter(MMC)based HVDC grid is established in PSCAD/EMTDC,and various simulation scenarios are carried out to validate the proposed topology.

Modeling and Control of an Isolated Module Multilevel DC/DC Converter for DC Grid

This paper presents an isolated DC/AC/DC converter using a middle frequency transformer coupling two modular multilevel converters(MMC),suitable for interconnecting DC transmission lines of different voltage levels in high voltage direct current(HVDC)system.The basic operational principle of the isolated module multilevel DC/DC converter(IMMDCC)is analyzed.The dynamic model of IMMDCC is studied in detail and the transient relationship between DC side and AC side of IMMDCC is revealed,which is physically straightforward for understanding the power transfer in IMMDCC.The control strategy in D-Q coordinate system is put forward,and the fault characteristic and corresponding protection method is analyzed.Finally,computer simulation using Matlab/Simulink is performed to verify the dynamic model and the proposed control strategy.The simulation results show good performances and the quick response ability of the proposed control strategy.

Protection of large partitioned MTDC Networks Using DC-DC converters and circuit breakers

This paper proposes a DC fault protection strategy for large multi-terminal HVDC(MTDC)network where MMC based DC-DC converter is configured at strategic locations to allow the large MTDC network to be operated interconnected but partitioned into islanded DC network zones following faults.Each DC network zone is protected using either AC circuit breakers coordinated with DC switches or slow mechanical type DC circuit breakers to minimize the capital cost.In case of a DC fault event,DC-DC converters which have inherent DC fault isolation capability provide‘firewall’between the faulty and healthy zones such that the faulty DC network zone can be quickly isolated from the remaining of the MTDC network to allow the healthy DC network zones to remain operational.The validity of the proposed protection arrangement is confirmed using MATLAB/SIMULINK simulations.

Coordinated Control of DC Circuit Breakers in Multilink HVDC Grids

High voltage DC grids are developing in more terminals and with larger transmission capacity,thus the re-quirements for DC circuit breakers(DCCB)will continue to rise.Conventional methods only use the faulty line DCCB to withstand the fault stress,and therefore this paper presents a coordination method of multiple DCCBs to protect the system.As many adjacent DCCBs are tripped to interrupt the fault current,the fault energy is shared,and the requirement for the faulty line DCCB is reduced.Moreover,the adjacent DCCBs are actively controlled to help system recovery.The primary protection,backup protection,and reclosing logic of multiple DCCBs are studied.Simulations confirm that the proposed control reduces the energy dissipation requirement of faulty line DCCB by approximately 30%-42%,the required current rating for IGBTs is reduced,and the system recovery time is also reduced by 20-40 ms.

A simple decision tree-based disturbance monitoring system for VSC-based HVDC transmission link integrating a DFIG wind farm

Fault detection and classification is a key challenge for the protection of High Voltage DC(HVDC)transmission lines.In this paper,the Teager-Kaiser Energy Operator(TKEO)algorithm associated with a decision tree-based fault classi-fier is proposed to detect and classify various DC faults.The Change Identification Filter is applied to the average and differential current components,to detect the first instant of fault occurrence(above threshold)and register a Change Identified Point(CIP).Further,if a CIP is registered for a positive or negative line,only three samples of currents(i.e.,CIP and each side of CIP)are sent to the proposed TKEO algorithm,which produces their respective 8 indices through which the,fault can be detected along with its classification.The new approach enables quicker detection allowing utility grids to be restored as soon as possible.This novel approach also reduces computing complexity and the time required to identify faults with classification.The importance and accuracy of the proposed scheme are also thor-oughly tested and compared with other methods for various faults on HVDC transmission lines.