Amino acid and mineral digestibility,bone ash,and plasma inositol is increased by including microbial phytase in diets for growing pigs

Background The effect of microbial phytase on amino acid and energy digestibility is not consistent in pigs,which may be related to the phytase dosage or the adaptation length to the diet.Therefore,an experiment was conducted to test the hypotheses that increasing dietary phytase after an 18-day adaptation period:1)increases nutrient and energy digestibility;2)increases plasma P,plasma inositol,and bone ash of young pigs;and 3)demonstrates that maximum phytate degradation requires more phytase than maximum P digestibility.Results Data indicated that increasing inclusion of phytase[0,250,500,1,000,2,000,and 4,000 phytase units(FTU)/kg feed]in corn-soybean meal-based diets increased apparent ileal digestibility(AID)of Trp(quadratic;P<0.05),and of Lys and Thr(linear;P<0.05),and tended to increase AID of Met(linear;P<0.10).Increasing dietary phytase also increased AID and apparent total tract digestibility(ATTD)of Ca and P(quadratic;P<0.05)and increased ATTD of K and Na(linear;P<0.05),but phytase did not influence the ATTD of Mg or gross energy.Concentrations of plasma P and bone ash increased(quadratic;P<0.05),and plasma inositol also increased(linear;P<0.05)with increasing inclusion of phytase.Reduced concentrations of inositol phosphate(IP)6 and IP5(quadratic;P<0.05),reduced IP4 and IP3(linear;P<0.05),but increased inositol concentrations(linear;P<0.05)were observed in ileal digesta as dietary phytase increased.The ATTD of P was maximized if at least 1,200 FTU/kg were used,whereas more than 4,000 FTU/kg were needed to maximize inositol release.Conclusions Increasing dietary levels of phytase after an 18-day adaptation period increased phytate and IP ester degradation and inositol release in the small intestine.Consequently,increasing dietary phytase resulted in improved digestibility of Ca,P,K,Na,and the first 4 limiting amino acids,and in increased concentrations of bone ash and plasma P and inositol.In a corn-soybean meal diet,maximum inositol release requires approximately 3,200 FTU/kg more phytase than that required for maximum P digestibility.

Standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in soybean meal fed to non-pregnant and pregnant sows

Background Two studies were designed to determine standard ileal crude protein(CP)and amino acid(AA)digestibility of soybean meal(SBM)from different origins fed to non-pregnant and pregnant sows.Seven solvent-extracted SBMs from soybeans produced in the USA,Brazil,and China were selected.In Exp.1,eight different diets were created:a nitrogen(N)-free diet and 7 experimental diets containing SBM from different origins as the only N source.Eight non-pregnant,multiparous sows were arranged in an 8×8 Latin square design(8 periods and 8 diets).In Exp.2,the diet formula was the same as in Exp.1.Eight gestating sows(parity 3)were assigned to 4 different diets in a replicated 4×3 Youden square design(three periods and four diets)in mid-gestation and again in late-gestation stages.Results When fed to non-pregnant and late-gestating sows,the standardized ileal digestibility(SID)of CP and most AAs from different SBM were not significantly different(P>0.05).When fed to mid-gestating sows,the SID values for Arg,His,Lys,Phe,Cys,Gly,Ser,and Tyr in SBM 1 were lower than in SBM 4 and 5(P<0.05),whereas SID for Leu from SBM 5 was higher than in SBM 1 and 4(P<0.05).SID values for Ile,Ala,and Asp from SBM 4 were lower than in SBM 1 and 5(P<0.05).Sows had significantly greater SID values for Lys,Ala,and Asp during mid-gestation when compared with late-gestation stages(P<0.05).Mid-gestating sows had greater SID value for Val and lower SID value for Tyr when compared with non-pregnant and late-gestating sows(P<0.01),whereas non-pregnant sows had significantly greater SID value for Met when compared with gestating sows(P<0.01).Conclusions When fed to mid-gestating sows,the SID values for most AAs varied among SBM samples.The SID values for Lys,Met,Val,Ala,Asp,and Tyr in SBM were affected by sow gestation stages.Our findings provide a cornerstone for accurate SBM use in sow diets.

In-vitro digestibility,protein digestibility corrected amino acid,and sensory properties of banana-cassava gluten-free pasta with soy protein isolate and egg white protein addition

Soy protein isolate and egg white protein were added to cassava-banana gluten-free pasta and the effects on the nutritional quality,digestibility properties,protein digestibility corrected amino acid(PDCAA),and sensory acceptance of the pasta was observed.Banana-cassava composite flour(75:25)was blended with soy protein isolate or egg white protein at the following rates:0,5,10,and 15 g/100 g flour.Cooked pasta samples were analysed for total phenolic content(TPC),antioxidant activity,amino acid profiles,protein content,starch digestibility,protein digestibility and protein digestibility corrected amino acid score(PDCAAS).Addition of both proteins decreased starch digestibility,increased protein digestibility,improved the balance of the amino acid profile,and PDCAAS whereas only soy protein isolate enhanced the TPC and antioxidant capacity of the banana-cassava pasta.An egg white protein-fortified banana-cassava pasta had better customer acceptance and purchase intent than soy protein isolate inclusion.

Dietary fibers with low hydration properties exacerbate diarrhea and impair intestinal health and nutrient digestibility in weaned piglets

Background:This study aimed to investigate the hydration properties of different-source fibrous materials by com-paring their water-binding capacity(WBC),water swelling capacity(WSC),viscosity,and in vivo effects of selected samples on growth performance,nutrient digestibility,diarrhea,and intestinal health in weaned piglets.Methods:A total of 13 commercially available fibrous materials were first compared in chemical composition and in vitro hydration property.Subsequently,40 weaned piglets were randomized to five experimental dietary groups(8 piglets per group):control diet(a basal diet without dietary fiber,CON),basal diet supplemented with 5%microcrys-talline cellulose(MCC),5%wheat bran(WB),5%Moringa oleifera leaf powder(MOLP),or 5%sugar beet pulp(SBP),fol-lowed by analyzing their growth performance and diarrhea rate in a 28-d experiment.After the feeding experiment,anaesthetized piglets were killed,and their intestinal and colon content or plasma samples were analyzed in nutrient digestibility,intestinal morphology,intestinal barrier,short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs),and bacterial population.Results:In vitro studies showed low hydration properties for WB and MCC,while medium hydration properties for MOLP and SBP.In vivo studies indicated that compared with medium hydration property groups,low hydration prop-erty groups showed(1)exacerbated diarrhea,impaired intestinal health,and reduced apparent fecal digestibility of dry matter,gross energy,acid detergent fiber,and neutral detergent fiber;(2)decreased SCFAs concentration and rela-tive levels of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium,but increased levels of Escherichia coli and Brachyspira hyodysenteriae in colon contents.Additionally,SBP showed optimal performance in reducing diarrhea and increasing SCFAs produc-tion.Correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation of fiber hydration properties with in vitro SCFAs production,and diarrhea index and nutrient digestibility were negatively and positively correlated with SCFAs levels in the colon contents of weaned piglets,respectively.Conclusions:Different-source dietary fibers varied in their hydration properties and impacts on diarrhea,microbial composition and SCFAs production in weaned piglets.WB and MCC could exacerbate diarrhea and impair nutrient digestibility,probably because their low hydration properties were detrimental to gut microbial homeostasis and fermentation.Our findings provide new ideas for rational use of fiber resources in weaned piglets.

Functional properties,antioxidant activity and in-vitro digestibility characteristics of brown and polished rice flours of Indian temperate region

The present investigation was aimed to study functional properties,antioxidant activity and in-vitro digestibility characteristics of brown and polished flours obtained from four rice cultivars(SR-4,K-39,Mushq Budij and Zhag)of Kashmir.Brown rice flours had higher total dietary fibre(3.08%-3.68%),oil absorption(116.0%-139.0%),emulsion capacity(4.78%-9.52%),emulsion stability(87.46%-99.93%)and resistant starch content(6.80%-9.00%)than polished flours.However,polished flours presented greater water absorption(102.0%-122.0%),foaming capacity(8.00%-13.63%),apparent amylose(19.16%-22.62%),peak(2260.0-2408.0 cP),trough(1372.0-1589.0 cP)and breakdown(714.0-978.0 cP)viscosities than their brown counterparts.Brown rice flours depicted highest total phenolic content(4.40-6.40 mg GAE/g)and inhibition of lipid peroxidation(19.50%-33.20%).However,equilibrium starch hydrolysis percentage(C∞)and predicted glycemic index of brown rice flours were lower than their polished counterparts.Among rice cultivars,brown Zhag flour had the highest total dietary fibre(3.68%),emulsion capacity(9.52%),emulsion stability(99.93%),resistant starch(9.00%),DPPH radical scavenging activity(85.45%)and inhibition of lipid peroxidation(33.20%),respectively.Emulsion capacity and emulsion stability were positively correlated with protein content of rice flours.However,peak,trough,breakdown and setback viscosities were negatively correlated with protein and fat contents of rice flour.The present investigation will be helpful in identifying nutritive role of rice flours from studied cultivars in human diet.

Effects of dietary oil sources and fat extraction methods on apparent and standardized ileal digestibility of fat and fatty acids in growing pigs

Background:There is a lack of data for the standardized ileal digestibility(SID) of fat and fatty acids in national feed databases.In addition,it is important to specify the procedures used for fat analyses.Therefore,an experiment was conducted to 1) determine the apparent ileal digestibility(AID) and SID of fat and fatty acids in ten different oil sources for growing pigs and to develop prediction equations for SID of fat based on fatty acid composition;and 2) compare the effect of the fat extraction methods on the calculated values for endogenous loss and digestibility of fat.Methods:Twenty-two barrows(initial body weight:32.1 ± 2.3 kg) were surgically fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum,and allotted to 1 of 11 experimental diets in a 4-period Youden Square design.A fat-free diet was formulated using cornstarch,soy protein isolate and sucrose.Ten oil-added diets were formulated by adding 6% of dietary oil sources to the fat-free diet at the expense of cornstarch.All diets contained 26% sugar beet pulp and 0.40% chromic oxide.Results:The endogenous loss of ether extract(EE) was lower than that of acid-hydrolyzed fat(AEE;P < 0.01).There were significant differences in the AID and SID of fat and saturated fatty acids across the dietary oil sources(P < 0.05).The SID of AEE for palm oil was lower than that of sunflower oil,corn oil,canola oil,rice oil and flaxseed oil(P < 0.01).The AID and SID of fat ranged from 79.65% to 86.97% and from 91.14% to 99.18%.Although the AID of EE was greater than that of AEE(P < 0.01),there was no significant difference in SID of EE and AEE except for palm oil.The ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids(U/S) had a positive correlation with SID of fat(P < 0.05),whereas C16:0 and long chain saturated fatty acids(LSFA) were significant negatively correlated with SID of fat(P < 0.01).The best-fit equation to predict SID of fat was SID AEE = 102.75-0.15 × LSFA-0.74 × C18:0-0.03 × C18:1(Adjusted coefficient of determination = 0.88,P < 0.01).Conclusions:When calculating the SID of fat,the EE content of the samples can be analyzed using the direct extraction method,whereas the acid hydrolysis procedure should be used to determine the AID of fat.Fat digestibility of dietary oils was affected by their fatty acid composition,especially by the contents of C16:0,LSFA and U/S.

Development of sorghum mutants with improved in vitro protein digestibility by CRISPR/Cas9 editing of kafirin genes

Sorghum(Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench) is a major world crop that is a reliable source of fodder and food grain in arid regions. However, unlike other cereals, sorghum grain has low nutritional value, owing mainly to the resistance of its storage proteins(kafirins) to protease digestion. Changing the composition of kafirins or their primary structure may address this problem. To induce mutations in kafirin-encoding genes that were expected to disturb their accumulation in endosperm cells, we used a genome-editing approach. By Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of immature embryos of cv. Avans, we obtained 14 transgenic plants with genetic constructs for site-directed mutagenesis of the k1C5 and g KAF1 genes encoding 22 k Da a-and 28 kDa γ-kafirins, respectively. Sequencing of 5 regenerants obtained by using k1C5-addressing vector revealed two plants with mutations. T_1 progeny of these mutants had higher in vitro digestibility of endosperm proteins(86%–92%), in comparison with the donor Avans(63%–67%). The kernels of these plants had a thick vitreous endosperm. A mutant with increased in vitro protein digestibility and vitreous endosperm, carrying a mutation in the target sequence, was also obtained by use of the gKAF1-addressing vector. Thus, using genome editing technology, we have obtained mutants with improved kafirin digestibility that can be used in sorghum breeding.

Evaluation of in vitro digestibility of Aspergillus oryzae fungal biomass grown on organic residue derived‑VFAs as a promising ruminant feed supplement

Background As demand for high quality animal feed continues to raise,it becomes increasingly important to mini-mize the environmental impact of feed production.An appealing sustainable approach to provide feed fractions is to use organic residues from agro-food industry.In this regard,volatile fatty acids(VFAs)such as acetic,propionic and butyric acids,derived from bioconversion of organic residues can be used as precursors for production of micro-bial protein with ruminant feed inclusion potential.This study aims to investigate the in vitro digestibility of the Asper-gillus oryzae edible fungal biomass cultivated on VFAs-derived from anaerobic digestion of residues.The produced fungal protein biomass,along with hay clover silage and rapeseed meal were subjected to various in vitro assays using two-stage Tilley and Terry(TT),gas,and bag methods to evaluate and compare its digestibility for application in ruminant feed.Results The produced fungal biomass contained a higher crude protein(CP)(41%–49%)and rather similar neutral detergent fiber(NDF)(41%–56%)compared to rapeseed meal.The rumen in vitro dry matter digestibility(IVDMD)of the fungal biomass in the TT method ranged from 82%to 88%(statistically similar to that of the gas method(72%to 85%)).The IVDMD of fungal biomass were up to 26%and 40%greater than that of hay clover silage and rapeseed meal,respectively.The type of substrate and bag method had pronounced effect on the fermentation products(ammonium-N(NH4+-N),total gas and VFAs).Fungal biomass digestion resulted in the highest release of NH4+-N(340–540 mg/L)and the ratio of acetate to propionate ratio(3.5)among subjected substrates.Conclusion The results indicate that gas method can be used as a reliable predictor for IVDMD as well as fermenta-tion products.Furthermore,the high IVDMD and fermentation product observed for Aspergillus oryzae fungal biomass digestion,suggest that the supplementation of fungal biomass will contribute to improving the rumen digestion by providing necessary nitrogen and energy to the ruminant and microbiota.

Changes in wheat protein digestibility and allergenicity: role of Pediococcus acidilactici XZ31 and yeast during dough fermentation

Wheat flour,as the most important source of food globally,is one of the most common causative agents of food allergy.This study aimed to investigate the effects of fermentation on wheat protein digestibility and allergenicity.Protein digestibility were evaluated using the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The effect of protein on intestinal permeability was investigated by Caco-2 cell monolayers.Co-culture fermentation with Pediococcus acidilactici XZ31 and yeast leads to improvement in digestibility of wheat protein compared to single strain fermentation.Fermentation leads to a decrease in albumin/globulin antigenicity and an increase in gluten R5 reactivity,with the most significant changes in the co-culture group.Digestion strengthen the decrease of protein antigenicity and counteracts the difference in antigenicity induced by fermentation between groups.However,pretreatment with P.acidilactici XZ31 reduces the amount of allergens across Caco-2 monolayer and attenuates the gluten-induced increase in permeability of Caco-2 cell monolayer by reducing actin polymerization and villous atrophy.Co-culture fermentation reduces gluten-induced cell monolayer damage to a greater extent than P.acidilactici XZ31 monoculture.These results gives valuable insight into the effects of P.acidilactici XZ31 fermentation on the allergenicity and toxicity of wheat proteins,which contribute to promoting the application of multi-strain leavening agent in hypoallergenic and gluten-free wheat products.

Biological factors controlling starch digestibility in human digestive system

Starch digestion rate and location in the gastrointestinal tract(GIT)are critical for human health.This review aims to present a comprehensive summary on our current understanding of physiological,biochemical,anatomical and geometrical factors of human digestive system that are related to in vivo starch digestibility.It is shown that all digestive compartments including mouth,stomach,small intestine,and large intestine play critical roles in regulating the overall starch digestion process.A proper investigation of starch digestion pattern should thus be based on the consideration of all these compartments.Main biological factors are summarized as oral mastication and salivation,gastric emptying and motility,small intestinal enzymes and motility,large intestinal resistant starch(RS)-microbiota interactions and gut-brain feedback control,as well as glucose adsorption and hormonal feedback control.However,connections among these biological factors in determining starch digestive behaviors remain elusive.This is due to the inherent complexity of human GIT anatomy,motility and biochemical conditions,as well as ethical,financial and technical issues in conducting clinical studies.Much technological and scientific efforts from both clinical studies and in vitro simulation models are required for a better understanding of in vivo starch digestion behaviors.

芦笋粉添加对面团和面条特性的影响

为了实现芦笋及其副产物的全质化利用,将芦笋通过干燥制备成芦笋粉并用于面条的制备。系统地研究了芦笋粉添加量(0~10%)对混合粉溶剂保持力,面团的吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度、回生值,面条蒸煮时间、吸水率、断条率、损失率、剪切力、拉伸强度,及蛋白质二级结构和淀粉消化特性的影响。研究发现随着芦笋粉添加量的增加混合粉的溶剂保持力增加,蒸馏水、蔗糖、碳酸钠和乳酸SRC在芦笋粉添加量为10%时分别为79.30%、111.92%、99.07%和94.34%;面团的弱化度C1-C2值随芦笋粉添加量的增加而增加,在添加量10%最大,为799.33 mN·m,而回生值C5-C4随芦笋粉添加量的增加而减小,在添加量10%最小,为1060.33 mN·m。随着芦笋粉添加量的增加面条的蒸煮断条率、吸水率和损失率之间无显著差异(P>0.05),而蒸煮时间、拉伸强度、拉伸距离和剪切力都呈下降的趋势。随着芦笋粉添加量的增加面条中巯基含量逐渐增加,二硫键逐渐降低,在添加量10%时分别为8.37和0.59μmol/g。在芦笋粉添加量8%~10%时血糖生成指数显著降低(P<0.05),但还属于高GI食品。综合芦笋添加对面团特性,面条蒸煮特性、质构特性和淀粉消化特性的影响,芦笋粉添加量6%时挂面的品质可以接受。该研究将为芦笋副产物全质化利用提供重要的理论的依据,也为高纤、高活性物质营养面条的开发提供了思路。

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定有机肥料中9种有毒有害元素的含量

提出了微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)同时测定有机肥料中As、Cd、Co、Cr、Ni、Pb、Sb、Tl、V等9种有毒有害元素含量的方法。取0.10 g有机肥料样品于聚四氟乙烯微波消解罐中,以2.5 mL盐酸、7.5 mL硝酸和2.0 mL氢氟酸为混合酸进行微波消解。消解结束后,于140℃赶酸,然后加入1.0 mL 50%(体积分数)硝酸溶液,再用水定容至50 mL,摇匀,过滤,取滤液待测,在线加入混合内标溶液。结果表明:9种元素标准曲线的线性范围均为2~100μg·L^(-1),方法检出限(3s)为0.59~66.75μg·kg^(-1);按照标准加入法对典型有机肥料样品进行回收试验,9种元素测定值的相对标准偏差(n=7)为2.0%~3.5%,回收率为81.5%~112%。

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定有机肥中镉、砷、汞、铅、铬含量

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定,比较湿法消解30 min,湿法消解至近干和微波消解等不同前处理方法对有机肥料中镉、砷、汞、铅、铬元素的提取效果,建立了一种基于ICP-MS测定有机肥料多种重金属元素含量的方法。结果表明:湿法消解至近干和微波消解法对有机肥多元素成分分析标准物质(RMH-F001)中5项重金属含量的测试结果均满足标准要求,方法定量值、标准值偏差分别低于6.3%、5.7%;硝酸/过氧化氢体系-微波消解处理下,样品结果稳定性最佳,相对标准偏差为0.8%~6.8%,相对偏差为1.1%~9.0%,相对相差为2.2%~18.0%,加标回收率为99.4%~102.9%。硝酸/过氧化氢体系-微波消解-ICP-MS法可作为有机肥中5项重金属统一化测定的常规方法。

饲粮中葛藤不同添加量对肉兔养分表观消化率、胃肠道发育及消化酶活性的影响

为探讨葛藤在肉兔饲粮中的应用效果,开展葛藤的常规营养成分分析,选取35±2日龄体重(0.88±0.13 kg)相近的断奶伊拉兔肉兔200只,随机分成4组,每组5个重复,每个重复10只,分别饲喂添加0(对照组)、15%、25%、35%葛藤的试验饲粮。预试期7 d,正试期42 d。于正试期第36天开始进行为期7 d的消化代谢试验,分析肉兔养分表观消化率,试验结束后测定分析肉兔盲肠消化酶活性及胃肠道的变化。结果显示,饲粮中添加不同量的葛藤:1)提高了各处理组肉兔对饲粮中干物质、粗蛋白、粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、酸性木质素、粗脂肪和半乳糖醛酸的表观消化率,35%葛藤组表观消化率最高,显著高于15%葛藤组与对照组(P<0.05)。2)提高了肉兔盲肠中纤维素酶、半纤维素酶与果胶酶活性,15%葛藤组酶活性最高,显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。3)对肉兔胃及小肠的相对长度无显著影响(P>0.05),但显著提高了盲肠相对长度和重量、胃相对重量与小肠相对重量,25%与35%葛藤组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。4)提高了肉兔空肠、回肠与十二指肠的绒毛长度、绒毛长度/隐窝深度比值(V/C)和黏膜层厚度,降低了隐窝深度值,35%葛藤组肉兔回肠、十二指肠的绒毛长度显著高于对照组(P<0.05),空肠、回肠的隐窝深度低于对照组,空肠、回肠的V/C显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。因此,生长肉兔饲粮中最适宜的葛藤添加量为35%。

饲粮发酵啤酒糟水平对闽东山羊生长性能、消化代谢、血清生化指标及瘤胃发酵的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮发酵啤酒糟水平对闽东山羊生长性能、消化代谢、血清生化指标及瘤胃发酵的影响,为发酵啤酒糟在舍饲闽东山羊的科学利用提供参考。选择体重[(20.89±1.21)kg]相近的8月龄闽东山羊公羊24只,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复1只羊。对照组、试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组饲粮中发酵啤酒糟水平分别为0、12%、24%和36%,各组饲粮营养水平一致。预试期10 d,正试期7 d。结果表明:1)试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组的干物质采食量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。对照组和试验Ⅰ组的总能表观消化率显著高于试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组(P<0.05)。试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组的酸性洗涤纤维表观消化率显著高于对照组和试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。对照组的进食氮显著低于试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组(P<0.05)。2)试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组的血清总蛋白含量显著高于对照组和试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。3)试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组的瘤胃pH显著高于对照组和试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05),试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组的瘤胃丁酸含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。4)在门水平上,试验Ⅱ组的瘤胃厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)相对丰度显著高于对照组和试验Ⅲ组(P<0.05),试验Ⅲ组的瘤胃拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)相对丰度显著高于试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组(P<0.05)。在属水平上,试验Ⅲ组的瘤胃普雷沃氏菌属(Prevotella)相对丰度显著高于试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组(P<0.05),试验Ⅲ组的瘤胃琥珀酸菌属(Succiniclasticum)相对丰度显著高于对照组、试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组(P<0.05),试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组的瘤胃肠单胞菌属(Intestinimonas)相对丰度显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中添加发酵啤酒糟可提高闽东山羊的干物质采食量和ADF表观消化率,在一定程度上提升瘤胃纤维素降解微生物的相对丰度,改善瘤胃发酵环境,且对闽东山羊的生长和机体代谢无负面影响。从本试验结果来看,饲粮发酵啤酒糟水平在12%~24%时饲喂效果最佳。

pH值调控方法对剩余污泥与柑橘废渣厌氧共发酵产酸影响

考察不同pH值调控方法对剩余污泥和柑橘废渣共发酵系统的产酸性能影响,结果表明:持续调节pH值为6可以提高共发酵系统的增溶过程,促进糖类物质水解,增强产酸和产甲烷过程,VFA产量和累积甲烷产量分别是空白组的1.36倍和1.25倍;提高共发酵系统中水解细菌和发酵产酸细菌的菌群丰度,促使甲烷生成途径从乙酰分解途径转向氢化营养途径.调节初始pH值为10可以有效促进共发酵系统中溶解性有机物的释放和达到快速水解的目的,促进产酸性能,但对产甲烷过程有抑制作用.

花生秧青贮对肉羊生长性能、养分表观消化率及经济效益的影响

试验旨在研究花生秧青贮对肉羊生长性能、养分表观消化率及经济效益的影响。试验选择60只体重相近、体况良好的肉羊,随机分为4组,每组15个重复,每个重复1只羊。对照组肉羊饲喂全株玉米青贮饲粮,试验1组使用20%的花生秧青贮替代全株玉米青贮,试验2组使用40%的花生秧青贮替代全株玉米青贮,试验3组使用80%的花生秧青贮替代全株玉米青贮。试验期60 d。结果表明,各花生秧青贮组肉羊的料重比显著低于对照组(P<0.05),平均日增重显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。试验2组和试验3组肉羊对粗蛋白和中性洗涤纤维的表观消化率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。试验2组和试验3组肉羊血清中总蛋白水平显著高于对照组(P<0.05),尿素氮和甘油三酯水平及谷丙转氨酶活性显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。各花生秧青贮组养殖的利润均高于对照组,且随着花生秧青贮用量的增大呈上升趋势。研究表明,花生秧青贮可以提高肉羊的生长性能及养分表观消化率,改善血清生化指标,提高养殖利润。综合考虑,肉羊养殖中使用40%~80%的花生秧青贮比较适宜。

消化道转移癌25例临床病理特征分析

目的探讨消化道转移癌的临床病理特征,为恶性肿瘤患者消化道转移早发现和诊断提供经验。方法回顾性收集郑州大学第一附属医院2011年1月至2021年12月病理诊断为消化道转移癌的25例患者的临床病理资料,进行归纳性描述和分析。结果25例消化道转移癌中肺癌11例,乳腺癌8例,肾细胞癌4例,尿路上皮癌2例。男14例,女11例;年龄28~73岁,平均55.6岁,确诊消化道转移癌时平均57.9岁。原发癌与消化道转移癌确诊时间间隔平均36个月。上消化道转移癌9例,下消化道转移癌16例。当确诊消化道转移癌时,15例患者存在其他脏器的转移灶,其余10例患者均存在全身多处淋巴结转移。镜下可见黏膜表面多完整,癌组织与周围黏膜过渡陡然,易见脉管癌栓;转移性肺腺癌多呈实性片状生长,乳腺癌多表现为低分化、条索状浸润生长。转移癌能较好地特异性表达相关免疫组化标志。结论癌发生消化道转移往往是其进展的晚期事件。当遇到形态学较为特殊的消化道恶性上皮性肿瘤时,应考虑转移癌的可能,关注患者病史,并合理选用免疫组化检测,以避免漏诊和误诊。

沙拉酱对胡萝卜中活性物质体外消化的影响

以胡萝卜为原料,与沙拉酱复配成质量比为6∶1(T1)、4∶1(T2)、2∶1(T3)的胡萝卜沙拉样品,以不加沙拉酱的胡萝卜为对照(CK),采用体外静态INFOGEST消化模型,评估胡萝卜沙拉中主要活性物质(β-胡萝卜素、总酚和V-C)的生物可及性和消化特性。结果显示:除CK和T3的V-C外,活性物质含量经胃消化后均急剧下降,经肠道消化后又上升;添加沙拉酱明显提高了β-胡萝卜素、总酚和V-C的稳定性和生物可及性,T3组中3种生物活性物质在模拟消化过程中较稳定,生物可及性较高;各组的平均粒径D[3,2]和粒径分布强度均先增大,在模拟胃消化阶段消化60 min时最大,随后减至最小,T3组的D[3,2]在模拟消化过程中较小(0.13~5.03μm)。可见,沙拉酱可提高胡萝卜中β-胡萝卜素、总酚和V-C的生物可及性,并具有较好的消化特性,其中以T3组效果较佳。

复合益生菌发酵饲料对肉羊生长性能、养分表观消化率、粪便微生物菌群和血清指标的影响

试验旨在研究复合益生菌发酵饲料对肉羊生长性能、养分表观消化率、粪便微生物菌群和血清指标的影响。选择64只体重(29.25±0.35) kg、健康的杜寒杂交育肥公羊,随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复4只羊。对照组、试验1组、试验2组、试验3组分别在基础饲粮中添加0、5%、10%、15%复合益生菌发酵饲料。试验期60 d。结果显示,与对照组相比,试验1组平均日增重显著升高(P<0.05),试验2组和试验3组末重和平均日增重均显著升高(P<0.05),料重比均显著降低(P<0.05);试验2组和试验3组的粗蛋白(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)表观消化率均显著升高(P<0.05);试验1组、试验2组和试验3组的乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌数量均显著升高(P<0.05),大肠杆菌数量均显著降低(P<0.05);试验2组和试验3组的沙门氏菌数量显著降低(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,试验2组、试验3组的免疫球蛋白G (IgG)、免疫球蛋白A (IgA)、白细胞介素-2 (IL-2)、肿瘤坏死因子-α (TNF-α)、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)含量以及总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均显著升高(P<0.05),谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)活性以及尿素氮(BUN)、丙二醛(MDA)含量均显著降低(P<0.05)。研究表明,肉羊饲粮中添加10%和15%复合益生菌发酵饲料能够改善肉羊的生长性能、粪便微生物菌群和血清指标,提高养分表观消化率。